Molybdenum oxide based electrode materials for electrochemical sensing applications: Recent progress in electrode modifiers.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic, immune-mediated liver disease characterised by cholestasis, progressive fibrosis and symptoms of pruritus and fatigue. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is first-line therapy; however, many patients respond inadequately or are intolerant. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists have emerged as second-line options. This review examines PPAR isoform (PPAR-α, PPAR-δ and PPAR-γ) mediated pathways relevant to PBC, and structural, biochemical and clinical efficacy and safety features of PPAR agonists for PBC. Preclinical studies on therapeutic PPAR agonism and clinical literature on PPAR agonists in PBC were identified through targeted PubMed searches and manual reference screening. PPAR-α and PPAR-δ agonism improve cholestasis by reducing bile acid synthesis and inflammation. PPAR-α agonism also enhances bile acid detoxification and transport, while PPAR-δ agonism improves cholestatic pruritus by reducing pruritogenic signals. Individual PPAR isoforms are also associated with different safety profiles, with PPAR-α agonism linked to hepatic and muscle signals, and PPAR-γ agonism associated with fluid retention/weight gain. PPAR agonists differ in isoform selectivity. Although all agonists used in PBC reduce alkaline phosphatase levels, their impact on pruritus varies; PPAR-α predominant agonists (off-label fibrates, elafibranor) have a potential anti-pruritic effect, while selective PPAR-δ agonist, seladelpar, has demonstrated statistically significant improvements in pruritus. Fatigue is likely multifactorial, mediated through central nervous system effects and sleep disturbance; PPAR-α and PPAR-δ agents offer possible benefit. Isoform selectivity contributes to the efficacy and safety profiles of PPAR agonists. Future research should investigate isoform-specific mechanisms, particularly regarding symptom relief and agent- and class-related toxicities.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) reactivation is a common and significant complication after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), causing potentially life-threatening disease. Antiviral therapy approaches for HCMV are often limited by toxicities and the risk of developing antiviral drug resistance. This review article (Part 2) provides an overview of current antiviral pharmacotherapies for HCMV and the application of virus-specific adoptive T cell therapies for the prevention or treatment of HCMV reactivation in allo-HSCT recipients. The number of available antiviral drugs for HCMV is expanding, and letermovir primary prophylaxis is increasingly being adopted due to its favourable safety profile. Treatment resistant/refractory infections, end-organ disease, and late HCMV reactivations after antiviral therapy withdrawal continue to pose challenges. Adoptive HCMV-specific T cell therapies are a promising strategy for promoting immune-mediated control of HCMV reactivation in allo-HSCT recipients. The administration of HCMV-specific T cell products, generated through ex vivo expansion of donor-derived or partially HLA matched, third party HCMV-specific T cells, have demonstrated efficacy in combatting clinically significant HCMV infection in clinical trials. Adoptive HCMV-specific T cell therapies represent a powerful alternative approach for managing drug resistant HCMV infections in allo-HSCT recipients and reducing the reliance on antiviral pharmacotherapies.

Microfluidics in separation science: Fabrication, applications and intelligent systems.

Microbial collaboration in bioelectrochemical systems: Mechanisms and advances towards sustainable biobased products.

Bilinguals' tendency to switch between their languages (also known as code-switching ) and the cognitive processes driving it are now known to be predicted by a variety of cognitive factors specific to the individual. In this review paper, we reflect on 30 years of progress in the study of the cognitive factors that determine how and when bilinguals switch between languages since Bentahila and Davies’ (1992) chapter on the relationship between code-switching and language dominance. We discuss how their work reflected a growing emphasis on moving beyond a strictly linguistic framework to focus on the psychological and social context in which code-switching occurs, and on the speaker-specific factors that affect the behaviour. We review and evaluate some of the substantial body of subsequent quantitative research about language switching and its relationship to language dominance, lexical access, cognitive control and interactional contexts. Some of these areas, like cognitive control, have seen considerable progress in understanding in the last thirty years and have substantially contributed to the development of psychological theories of bilingualism. Others we are only more recently beginning to understand, such as the effect of interactional contexts on the cognition of code-switching. The data yield a complex and sometimes contradictory picture but overall demonstrate that a range of social and psychological factors affect code-switching behaviours in ways that offer insights into the cognitive basis of code-switching. • We review studies on cognitive factors affecting code-switching (CS) since the 90s. • Bentahila & Davies suggest including social/psychological context in CS studies. • They exemplified their approach by exploring effects of language dominance. • Subsequent studies reinforce the importance of cognitive factors in CS. • These also include lexical access, cognitive control and interactional context.

