Review Article Research Articles

Ion beam modification of one-dimensional nano materials: A review.

The distinctive properties in a variation of aspects of one dimensional (1D) nano materials, like the well-known carbon nanotubes, metal oxide nanorods (& tubes), hBN nanotubes etc. have piqued the interest of researchers from both fundamental research and industry. The ability to efficiently modify the properties of 1D nanomaterials has a lot of practical uses. Among them, the most unusual benefit of ion beam technology is that it provides definite advantages. The layer-to-layer structural engineering of 1D materials may be altered by the intense ion beams. On a microscopic scale, tailoring characteristics of 1D nanomaterials is based on the ion beam introduction generated defects and purposeful doping of certain ions. Novel properties in modified 1D materials that are not present in pristine ones may result from changing the parameters of ion beams (energies, species, fluences, incident angles, etc.). Promising applications based on these 1D materials with ion beam-customized properties have been created in a wide range of industries. In this review article, we cover the most recent research on the techniques used and property modifications of carbon nanotubes in detail and other 1D materials when exposed to several ion beams. Future developments are viewed from a variety of angles.&#xD.

A Data Mining Approach on Polypharmacy and Drug-drug Interactions of Common Diabetes Medications.

When managing diabetes, polypharmacy the use of several drugs simultaneously to obtain the best possible glucose control is typical. Drug-drug interactions (DDIs), which can result in side effects and reduced treatment efficacy, have increased. This study evaluated the data mining approach of polypharmacy-based drug-drug interactions for common diabetes medication. To identify publications that met the inclusion criteria, several scientific reviews and research papers were searched, including Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and NCBI, using keywords such as diabetes, drug-drug interaction, polypharmacy, data mining, and herbal interaction. Many important drug-drug interactions among popular anti-diabetic drugs have been identified using data mining. Using iodinated contrast media and metformin together increased the risk of lactic acidosis, and using NSAIDs and sulfonylureas simultaneously increased the risk of hypoglycemia. A higher incidence of DDIs was found in an analysis of elderly individuals and those with several comorbidities. Predictive models have demonstrated high sensitivity and accuracy in detecting possible DDIs from patient and drug data. Finding and evaluating DDIs in polypharmacy related to diabetes care are made possible through data mining. These results could potentially improve patient safety by influenc-ing more individualized and cautious prescription techniques. The improvement of these methods and their application in standard clinical practice should be the main goal of future studies.

A Review and Promise of Digital Health Technologies to Promote Global Cardiovascular Health: A Call to Action for Nursing.

Digital health technologies include an array of mobile or digital devices and apps that may be used by patients to support lifestyle modification or medical apps that monitor vital parameters and provide data that may influence treatment decisions. The use of digital health technologies is a growing opportunity for disease prevention and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) for both patients to engage in self-management as well as nurses to monitor patients remotely and facilitate clinical decision support. The aims of this review article are to provide an overview of pertinent digital health technologies in CVD care, address social determinants of health and other enablers/barriers to digital health implementation, and provide perspectives on novel models of care incorporating digital technologies. Based on the latest evidence, recommendations for special considerations and implementation of digital health technologies in low- and middle- versus high-income countries are presented. In addition, tables reviewing functionality of the digital tools and global examples of their use are provided. Extensive empirical evidence from diverse populations suggests adoption of these innovative tools has been low in clinical settings. We provide a table summarizing these barriers and include the facilitators that can improve the adoption of digital health tools to improve behavioral lifestyle modification. For learning purposes, implementation of an innovative model of care is illustrated graphically and in text. We include a call to action to achieve the maximum impact of digital technology to support nurses who work in almost all settings improving CVD prevention and management globally. The multiple roles of nurses using digital health for global CVD prevention and management are discussed in the settings of clinical practice, research, education, public health, health policy/leadership, and informatics.

Ethics and Algorithms to Navigate AI’s Emerging Role in Organ Transplantation

Background/Objectives: Solid organ transplantation remains a critical life-saving treatment for end-stage organ failure, yet it faces persistent challenges, such as organ scarcity, graft rejection, and postoperative complications. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to address these challenges by revolutionizing transplantation practices. Methods: This review article explores the diverse applications of AI in solid organ transplantation, focusing on its impact on diagnostics, treatment, and the evolving market landscape. We discuss how machine learning, deep learning, and generative AI are harnessing vast datasets to predict transplant outcomes, personalized immunosuppressive regimens, and optimize patient selection. Additionally, we examine the ethical implications of AI in transplantation and highlight promising AI-driven innovations nearing FDA evaluation. Results: AI improves organ allocation processes, refines predictions for transplant outcomes, and enables tailored immunosuppressive regimens. These advancements contribute to better patient selection and enhance overall transplant success rates. Conclusions: By bridging the gap in organ availability and improving long-term transplant success, AI holds promise to significantly advance the field of solid organ transplantation.

