Return Intentions Research Articles (Page 1)

The article explores the civic engagement of forced migrants from Ukraine as an important factor in their integration into host societies and after potential return to their homeland. The relevance of the study is driven by the scale of current forced migration from Ukraine caused by the full-scale invasion, which has introduced new challenges for migrants, governmental bodies, and civil society. The purpose of the article is to investigate the involvement of Ukrainian forced migrants in civic activities abroad, to identify their sociodemographic characteristics and return intentions, and to outline the prospects for civil society organizations in the reintegration of returnees. The study is based on the analysis of empirical data collected through a sample survey of Ukrainian forced migrants. The survey was conducted online and covered 429 respondents residing in 31 countries. Methods of grouping, comparison, and statistical analysis were used to structure the data. The research findings show that over 60 % of respondents are engaged in some form of civic activity abroad, confirming the significant role of civic initiatives in the adaptation of displaced persons. It was found that factors such as age, presence of children, financial well-being, language proficiency in the host country, and likelihood of return to Ukraine do not significantly influence the level of civic engagement, indicating a high degree of internal motivation among participants. At the same time, differences in levels of civic engagement between Germany and Poland were observed, which may be attributed to the historical presence of the Ukrainian diaspora and local integration conditions. The article examines the role of civil society organizations in the reintegration of return migrants to Ukraine. In particular, it is shown that the experience of civic engagement abroad can serve as an important resource for the post-war recovery of the country. Civil society organizations have the potential to become key support institutions and mediators between migrants, governmental bodies, and society in both host countries and Ukraine. Future research may focus on developing strategies for the effective use of civic experience acquired abroad in the processes of Ukraine’s post-war reconstruction.

Since the second half of the 20th century, major changes have occurred worldwide in the perception of sport and sports tourism. Economic development and technical progress in every field have led to the emergence of new sports, which have become particularly attractive, especially for the young population. Therefore, sports tourism is becoming one of the expanding forms of tourism, which involves a multitude of relationships between tourists engaged in different activities (physical exercise, sports competitions, adventure tourism, sports entertainment and cultural exchange activities), on the one hand, and the tourist destination, on the other. In this study, we propose an analysis of the relationships between the University Football Championship, 2023 Edition, and tourism in the host destination, Oradea Municipality. This was possible after consulting, through the survey method, the members of the football teams from eight university centers in Romania, who participated in the University Football Championship, 2023 Edition, in Oradea. The results obtained were quantified after calculating two synthetic indicators, namely: the value of the sports index, which takes into account four qualitative criteria (quality of the game, quality of interaction, quality of the result and quality of the physical environment), respectively the value of the tourist index, also related to four qualitative criteria (tourist experience, tourist satisfaction, recommendation intention and return intention). In the case of both indicators and following their correlation, high average values were recorded, which can be attributed to the exceptional playing conditions offered by the organizer - the University of Oradea, respectively to the particularly favorable perception and satisfaction gained by the participants, following visits to the tourist attractions in Oradea Municipality, which proves, without a doubt, that the settlement on the banks of the Crișul Repede is one of the favorite tourist destinations in Romania .

Abstract This study explores the transitional post-study phase of the life of international students, during which they may opt to remain in their host country, return home or re-migrate elsewhere. Using Chinese students who came to study in the UK as a case study and drawing on 30 semi-structured interviews, the study provides insights into the factors that influence their post-study mobility decisions. The findings reveal that, since the reintroduction of the UK graduate visa in 2021, the key determinants of their decisions include work conditions and migration policies. The study contributes to migration scholarship by highlighting the importance of duration of study and the level of students’ sociocultural integration in shaping their intentions to return. Furthermore, the study suggests that the graduate visa has neither served as a motivating factor for students to study in the UK nor facilitated their acquisition of work experience there. Theoretically, the study highlights the applicability of human capital theory in explaining the return intentions of international students from emerging global economic powers.

Purpose Small entrepreneurs are increasingly turning to social media live streaming for real-time sales, as it enables entrepreneurs to surmount early obstacles and challenges during the initial phases of entrepreneurship. While the positive aspects of live streaming have been extensively researched, the possibility of these benefits leading to adverse consequences remains unexamined. Thus, this study aims to examine how live streaming attributes facilitate the creation of flow, which in turn drives impulsive buying and return intentions, with regret serving as a mediator and flow consciousness as a moderator. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional study was conducted where data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire from 463 participants. The gathered data were then analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) to assess the proposed mediation model. Additionally, the impact of flow consciousness as a moderator was examined using process macro (Model 1). Findings The findings highlight three aspects: first, live streaming attributes induce a state of flow for users; second, impulse buying serially mediates with its sequential parallel mediators’ process and outcome regret, and the relationship between flow and return intention. Third, heightened awareness of the flow intensifies the customer’s regret. Practical implications The research will offer value to online retailers, especially small retailers, dealing the with challenges related to product returns. As it provides insights into diverse tactics for mitigating the adverse effects of shopping encounters arising from live streaming. Originality/value The study provides novel perspectives by delving into the path that influences consumers in deciding whether to return products they’ve procured through live streaming on social media platforms.