This review article examines divergent approaches by International Oil Companies (IOCs) to the energy transition away from fossil fuels. While these companies are subjected to similar pressures across comparable markets and operations, European IOCs have been adopting a more “progressive” approach to the transition by doing more to diversify into renewables: they have been moving into “electrons”. By contrast, American IOCs have made a more “conservative” bet on the resilience of global oil and natural gas demand: they have been staying with “molecules”. Based on this counterintuitive development, or “puzzle”, this review surveys existing literature on the IOCs in the energy transition with the aim to, 1) examining the evidence on divergence and existing explanations thereof, and 2) offer the concept of a distinct American “petroculture” as a useful analytical lens for understanding divergence among IOCs. Combining the insights of the petrocultures approach with conventional political economy accounts of the agency of IOCs provides a novel and multidisciplinary account of corporate agency in research on energy transitions. Reflecting on the nature and explanations for divergence between American and European IOCs will also indicate how these multinational companies may fare in the energy transition – which ones may prosper and which ones may decline – and whether we ought to expect divergence or convergence in their strategies over time.

Cigarette smoking is a well-recognized risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain the subject of intense investigation. A large body of evidence has shown the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the pathogenesis of smoke-related diseases. LncRNAs are > 200 nt-long functional transcripts with limited protein-coding potential, which are emerging as critical regulators of gene expression in a variety of biological processes. Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is known to cause widespread dysregulation of lncRNAs in lung tissues and immune cells, thus leading to disruption of cell homeostasis, and induction of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. This review article discusses the interplay of lncRNAs, smoking, oxidative stress, immune response, and lung disease. First, we provide an overview of the functions and modes of action of lncRNAs in the regulation of gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels. We then examine the different mechanisms by which tobacco-induced dysregulation of lncRNAs contributes to oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and disease pathogenesis, while focusing on COPD and lung cancer. Finally, we highlight the importance of extending lncRNA research to new and emerging tobacco products and discuss the promises and pitfalls of lncRNAs as predictive biomarkers and prognostic targets. Understanding the intricate roles of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of COPD and lung cancer can provide new avenues for advancing diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies in the fight against these devastating smoke-associated diseases.

Researchers and scientists have shown significant interest in graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) due to their remarkable physical and chemical properties. GBNs possess a two-dimensional monolayer structure consisting of a hexagonal lattice arrangement of carbon atoms, resulting in an exceptionally high surface-to-volume ratio. This unique characteristic renders GBNs highly attractive for diverse applications, such as energy storage devices, water filtration technology, and biomedicine. This comprehensive review article examines various synthetic approaches for graphene production, elucidating their respective advantages and limitations. Additionally, it explores the recent advancements in the utilization of graphene, encompassing lithium-ion batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, supercapacitors, biosensors, imaging, and photothermal therapy, as well as drug delivery systems. Finally, the article explores the potential implications of these developments for future graphene-based materials.

Emerging strategies in exosome engineering: From cellular preconditioning to hybridization for targeted therapeutics.

How to write an impactful review article?

Limitations of quality-of-life assessment and long-term side effects in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a narrative review.

Early and accurate plant disease detection is crucial for sustainable agriculture and crop productivity. This review critically evaluates the artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, including machine learning (ML), deep neural networks (DNNs), and computer vision (CV) for automated disease detection across diverse horticultural crops. By analysing and synthesizing implementations in strawberries, blueberries, tomatoes, grapes, apples, squash, and others, we identify transferable knowledge and benchmarks applicable to raspberry ( Rubus idaeus ) monitoring within Western Norway's “FutuRaPS” project. Our study introduces following primary novel contributions: (a) the conceptualization and quantification of the ‘Algorithmic and Data Lag’ for raspberries disease detection, revealing a significant knowledge gap despite rapid DL advances and diverse imaging modalities (RGB, multispectral, hyperspectral for pre-symptomatic detection); (b) a tailored ‘knowledge transferability matrix’ that maps potential AI architectures and sensing strategies directly to raspberry-specific challenges; and (c) the ‘first actionable research roadmap’ for building intelligent, autonomous raspberry disease-monitoring framework applicable to Nordic and global environments. Our synthesis highlights promising AI-driven robotics and edge computing for real-time, in-field monitoring and targeted interventions, offering pathways to overcome persistent challenges like dataset limitations and environmental variability. By enabling scalable, field-validated solutions, this work provides a strategic contribution to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 2, 12, and 13), fostering resilient and sustainable berry production in Nordic regions and globally. This systematic, PRISMA-compliant review rigorously maps progress and gaps, to guide operational Agriculture 4.0 solutions for raspberry horticulture worldwide. Here is a set of complementary highlights for this review article. • AI monitoring of raspberry diseases: gap analysis and cross-crop synthesis. • Benchmarks DL models (YOLO, CNN, ViT) and HSI for efficient field deployment. • Identifies critical data deficit and algorithmic lag in current raspberry research. • Proposes integrated FutuRaPS roadmap for resilient, edge-AI robotic monitoring. • Enables sustainable raspberry production using actionable AI framework.