The Role of Multilevel Inverters in Mitigating Harmonics and Improving Power Quality in Renewable-Powered Smart Grids: A Comprehensive Review

The world is increasingly turning to renewable energy sources (RES) to address climate change issues and achieve net-zero carbon emissions. Integrating RES into existing power grids is necessary for sustainability because the unpredictability and irregularity of the RES can affect grid stability and generate power quality issues, leading to equipment damage and increasing operational costs. As a result, the importance of RES is severely compromised. To tackle these challenges, traditional power systems (TPS) will have to become more innovative. Smart grids use advanced technology such as two-way communication between consumers and service providers, automated control, and real-time monitoring to manage power flow effectively. Inverters are effective tools for solving power quality problems in renewable-powered smart grids. However, their effectiveness depends on topology, control method and design. This review paper focuses on the role of multilevel inverters (MLIs) in mitigating power quality issues such as voltage sag, swell and total harmonics distortion (THD). The results shown here are through simulation studies using DC sources but can be extended to RES-integrated smart grids. The comprehensive review also examines the drawbacks of TPS to understand the importance and necessity of developing a smart power system. Finally, the paper discusses future trends in MLI control technology, addressing power quality problems in smart grid environments.

A Decade of Industrial Relations Research in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Future Research Agenda

ABSTRACTThis review paper examines the state of IR research in SSA and establishes a future research agenda—a context that has had limited coverage in global IR literature. Following the Preferred Reporting Items method for conducting Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses, we reviewed 52 IR studies published in 43 journals between 2013 and 2023 that covered 16 countries in SSA. Analysis of the studies revealed five core areas of IR research: union militancy, new form of union activism and democratisation, union fragmentation, tripartism and externally driven neoliberalism. Further analysis identified four emerging themes: colonial and historical legacies, overrepresentation of the South African context, and theoretical and methodological challenges linked to researching IR in the region. Despite regional variations between Francophone, Lusophone and Anglophone Africa, our review contends that regardless of the country‐specific orientation and history, IR in SSA is entangled with colonisation, decolonisation, institutional democratisation, economic informality and precarious labour politics. These findings have significant implications for IR research and policy, particularly on the advancement of decent work and regeneration of trade unions in SSA.

Recent trends of reuse and recycling of plastic polymers and composite materials: a review

As environmental worries over synthetic material consumption have grown, attention has switched to sustainable materials and a circular economy model that incorporates recycling channels. The various latest recycling technologies for composite materials and plastic polymers are compiled in this review article. Due to the environmental implications of their end-of-life management, the review primarily focuses on fibre-reinforced polymer composites, with a particular emphasis on epoxy-based systems and carbon/glass fibres as reinforcement. Analyses include thermal procedures (fluidized bed, pyrolysis), chemical processes (various solvolysis types), combination processes (microwave, steam, and ultrasonic aided methods), and exceptional recycling efforts (electrochemical, biological, and with ionic liquids). In comparison to chemical recycling, thermal recycling uses a lot less energy and allows recovered materials to match raw material qualities. In contrast to alternative recycling methods, mechanical recycling uses a relatively little amount of energy to recycle composites. It was concluded that the composite materials consumption in different industries would only be justified when recycling and reusing of composites should be given equal consideration. In addition, the recycling of polymer composites will boost the circular economy.

The Rise and Entrenchment of the Antitax Movement: A Review Article

Abstract Despite the vast and growing literature on U.S. conservatism, one aspect of the rise of American conservatism appears to have garnered less attention: the antitax movement that has been at the center of the Rightward pivot in U.S. and global politics. Micheal J. Graetz's new book, The Power to Destroy: How the Antitax Movement Hijacked America is thus a welcomed addition to the still sparse literature exploring the historical relationship between U.S. tax resistance and modern American conservatism. Graetz has written a wide-ranging and persuasive, if at times perplexing, book about how a broad and varied array of Right-wing individuals and organizations—from politicians to evangelical ministers to television and radio personalities to The Tea Party and D.C.-based think tanks—all came together to ensure that hostility to taxes would become a unifying principle of the modern Republican Party and the cornerstone of current U.S. fiscal and economic policy. Relying on his own professional experiences and his deep knowledge of tax law, Graetz makes many significant and timely contributions not only to our understanding of the post-1960s development of American political conservatism but also to the contemporary constraints that continue to hamstring U.S. fiscal policymaking. There are times, though, when the reader is left wondering about Graetz's occasional and surprising authorial reticence, about the deep-seated factors behind the antitax movement, and about the historical contingency of just “how the antitax movement hijacked America.” Ultimately, The Power to Destroy is a fascinating and brilliant account of how a fringe social movement to cut taxes moved into the mainstream and transformed modern American political life.

