Reusability Assessment Research Articles

Gold nanostructures on polyelectrolyte-brush-modified cellulose membranes as a synergistic platform for uric acid detection

In this study, we present a convenient approach utilizing gold nanostructures coated cellulose membrane for the quantification of uric acid in an aqueous solution. The synthesis of system was achieved by functionalizing cellulose membrane with poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (PMETAC) and cross-linked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). FT-IR and XPS confirm the formation of PMETAC and PMETAC/EGDMA on the cellulose. The fabricated substrates were exposed to tetrachloroaurate solution, then reduced by NaBH4. We have systematically investigated the catalytic oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in various pH conditions, absent uric acid, using the fabricated substrates. The colorimetric response—observed through UV–Vis spectroscopy—revealed significant shifts in absorbance at 660 nm, correlating with uric acid concentrations across a range of pH levels. The films exhibited a pronounced color change from green to light yellow in basic to neutral environments and from yellow to dark green under more acidic conditions, demonstrating their potential for high-sensitivity uric acid detection. The assessment of the catalytic films' reusability and stability revealed insights into their enduring performance, identifying opportunities for enhancing material design and functionality for extended applications. This study not only underscores the films' versatile detection capabilities but also emphasizes the importance of pH in tuning the assay's sensitivity and specificity.

Tailoring Heterojunctions in CsPbBrxCl3−x−MoS2 Composites for Efficient Photocatalysis and Hydrogen Evolution

AbstractWe demonstrate appropriate tuning of heterojunctions in CsPbBrxCl3−x−MoS2 composites (where x=0,1,2,3) by controlled regulation of the halide stoichiometry in the perovskite. A thorough optimization procedure determined the most effective photocatalyst, considering the pristine MoS2, perovskites with varying halide ratios, various physical mixing ratios of the two, and in‐situ synthesized composite ratios of CsPbBrxCl3−x and MoS2 (2 : 1, 1.5 : 1, 1 : 1, 1 : 1.5, 1 : 2). Under two hours of exposure to visible light, a remarkable photocatalytic performance of CsPbBrCl2 : MoS2 with a 1 : 2 ratio was observed, removing 98 % of the methylene blue (MB) dye. Notably, only the CsPbBrCl2 and MoS2 composite demonstrated higher efficiencies since it resulted in a n‐n type II heterojunction. Additionally, the CsPbBrCl2 : MoS2 composite exhibits the highest reaction rate constant, fifteen times higher than the pristine perovskite. Reusability assessment of this combination revealed sustained activity of 87 % for up to 5 cycles. The hydrogen evolution reaction investigations were carried out using the optimized CsPbBrCl2 : MoS2 composite, which yielded 265 times more hydrogen than pristine CsPbBrCl2. The Faradaic efficiency for 1 : 2 CsPbBrCl2 : MoS2 was found to be 96.61 %. Our results offer crucial perspectives on optimizing perovskite‐MoS2 composites and demonstrate their utility in sustainable applications, including water treatment, renewable energy harvesting, and environmental remediation.

Beta-irradiated ZnGa2O4:Sm3+ phosphor: Thermoluminescence glow curves and kinetic parameters via gel combustion synthesis

This study examines the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) characteristics of Sm3+-doped ZnGa2O4 phosphor, shedding light on its structural characteristics. The XRD data reveal distinctive peaks that represent the crystal's lattice structure. This provides the basis for a more detailed analysis of thermoluminescence (TL). Initially, the TL glow curves corresponding to different concentrations of Sm were analysed, leading to the identification of the most favorable Sm concentration. Subsequently, an investigation was conducted into the TL behavior of the material in response to varying doses within a broad spectrum of beta radiation, revealing a linear characteristic (b=1.075) across doses ranging from 0.1 Gy to 50 Gy. Following this, a reusability assessment was executed over three measurement sets, wherein it was ascertained that the deviation in peak area across ten cycles did not surpass 2 %. Furthermore, it was investigated how different heating rates ranging from 0.5 °C/s to 7 °C/s affect the TL curve of the material. To determine the TL trap parameters of the sample, Initial Rise (IR) and Computerized Glow Curve Deconvolution (CGCD) methods were employed. A consistent pattern of activation energy values was observed in both IR in the TM-Tstop experiment and CGCD analyses, indicating a uniform response to distinct energy levels within the sample. In terms of providing valuable insights into the characteristics of TL, these methods were found to be very effective. This contributed to a comprehensive understanding of charge carrier dynamics within the crystal lattice. Moreover, Peaks I, II, and III showed a linear response to applied doses, indicating the material's potential for dosimetry applications. The findings of this study not only provide insights into Sm3+-doped ZnGd2O4 phosphors' TL properties, but also enhance our understanding of how to optimize their radiation response.