This article focuses on developing scientifically grounded approaches to enhance Ukraine's migration policy framework, fostering a secure environment, and supporting national recovery. The primary aim is to construct scenario-based projections of the EU migration crisis caused by Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine.To achieve this, a multi-stage research design was applied, centered on scenario analysis using the Shell matrix approach. The first stage analyzed migration flows triggered by the invasion, examining their scale, trajectory, and implications for both Ukraine and the EU. It also explored migrants’ return intentions and the emotional and socio-economic factors influencing them.The second stage identified key drivers of migration since the onset of the war and used these findings to build a matrix model of influencing factors. The third stage addressed critical uncertainties—unpredictable but pivotal elements shaping Ukraine’s security landscape—forming a basis for scenario planning.In the fourth stage, three core migration scenarios were developed—optimistic, realistic, and pessimistic—mapped along two axes: the war's duration/outcome and the EU's integration stance toward Ukraine. The fifth stage involved expert evaluation of each scenario's feasibility and the level of consensus regarding its plausibility.The final stage led to the formulation of a conceptual legal framework through the proposed "Soft Return" state program. This program introduces legal tools for integrating migration policy into Ukraine's national security agenda, with a focus on facilitating the return of human capital. It includes provisions for legislative support, diaspora engagement mechanisms, and instruments for remote civic and economic participation, such as e-residency and digital platforms.By aligning legal reform with strategic foresight, the study presents a forward-looking model for migration governance under wartime conditions.

This study examines the relationships among motivation, satisfaction, place attachment, and revisit intention in the context of ecotourism in the Ayabaca Moorlands, a biodiverse Andean ecosystem of high cultural significance in northern Peru. Using a non-experimental quantitative design, data were collected from 350 national and international visitors and analyzed through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Findings reveal that while motivation does not directly influence place attachment, it significantly affects satisfaction and revisit intention. Results provide empirical evidence that satisfying experiences foster enduring emotional bonds with environmentally sensitive destinations. The study underscores the importance of tourism management strategies that cultivate emotional connections and visitor loyalty while integrating cultural and contextual factors to ensure the long-term sustainability of high-mountain ecotourism.

In the past two years, the flow of general patients at XYZ Primary Clinic located in Bandung City has decreased. This happened without any modification to the service protocol. The purpose of this study was to determine how price fairness, waiting time, doctor-patient interaction, and patient satisfaction affect intention to return and overall satisfaction with the clinic. These three service-defining non-medical factors are considered to be very important for measuring service quality. SEM-PLS and IPMA were used for this study in quantitative form. A validated questionnaire was administered to 177 patients of XYZ Primary Clinic in Bandung City, which resulted in data collection. Based on the analysis, it was found that price fairness and doctor-patient communication significantly increased satisfaction; however, waiting time had a negative impact on satisfaction. In addition, patient satisfaction increases the intention to revisit the clinic. Furthermore, the results show that satisfaction can strengthen the influence of these three independent variables on return intentions. Through the use of IPMA, findings revealed that doctor-patient communication performed below expectations, yet was the most influential, making this aspect a focal point for improvement. This analysis highlights the need to improve communication among medical staff, sharpen operational service workflows, and make pricing transparent to encourage greater patient loyalty. The conclusions drawn from this analysis can strategically guide clinic administrators on policy decisions aimed at improving service quality from a patient perspective.

Drawing on self-perception theory, this research finds that redeeming loyalty points, rather than saving them and paying with money, increases return intentions to service establishments. The positive effect of paying with loyalty points is driven by increased satisfaction. Furthermore, this effect is moderated by the offer of bonus incentives, such that the positive effect is attenuated when consumers forgo a bonus offer in exchange for saving points. Two studies confirm these effects. Study 1 demonstrates that redeeming points leads to higher satisfaction, which drives increased return intentions. Study 2 shows that bonus incentives can diminish these benefits, as consumers who forgo a bonus experience reactance, leading to lower satisfaction. The findings highlight the dual impact of loyalty program design: point redemption fosters loyalty, but poorly designed bonus incentives can unintentionally counteract these benefits. For practitioners, the results suggest encouraging point redemption to maximize satisfaction and loyalty. However, caution is warranted, as bonuses may undermine program effectiveness if not redeemed. This research enhances understanding of the dynamics of loyalty programs and payment methods, offering practical insights for boosting loyalty.