The Molecular Pathogenesis of Sarcopenia/Frailty in Cirrhosis.

Cirrhosis is an important cause of morbidity and death in patients with chronic liver disease. It can be divided into compensatory and decompensated stages. During the decompensation period, complications such as esophageal and gastric varices hemorrhage, hepatic encephalopathy, infection, and hepatorenal syndrome are often incurred, which has a high mortality rate and leverages huge economic burden on society, healthcare resources, and individuals. Sarcopenia and frailty are common in patients with cirrhosis. The pathogenesis of sarcopenia and frailty in the context of cirrhosis is complicated and multifactorial, including overwhelming systemic inflammation, imbalance of muscle protein metabolism, malnutrition, endocrine and metabolic dysfunctions, intestinal microecological disorders, lack of physical exercise, and other aspects. Notably, accumulating evidence implicates that many patients experience sarcopenia/frailty even before the onset of liver cirrhosis. In this regard, the magnitude of liver fibrosis is closely linked to the progression of sarcopenia with reciprocal impact. In conclusion, this review article will shed light on the pathogenesis of cirrhosis complicated with sarcopenia/frailty, aimed at facilitating early diagnosis and effective management.

Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, detrimental immune response, and neuroinflammation are mainly responsible for the injury and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the brains of patients suffering from PD. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for treating PD due to their ability to suppress the activation of inflammatory immune cells and enhance the viability and function of dopamine-producing neurons. MSC-EVs can easily bypass the blood-brain barrier and deliver their cargo (neuroprotective factors, immunosuppressive proteins, and microRNAs) to injured dopamine-producing neurons and brain-infiltrated inflammatory immune cells. A large number of recently published experimental studies demonstrated that MSC-EVs efficiently alleviated PD-related motor and behavioral deficits in animal models, indicating that MSC-EVs should be considered as potentially new therapeutic agents for the treatment of PD. Accordingly, in this review article, we summarized current knowledge about the therapeutic potential of MSCs-EVs in the treatment of PD, paving the way for their future clinical use in the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders.

Natural Materials in Regenerative Orthopaedics: A Historical Perspective

Review Natural Materials in Regenerative Orthopaedics: A Historical Perspective Olivia Vasilev 1,*, David Campbell 2,3 and Ruurd L. Jaarsma 4 1 Endeavour College, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide 5095, Australia 2 Centre of Orthopaedics and Trauma Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia 3 Wakefield Orthopaedic Clinic, 120 Angus Street, Adelaide 5000, Australia 4 Department of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide 5042, Australia * Correspondence: olivia.vasilev@endeavour.sa.edu.au Received: 18 March 2025; Revised: 31 March 2025; Accepted: 3 April 2025; Published: 16 April 2025 Abstract: The use of natural materials in regenerative orthopaedics has undergone significant evolution over many centuries. What began as the use of simple animal sinews and plant fibers for stabilizing fractures has now expanded into sophisticated biomaterials that are integral to modern regenerative medicine. Natural substances like collagen, silk fibroin, chitosan, and cellulose are now crucial in tissue engineering, providing innovative bone and cartilage regeneration solutions. Despite their promise, natural materials face challenges such as mechanical limitations, biodegradation rates, and immunogenicity. Additionally, advancements in 3D printing allow for the replacement of complex bone defects, particularly in trauma and tumour cases, but these remain non-biological solutions that lack permanent integration with host tissues. The emergence of hybrid materials—combining natural and synthetic components—offers new opportunities to enhance biomechanical properties and biocompatibility. Furthermore, emerging technologies such as gene editing and bioactive scaffolds are paving the way for more personalized and regenerative approaches. In this review paper, we will explore the historical progression of natural materials, their current applications, and the challenges that must be overcome to maximize their therapeutic potential in orthopaedic regenerative medicine. Ethical and sustainability considerations are also discussed. The review concludes with the authors’ vision for the future of the field.

A review on the advancement of polydopamine (PDA)-based nanomaterials for cancer treatment.