Development of steel circularity passport: Literature review, research gaps, and program rules in New Zealand

This article conducted a systematicliterature review to find the most recent progress, barriers and opportunities in developing building material passports for structural steel reuse. To reuse steel a Circular Economy shall be implemented. A steel circular economy adoption requires the development of steel circularity passports, structural steel reusability assessment and reversible structural design. A programme rule was presented that can serves as a guideline for the development of a steel circularity passport in New Zealand. The programme rule outlined essential data and details, data resources and reliability, and steel identification process. Finally, a case study was used to demonstrate the significant benefits of applying the proposed programme rule in mitigating challenges presented by unidentified structural steel components. The 18-storey former council building has total 4,600 square meters located in Auckland downtown, New Zealand. It was found regulatory, technical, and economic barriers shall be addressed to enable steel reuse in New Zealand and presence of steel passports can facilitate steel reuse in practice by addressing the barriers in New Zealand.

FAIR assessment of nanosafety data reusability with community standards.

Nanomaterials hold great promise for improving our society, and it is crucial to understand their effects on biological systems in order to enhance their properties and ensure their safety. However, the lack of consistency in experimental reporting, the absence of universally accepted machine-readable metadata standards, and the challenge of combining such standards hamper the reusability of previously produced data for risk assessment. Fortunately, the research community has responded to these challenges by developing minimum reporting standards that address several of these issues. By converting twelve published minimum reporting standards into a machine-readable representation using FAIR maturity indicators, we have created a machine-friendly approach to annotate and assess datasets' reusability according to those standards. Furthermore, our NanoSafety Data Reusability Assessment (NSDRA) framework includes a metadata generator web application that can be integrated into experimental data management, and a new web application that can summarize the reusability of nanosafety datasets for one or more subsets of maturity indicators, tailored to specific computational risk assessment use cases. This approach enhances the transparency, communication, and reusability of experimental data and metadata. With this improved FAIR approach, we can facilitate the reuse of nanosafety research for exploration, toxicity prediction, and regulation, thereby advancing the field and benefiting society as a whole.

Achieving a circular economy through the effective reuse of construction products: A case study of a residential building

The building and construction industry is characterized by high consumption of raw materials, waste generation, and significant energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. A substantial change in the way this sector operates is necessary to reduce its strong negative impact on the environment. In this context, the implementation of circular strategies is critical to achieving sustainable development. Reusing construction products derived from obsolete buildings at their end of life is increasingly being investigated as a strategy to achieve circularity. Despite growing interest, both in the literature and in the industry, several challenges hinder the large-scale adoption of circular reuse. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the efficient implementation of reuse in practice. The focus is on data and information that can support the reusability assessment of construction products. The findings are obtained through a case study comprising a building project in Bergen, Norway. First, the study assesses which material properties and information are available in the project, leading to the definition of eight information-driven evaluation criteria and a three-step process for reuse. The three-step process encompasses the following: (1) collecting information, (2) information-driven evaluations, and (3) planning for reuse. Each criterion is then shown in a reusability matrix, emphasizing an information-driven approach to reuse that has the potential to be extended beyond the context of the case study. Considerations for improving data management in a circular reuse process are discussed. This study provides an innovative method that may lead to a circular economy and sustainable development in the future.

Removal of methylene blue dye by green synthesized NiO/ZnO nanocomposites

In this study, Justicia adhatoda leaf extract was used as both a reducing agent and a capping agent in a straightforward, environmentally friendly, and low-cost approach for the green synthesis of NiO/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs). The synthesized NiO/ZnO NCs were characterized by XRD, Rietveld refinement, UV–visible, FTIR, and SEM. The XRD and Rietveld Refinement studies have revealed the presence of two phases corresponding to hexagonal wurtzite ZnO and cubic NiO. The optical energy band gap (EGap) of prepared NiO/ZnO was 3.27 eV. SEM analysis revealed that the NiO-ZnO NCs have a cauliflower-like surface morphology with an average size of 89 nm. Under sunlight and UV illumination, the ability of NiO/ZnO NCs was evaluated to decompose methylene blue. NiO/ZnO NCs are very effective for methylene blue dye degradation under UV light following pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics, with a rate constant of 0.04625 min−1. Further, the scavenger study, hot filtration test, and reusability assessment were conducted to evaluate the catalyst's applicability and performance.