This study aims to examine the impact of café atmosphere, service quality, and interior design on customer loyalty at Lir-Ilir Social House, located in Genteng, Banyuwangi. A quantitative research approach was employed, with data collected through online questionnaires distributed to repeat customers between May 22–28, 2025. The sample was selected using purposive sampling. The measurement of variables used a Likert scale, and the data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, employing validity, reliability, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, F-test, and t-test. The results revealed that interior design has a significant positive effect on customer loyalty (sig. = 0.041, p < 0.05), while café atmosphere (sig. = 0.113) and service quality (sig. = 0.824) do not have a significant partial effect. Simultaneously, the three independent variables significantly affect customer loyalty (F = 10.290, sig. = 0.000), with an R Square of 0.499, indicating that 49.9% of the variation in customer loyalty is explained by the model. These findings highlight the importance of aesthetic and functional spatial design in retaining loyal customers. Despite the presence of pleasant ambiance and service quality, interior elements such as layout, cleanliness, lighting, and decorative identity play a more decisive role in shaping customer return intentions. The study provides practical insights for café owners to enhance customer loyalty through interior experience design.

Insecurities and risks related to ageing in a foreign country could fuel return migration among international retirement migrants. The few studies examining retirement migrants’ return have been small in scale and focused mainly on return intentions rather than return behaviour. In this paper, we examine the prevalence and predictors of return migration among retirement migrants and the discrepancy between return intentions and return behaviour. We collected survey data on a representative sample of 5,065 Dutch retirement migrants in 40 destinations and combined them with administrative data on return migration. Three years after data collection, almost 9 per cent had returned to the Netherlands, whereas less than 5 per cent had intended to return during this period. Our findings show how age-related changes and transnational ties to the country of origin increase the likelihood of return. Our results also suggest that retirement migrants may underestimate the long-term implications and social embeddedness of the return migration decision.

This study explores the dynamics of motorcycle tourism in rural areas and its potential contribution to sustainable and regenerative development. A bibliometric analysis of management-related publications was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection, focusing on topics such as tourism, motivation, rurality, and motorcycling. VOSviewer software (version 1.6.20) was employed to support this analysis. Based on the literature, a theoretical framework was developed, leading to four research hypotheses that aimed to empirically examine the relationships between cultural motivation, community interaction, type of accommodation, event location, and tourist behaviour. To test these hypotheses, structured questionnaires were distributed in person during rural motorcycling events in Portugal, yielding a valid sample of 233 respondents. The data were analysed using SPSS 28 software via statistical methods to reduce dimensionality and identify latent structures, chi-square tests, and logistic regression. The results confirmed all four hypotheses, highlighting the importance of cultural motivation for return intentions, community interaction for perceived authenticity, accommodation type for destination recommendations, and event location for overall satisfaction. The study also identifies gender-related differences and reinforces the value of immersive, co-created experiences in enhancing the competitiveness of rural destinations. This theoretical contribution supports the advancement of motorcycle tourism as a sustainable niche while offering practical guidance for inclusive and regenerative tourism planning.

This study aims to identify the factors that influence the behavior of Costa Rican tourists visiting rural destinations after the COVID-19 pandemic, thereby contributing to sustainable rural tourism development. The study applies data analysis using the partial least squares (PLS) regression technique to evaluate a reflective measurement model, based on data collected via a questionnaire. The evidence indicates that for the analyzed destination, the most significant factors influencing the behavior of Costa Rican tourists visiting rural destinations after the COVID-19 pandemic are learning, ICTs, and, in particular, relaxation. Although biosecurity and social influence do not affect the intention to return, these findings highlight the crucial role of learning and ICTs in the tourist experience and loyalty to the destination. This study contributes novel empirical insights to the still limited post-pandemic research on rural tourism, by providing current information on changes in tourist behavior in a specific post-pandemic context. Additionally, it focuses on a popular rural tourist destination in Costa Rica, offering a deeper understanding of a less explored tourism segment, as most previous studies have examined urban or international tourism. Specifically, this research addresses the gap regarding domestic tourist behavior in rural areas using a quantitative approach (PLS), revealing key drivers of return intention. The findings may also be relevant for rural destinations facing similar post-pandemic challenges in other countries.