The significance of cancer treatment research lies in addressing the high incidence of cancer, overcoming treatment challenges, and mitigating the harsh side effects of chemotherapeutic agents. Currently, nanotechnology is garnering significant attention for its potential applications in diagnostics and drug delivery, offering innovative solutions for disease detection and treatment. Among different types of nanoparticles (NPs), polymeric nanoparticles comprisebiocompatible and biodegradable polymers thatenhance drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, minimize adverse effects, increase stability, and facilitate sustained drug release. These polymeric nanoparticle-based nanomedicines offer a versatile platform for various cancer treatments, notably enabling targeted drug delivery directly to tumors, tumor-imaging, hyperthermia, and photodynamic therapy. Being polymeric in nature polydopamine (PDA) nanomaterials are appeared as promising approaches in biology and medicine. This review article offers a concise summary of the latest developments in polydopamine-based cancer treatment, covering key findings, limitations, and emerging trend therapeutic approach of polydopamine nanomaterials, along with the properties and various methods of preparation. Physico-chemical properties of PDA-based nanomaterials in therapeutics have permitted several successful modifications in the field of cancer treatment.

News Media and the Shifting Contours of Citizen Engagement

Abstract Leveraging the research that ties local journalism with political engagement—the foci of Danny Hayes and Jennifer Lawless’ News Hole—this review article delves into key themes and ideas raised in their book. The article first provides an overview and examples that highlight the importance of local newspapers to their communities, then discusses the global nature of “news deserts” and their impact on political engagement. It then opens the door for larger discussions about what engagement entails and how other forms, especially civic engagement, matter for social cohesion, before suggesting contemporary areas of research that can mitigate the problems outlined in News Hole. The article establishes linkages to other literatures to shed light on the shifting contours of citizen engagement—contours that continue to evolve as today's media landscape becomes increasingly balkanized and complex.

Beyond the ends: Potential implications of Telomeric Repeat-Containing RNA (TERRA) for CNS Diseases.

Telomeric Repeat-Containing RNA (TERRA) is a class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) emanating from telomeres and control telomere dynamics. Recent studies showed that TERRAs influence chromatin structure and gene expression. TERRAs can also play a crucial role in controlling inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cellular senescence. This review article discussed the significance of TERRAs in modulating these processes, particularly in CNS. While our understanding of TERRAs largely stems from cancer research, their involvement in these physiologic and pathologic pathways highlights their potential as therapeutic targets for CNS disorders as well.

Exploration of the role of immune cells and cell therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma stands as one of the foremost contributors to cancer-associated fatalities globally, and the limitations of traditional treatment methods have prompted researchers to explore new therapeutic options. Recently, cell therapy has emerged as a promising approach for HCC, showing significant potential in improving patient outcomes. This review article explores the use of cell therapy for HCC, covering different types, the mechanisms behind their effectiveness, recent advancements in clinical trials, and ongoing challenges. This article aims to provide insightful perspectives for future research and clinical applications in treating HCC by synthesizing current knowledge.

Plant-Based Anti-Inflammatory Agents: A Scientific Review of Bioactive Compounds and Mechanisms

Plant-Based Anti-Inflammatory Agents: A Scientific Review of Bioactive Compounds and Mechanisms

Breakthrough hemolysis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria throughout clinical trials: from definition to clinical practice.

Breakthrough hemolysis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria throughout clinical trials: from definition to clinical practice.

Potential Advantages of Pharmaceutical Technology in the Preparation of Faecal Microbial Transplant

The gut microbiome, a complex ecosystem of microorganisms, has gained significant attention for its profound impact on human health. Alterations in the gut microbiota have been linked to various diseases, from infectious to inflammatory and metabolic disorders. This review article describes faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), a promising therapeutic approach to restore a disrupted gut microbiome, involves transferring stool from a healthy donor to a recipient. While FMT has demonstrated efficacy in treating recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI), its potential is being explored in other conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Traditionally, faecal material has been administered through invasive procedures like colonoscopy or nasogastric tube. However, with the growing interest in this therapy, less invasive delivery methods, such as oral administration of FMT in acid-resistant capsules, are being developed. Despite promising results, several challenges remain, including the lack of standardized protocols for FMT and regulatory oversight in this field.

Virtual simulation vs traditional training instruction: A narrative review article

Virtual simulation vs traditional training instruction: A narrative review article

Community-Based and Public Health Initiatives Drive Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A State-of-the-Art Review.

Because of the massive global healthcare burden that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) present, it is critical that effective, highly scalable prevention strategies be identified and implemented to meet this unique health challenge. The purpose of this review is to analyze and synthesize current research initiatives for CVD prevention at both community-based and practice-based levels. This state-of-the-art review article highlights successful intervention strategies and their outcomes, explores the implications for population-based practice, and discusses the importance of long-term behavior change in achieving sustained CVD prevention. The article also discusses the need for building community capacity through engagement and collaboration and advocates for culturally appropriate dissemination strategies to ensure equitable access to new technologies and interventions in CVD prevention. This review suggests that clinicians and researchers should integrate evidence-based, community-engaged, and culturally tailored strategies into practice and future research to promote long-term behavior change and equitable CVD prevention.