Reusability assessment of reinforced concrete components prior to deconstruction from obsolete buildings

A large part of building demolitions is motivated by purely socio-economic reasons. Hence, about-to-be-demolished structures, commonly made of reinforced concrete, very often present no or little degradation. When adaptive reuse of the entire building is not possible anymore, its deconstruction and the reuse of its load-bearing components elsewhere in new structures maximize the reclamation of preexisting structural qualities. This strategy drastically decreases the environmental burden of both demolition and subsequent new construction. However, its efficient implementation requires a careful preliminary assessment of the existing structure, including the inventory of its components, and the evaluation of their reuse potential in relation with their pre-existing damages and possible future uses. Currently available procedures are not exhaustive and focus solely on precast components. This paper thus introduces a specific methodology for the reusability assessment of load-bearing reinforced concrete components, focusing in priority on their long-term durability. It first proposes a systematic protocol to classify and quantify the components, investigate their geometrical and material properties and evaluate their preexisting damages. Then, the paper develops a new procedure to grade the reusability of the components for future projects. Finally, the whole methodology is tested on three case studies in Switzerland, demonstrating its robustness and repeatability. In these three case studies, 95 % of reinforced concrete components are graded as reusable.

Synthesis and characterization of new generation of sorbent materials and their application in the elimination of diclofenac: Numerical analysis using Comsol software

This paper reports the preparation of a new class of eco- friendly sorbents as well as the study of the continuous dynamic sorption of diclofenac (DF) chosen as a model representative of pharmaceutical pollutants. Biomass based on palm waste was used as base material in the presence of 27% commercial polymer carbopol as granular support, 10% tween 80 as surfactant and NaOH in the preparation of hydrophobic and organophilic effective sorbent grains. Multiple experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of initial diclofenac concentration (20–50 mg/L), flow rate (1.11–1.82 L/h), and column height (10–15 cm) on the breakthrough curve. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 137 mg/g under a flow rate of 1.11 L/h, column height 15 cm and inlet concentration of diclofenac of 20 mg/L. The experimental data obtained data were fitted using the empirical models of Thomas, Yoon - Nelson and Adam-Bohart. The reusability assessment demonstrated the potential for reusing this active biomass for a minimum of three adsorption –desorption cycles. The breakthrough curves indicated a positive correlation between breakthrough time and column height, while initial diclofenac concentration and flow rate exhibited negative correlations. The utilization of the Thomas model effectively described the sorption process, supported by a highly satisfactory correlation coefficient (R² > 0.98). However, a marginal decrease in the sorption capacity of diclofenac was observed with the number of sorption-desorption cycles, with reductions of 24%, 10%, and 5%, respectively.

Low-tech methods for the reuse of reinforced concrete structural elements

Most of existing buildings are made of concrete, new buildings are being built with it and others are demolished when still in good structural condition. This drives increased demands for raw materials, greenhouse gas emissions, and an accumulation of demolition waste. When in-situ rehabilitation or transformation is deemed unfeasible, a promising circular economy strategy to reduce these impacts is to reuse reinforced concrete (RC) load-bearing elements from obsolete donor structures into new receiving structures. Consequently, there is a need to adapt methods and processes to the specificities of RC element reuse by integrating knowledge on existing structures, deconstruction and construction techniques and structural optimization. To facilitate the supply chain of reclaimed RC components, the planning and execution of the deconstruction of an obsolete donor structure must be linked to the planning and execution of the construction of a new receiving structure. Using three recent case studies in Switzerland, this paper highlights how low-tech methods and procedures can be used to plan RC element reuse. A complete set of tools is introduced to evaluate an existing donor structure, plan its optimal deconstruction, and design the new receiving building. They include a reusability assessment method, a reuse-driven design process, and a data validation procedure. The case studies confirm that, depending on transport distances, reusing RC elements in a new structure can save up to 75% of CO2-eq emissions compared to standard RC construction techniques.