Advances in mechanisms, combined therapeutic strategies and dual-target inhibitors for synergistic antitumor effects of HDAC and PD-1/PD-L1 pathway.

The cerebellin (CBLN) family includes CBLN1, CBLN2, CBLN3, and CBLN4, which are important secreted glycoproteins that play roles in synaptogenesis and the maintenance and plasticity of synapses across various regions of the central nervous system (CNS). Generally known for their implications in cerebellar parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses, CBLNs also play a comprehensive role in synaptic regulation in the CNS. By forming trans-synaptic complexes with postsynaptic glutamate delta receptors (GluDs) and presynaptic neurexins (NRXNs), CBLNs significantly impact the synaptic specificity and potency. Each CBLN protein has its own expression signature and function. Current research points to a key role for CBLN1 in forming excitatory synapses, especially in the cerebellum, while CBLN2 is reported to regulate inhibitory synaptic transmission and serotonergic circuits. In addition, CBLN3 regulates synaptic stability and is associated with many neurodevelopmental problems. Apart from its role in the regulation of inhibitory synapse formation, CBLN4 is also linked to many neurodegenerative disorders. Dysfunction of pathways associated with CBLN signaling has been linked to several neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, such as ataxia and schizophrenia. This review article compares existing data on the structure, expression, and functional properties of CBLN proteins, their roles in synapse organization, and their potential as therapeutic targets for neurological disease.

Trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS) is a rare disorder that only appears in patients who have undergone immunosuppression. TS presents with keratin spines protruding from hair follicle openings, which are called spicules. TS often progresses to alopecia and a leonine face if untreated. To date, fewer than 100 cases have been reported in the literature and are primarily in patients who underwent solid organ transplant. The infection pathway of the human polyomavirus causing TS, Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV), remains unclear. Roughly 75% of adults have IgG antibodies to TSPyV, and the virus can be transiently detected in about 1% of the population at any given time. This review article summarises the updates in TS over the last 5years. We discuss articles on seroepidemiology, insights into the mechanism of proliferation, and treatment options of TSPyV.

Organ transplantation in Fontan patients-beware of false promises.

The global construction sector seeks to use sustainable materials to reduce its environmental footprint. In this direction, steel manufacturing by-products like electric arc furnace slag (EAFS), basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS), and induction furnace slag (IFS) present a viable alternative to natural aggregates, offering environmental and cost benefits. These slags are underutilized resources with transformative potential for concrete and other applications, potentially reducing carbon emissions by up to 60 kg CO2 per metric ton of concrete. This review article critically examines the properties, applications, and challenges associated with steel slag coarse aggregates (SSCA) in concrete, highlighting key characteristics through ternary plots and whisker diagrams, which depict each slag’s variability, median values, and outlier ranges, making it an invaluable repository for researchers. The compositional analysis through these visualization tools demonstrates that BOFS is CaO-rich, EAFS has a balanced CaO-SiO2-FeO composition, whereas IFS is FeO-dominant. This study also clearly depicts different slag replacement ratios with optimal dosage varying from 50% to 75%, enhancing compressive strength by 10–20%, chloride and sulphate resistance by 30%, and fire resistance up to 1,200°C. The performance of steel slag-based concrete with more than 75% replacement level showed higher porosity and poor interlocking. Challenges like volumetric instability due to free CaO/MgO and workability loss can be mitigated through pretreatment and adding supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), making a viable alternative to conventional concrete. The environmental benefits are substantial, as life cycle assessment (LCA) studies reveal that steel slag concrete has a 30%–40% lower environmental impact than conventional concrete, demonstrating its potential for reducing the construction industry’s carbon footprint. Looking toward future developments, nanoengineered SSCA composites present even better prospects for enhanced performance and sustainability. Combined with the proven environmental advantages, these advanced applications position steel slag utilization as a key strategy for achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) 9, 11, and 12, driving toward circularity and sustainable concrete innovation.

Space–time regression and interpolation of metocean measurements: A focus on satellite data for the offshore energy sector

Bridge over calm waters: a comment on Stambulova and Henriksen's career transitions in sport.