Safe Reuse of Landfill Leachates for Irrigation Purposes

The purpose of the present study was the assessment of the potential reusability of landfill leachates for agricultural irrigation, after advanced oxidation treatments. The UV/Fenton and Fenton processes were applied to the treatment of two different landfill leachate samples, L1 and L2, classified as intermediates, collected from two different landfills located in Macedonia, Greece. Samples were characterized by high COD and TOC values, ranging from 5500-6100 mg/l and 1700-1780 mg/l, respectively. The treatment efficacy and toxicity characteristics were evaluated by conducting phytotoxicity tests. Sorghum saccharatum seeds were used and the germination index (GI) was estimated. The results showed that the UV/Fenton process achieved better organic matter removal rates for both samples. The untreated undiluted leachates L1 and L2 were highly toxic, resulting in GI values of 0. The results of the study showed that Sorghum saccharatum seed germination depends on the nature of the irrigation media and that optimum germination rates were achieved at dilutions of treated leachates with ratios higher than 1:4.

A data reusability assessment in the nanosafety domain based on the NSDRA framework followed by an exploratory quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) modeling targeting cellular viability

IntroductionThe current effort towards the digital transformation across multiple scientific domains requires data that is Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR). In addition to the FAIR data, what is required for the application of computational tools, such as Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSARs), is a sufficient data volume and the ability to merge sources into homogeneous digital assets. In the nanosafety domain there is a lack of FAIR available metadata. MethodologyTo address this challenge, we utilized 34 datasets from the nanosafety domain by exploiting the NanoSafety Data Reusability Assessment (NSDRA) framework, which allowed the annotation and assessment of dataset's reusability. From the framework's application results, eight datasets targeting the same endpoint (i.e. numerical cellular viability) were selected, processed and merged to test several hypothesis including universal versus nanogroup-specific QSAR models (metal oxide and nanotubes), and regression versus classification Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. ResultsUniversal regression and classification QSARs reached an 0.86 R2 and 0.92 accuracy, respectively, for the test set. Nanogroup-specific regression models reached 0.88 R2 for nanotubes test set followed by metal oxide (0.78). Nanogroup-specific classification models reached 0.99 accuracy for nanotubes test set, followed by metal oxide (0.91). Feature importance revealed different patterns depending on the dataset with common influential features including core size, exposure conditions and toxicological assay.Even in the case where the available experimental knowledge was merged, the models still failed to correctly predict the outputs of an unseen dataset, revealing the cumbersome conundrum of scientific reproducibility in realistic applications of QSAR for nanosafety. To harness the full potential of computational tools and ensure their long-term applications, embracing FAIR data practices is imperative in driving the development of responsible QSAR models. ConclusionsThis study reveals that the digitalization of nanosafety knowledge in a reproducible manner has a long way towards its successful pragmatic implementation. The workflow carried out in the study shows a promising approach to increase the FAIRness across all the elements of computational studies, from dataset's annotation, selection, merging to FAIR modeling reporting. This has significant implications for future research as it provides an example of how to utilize and report different tools available in the nanosafety knowledge system, while increasing the transparency of the results. One of the main benefits of this workflow is that it promotes data sharing and reuse, which is essential for advancing scientific knowledge by making data and metadata FAIR compliant. In addition, the increased transparency and reproducibility of the results can enhance the trustworthiness of the computational findings.

Optimization of dye-contaminated wastewater treatment by fungal Mycelial-light expanded clay aggregate composite

Dye-contaminated wastewaters from the printing batik industry are hazardous if discharged into the environment without any treatment. Finding an optimization and reusability assessment of a new fungal-material composite for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment is important for efficiency. The study purposes to optimize fungal mycelia Trametes hirsuta EDN 082 – light expanded clay aggregate (myco-LECA) composite for real priting batik dye wastewater treatment by using Response Surface Methodology with Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD). The factors included myco-LECA weight (2–6 g), wastewater volume (20–80 mL), and glucose concentration (0–10%) were applied for 144 h of incubation time. The result showed that the optimum condition was achieved at 5.1 g myco-LECA, at 20 mL wastewater, and at 9.1% glucose, respectively. In this condition, the decolorization values with an incubation time of 144 h were 90, 93, and 95%, at wavelengths 570, 620, and 670 nm, respectively. A reusability assessment was conducted for 19 cycles and the result showed that decolorization effectiveness was still above 96%. GCMS analysis showed the degradation of most compounds in the wastewater and the degradation products of the wastewater demonstrated detoxification against Vigna radiata and Artemia salina. The study suggests that myco-LECA composite has a good performance and therefore is a promising method for the treatment of printing batik wastewater.

In-depth analysis of patterns in selection of different physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling tools: PartII - Assessment of model reusability and comparison between open and non-open source-code software.

Whilst the reproducibility of models in the area of systems biology and quantitative systems pharmacology has been the focus of attention lately, the concept of 'reusability' is not addressed. With the advent of the 'Model Master File' dominating some regulatory discussions on pharmaceutical applications of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, reusability becomes a vital aspect of confidence in their use. Herein, we define 'reusability' specifically in the context of PBPK models and investigate the influence of open versus non-open source-code (NOSC) nature of the software on the extent of 'reusability'. Original articles (n=145) that were associated with the development of novel PBPK models were identified as source models and citations to these reports, which involved further PBPK model development, were explored (n>1800) for reuse cases of the source PBPK model whether in full or partial form. The nature of source-code was a major determinant of external reusability for PBPK models (>50% of the NOSC models as opposed <25% of open source-code [OSC]). Full reusability of the models was not common and mostly involved internal reuse of the OSC model (by the group who had previously developed the original model). The results were stratified by the software utilised (various), organisations involved (academia, industry, regulatory), and type of reusability (full vs. partial). The clear link between external reuse of models and NOSC PBPK software might stem from many elements related to quality and trust that require further investigation, and challenges the unfounded notion that OSC models are associated with higher uptake for reuse.

Effective biodegradation of chlorophenols, sulfonamides, and their mixtures by bacterial laccase immobilized on chitin

Coexisting multi-pollutants like sulfonamides (SAs) and chlorophenols (CPs) in the ecological environment pose a potential risk to living organisms. The development of a strategy for the effective removal of multiple pollutants has become an urgent need. Herein, we systematically investigated the potential of immobilized bacterial laccase to remove chlorophenols (CPs), sulfonamides (SAs), and their mixtures. Laccase from Bacillus pumilus ZB1 was efficiently immobilized on chitin and its thermal stability, pH stability, and affinity to substrates were improved. Reusability assessment showed the immobilized laccase retained 75.5% of its initial activity after five cycles. The removal efficiency of CPs and SAs by immobilized laccase was significantly improved compared with that of free laccase. In particular, the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol reached 96.9% and 89.3% respectively within 8 h. The immobilized laccase could remove 63.70% of 2,4-dichlorophenol after four cycles. The degradation pathways of 2,4-dichlorophenol and sulfamethazine were proposed via LC/MS analysis. When the co-pollutants containing 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and sulfamethoxazole, immobilized laccase showed 100% removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and 38.71% removal of sulfamethoxazole simultaneously. Cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity tests indicated that immobilized laccase can alleviate the toxicity of co-pollutants. The results demonstrate that chitin-based laccase immobilization can be an effective strategy for the removal of SAs, CPs, and their co-pollutants.

MEASURING RECYCLABILITY – A KEY FACTOR FOR RESOURCE EFFICIENY EVALUATION

The construction sector is one of the largest consumers of raw materials and energy, as well as a producer of CO2 in the European Union. To reduce environmental pollution and to preserve raw materials and energy, resource-efficient building elements must be designed. Even if laws demand resource-efficient product design in the building sector, there is no independent evaluation system for the resource efficiency of building elements (e.g., walls, roofs, floors). Such an evaluation should take the whole life cycle into account. The measurement of reusability and recyclability is therefore necessary. This article, therefore, describes the development of an evaluation system for reusability and recyclability to be included in resource efficiency assessment. Existing approaches and the special requirements of the building sector are considered. Finally, a practical example shows that the developed system is suitable for the assessment of reusability and recyclability. It can be used for the comparison of different construction methods or for the comparison of specific designs or products; thus, the evaluation system is helpful for architects as well as for product designers.

Rape seedling peel-derived biochar prepared by low-temperature vacuum pyrolysis method for adsorbing p-nitrophenol

ABSTRACT Novel rape seedling peel-derived biochars (BCs) prepared by vacuum pyrolysis were used as cost-saving and sustainable biosorbents for wastewater remediation. The adsorption properties of BCs for p-nitrophenol (PNP) were investigated. The results showed that BC400 prepared at 400°C possessed the highest adsorption capacity of 55.78 mg g−1 towards PNP. Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Zeta potential analysis and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area analyses were performed to characterise the physicochemical properties of BC samples. The microporous structure and abundant surface heteroatomic functional groups of BC400 were confirmed. The effects of adsorption conditions (contact time, temperature, initial PNP solution pH, initial PNP concentration) on the adsorption of PNP by BC400 were investigated. Adsorption behaviour was more consistent with the linear Freundlich model and linear pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption of PNP on BC400 was a spontaneous endothermic process, and the disorder degree increased after adsorption. In addition, the adsorption capacities of BC400 for different phenols including hydroquinone, 3-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol (AN) and tert-butyl hydroquinone were compared, and the mechanism was also proposed. BC400 with aromatic and heteroatom-containing functional groups could interact effectively with PNP through various intermolecular interactions including π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction. Reusability assessment indicated BC400 remained high removal rate even after 10 consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles.

Leveraging circularity through repair standards: A comparison of methods for assessing product reparability for extended use on mechanical products.

The EN 45554 standard deals with the assessment of Reparability, Reusability and Upgradability of Energy-related Products, and aims to extend the life of those kind of products. According to the 2021 report of the French Agency for Ecological Transition (ADEME), 83% of French people are concerned about the environment. This means a growing interest for repair. In addition, consumers want products that are increasingly reparable. Therefore, knowing the reparability score of any type of products has become crucial, but this standard only applies to products that consume energy during use. Hence, there is a need to extend reparability to a wider range of products, including mechanical and mechatronic products. To achieve this main objective, one important step of comparison of existing methods is necessary. This paper aims to compare the EN 45554 standard to the existing methods in the literature for assessing reparability. First, a literature review is conducted to identify existing methods for reparability. Then, a comparison study is performed. Finally, based on this comparison, a set of criteria is obtained as an outcome.

Synthesis of high surface area porous biochar obtained from pistachio shells for the efficient adsorption of organic dyes from polluted water

High surface area, micro, and mesoporous functionalized biochar were prepared from pistachio shells and utilized for the adsorption of congo red (CR) and methylene blue (MB) from polluted water. The results indicate that increased pyrolysis temperature improved the porosity, specific surface area (SBET), and pore size. The biochar obtained at 900 °C, named as PSB-900, possess an SBET of 467.8 m2/g with a pore diameter of 5.6 nm, which is higher than the SBET and pore size of the biochar obtained at 600 and 300 °C. The batch adsorption of CR and MB with PSB-900 was performed with different dye concentrations, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature to determine their impact on adsorption capacity. The experimental results were further validated with kinetics and isotherm statistics. The PSB-900 achieved the maximum adsorption capacity for CR, 614.7 and 384.2 mg/g for MB. By contrast, biochar obtained at 300 and 600 °C exhibited comparatively low adsorption capacity owing to the difficult pore-filling and low SBET. The characterization results indicate that pore filling, π-π interaction, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, and surface complexation were the fundamental features of the adsorption mechanisms of organic dyes on PSB-900. Furthermore, a reusability assessment was also conducted, and the results demonstrate that PSB-900 can be recycled after the adsorption process and exhibits good recyclability for multiple cycles.

Toward Cranfield-inspired reusability assessment in interactive information retrieval evaluation

Re-using research resources is essential for advancing knowledge and developing repeatable, empirically solid experiments in scientific fields, including interactive information retrieval (IIR). Despite recent efforts on standardizing research re-use and documentation, how to quantitatively measure the reusability of IIR resources still remains an open challenge. Inspired by the reusability evaluations on Cranfield experiments, our work proactively explores the problem of measuring IIR test collection reusability and makes threefold contributions: (1) constructing a novel usefulness-oriented framework with specific analytical methods for evaluating the reusability of IIR test collections consisting of query sets, document/page sets, and sets of task-document usefulness (tuse); (2) explaining the potential impacts of varying IIR-specific factors (e.g. search tasks, sessions, user characteristics) on test collection reusability; (3) proposing actionable methods for building reusable test collections in IIR and thereby amortizing the true cost of user-oriented evaluations. The Cranfield-inspired reusability assessment framework serves as an initial step towards accurately evaluating the reusability of IIR research resources and measuring the reproducibility of IIR evaluation results. It also demonstrates an innovative approach to integrating the insights from individual heterogeneous user studies with the evaluation techniques developed in standardized ad hoc retrieval experiments, which will facilitate the maturation of IIR fields and eventually benefits both sides of research.