ABSTRACTThe role played by health status in shaping return migration intentions and decisions has received little attention. The few existing studies show conflicting results: poor and deteriorating health can be associated with both higher and lower propensity to return‐migrate, depending on the context. In this paper, we investigate the health‐return nexus for older migrants in Italy. We carry out two analyses. First, we use quantitative survey data to explore the relationship between health and return intentions of older immigrants from both high‐migration‐pressure countries and Western European countries. Second, in order to dig deeper into the complexity of return‐migration decision‐making, we draw on interviews with three groups of older migrants in Italy: retired labour migrants from Morocco; the ‘zero‐generation’ Albanian parents of labour migrants who have joined their children in Italy; and British international retirement migrants. Results differ for each group and type of analysis, but the role of health and the location of children stand out as key factors in the stay‐return dilemma.

PurposeBased on social exchange theory (SET), this study seeks to develop a conceptual model incorporating emotional solidarity as an antecedent to medical travelers’ experiences and intentions to return. In addition, this study examines the moderating effect of traveler delight between traveler experience and return intention.Design/methodology/approachFollowing a stratified random sampling approach, data was gathered from 1,030 international medical travelers who interacted with two categories of Hurghada residents (i.e. 474 medical professionals and 556 non-medical medical professionals). The proposed model was tested using SmartPLS version 4.4.FindingsAge groups positively affected feelings welcomed in favor of the medical professional resident sample. Monthly income also negatively affected sympathetic understanding in favor of the non-medical professional resident sample. Moreover, medical travel experience partially mediates the effect of emotional solidarity patterns on return intention.Practical implicationsMedical tourism stakeholders can conduct workshops on cultural sensitivity and empathy development customized. Further, service providers can enhance medical traveler experiences by integrating local cultural elements into medical services.Originality/valueIn medical tourism ream, the focal role of medical travelers’ emotional solidarity with residents in shaping their experiences and behaviors has not been studied. Using the SET theoretical lens, our novel contribution examines the sense of emotional exchange between medical travelers and residents to enhance their overall experiences and future behaviors.

Housing prices are a topic of significant social concern, and public services are a crucial factor influencing migrants’ return intentions. Based on the China Labour Force Dynamics Survey and China Real Estate Index database from 2012 to 2018, this study adopts probit model to explore the influence mechanism of housing prices on migrants’ return intentions and the moderating effect of public services. The results indicate that housing prices have a significant positive impact on migrants’ return intentions, and the level of public services negatively moderates the relationship between housing prices and migrants’ return intentions. Moreover, employing an instrumental variable approach to address the endogeneity of housing prices, the modeling results provide robust evidence of the significant and heterogenous impact of housing prices on return intentions among migrants. In particular, the positive impact of housing prices is mainly concentrated among single urban migrants without housing. Additionally, public services negatively moderate the positive impact of housing prices on return intentions among single rural migrants without housing. By elucidating the correlation between housing prices, public services, and return intentions among migrants, this study offers recommendations for policymakers regarding migration issues in urban development.

This research addresses the question of how emotional engagement mediates the relationship between perceived authenticity—objective, constructive, and existential—and tourist satisfaction at cultural festivals. While previous studies have explored the impact of authenticity on satisfaction, few have examined the psychological mechanisms underlying this relationship, particularly in the context of developing countries like Vietnam. The study aims to bridge this gap by investigating the role of emotional engagement as a mediator, emphasizing the importance of tourists’ personal and emotional connections in shaping their overall satisfaction. Using a quantitative approach, the research collected survey data from 369 participants at three major Vietnamese cultural festivals—Hue Festival, Lim Festival, and Perfume Pagoda Festival. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SPSS 22 and AMOS 20 software to test the proposed hypotheses. The findings reveal that emotional engagement significantly mediates the relationship between perceived authenticity and tourist satisfaction, with existential authenticity exerting the strongest influence on emotional engagement. This suggests that tourists value experiences that foster deep emotional connections and personal meaning. The study's results highlight the necessity for festival organizers and destination managers to design immersive and emotionally engaging festival experiences that enhance authenticity perceptions and overall satisfaction. By fostering stronger emotional connections, cultural festivals can improve visitor experiences, boost return intentions, and enhance destination appeal. These insights provide valuable theoretical contributions to cultural tourism research while offering practical recommendations for enhancing the emotional and psychological dimensions of festival experiences.

IntroductionFarmer entrepreneurs, as hybrid actors bridging urban capital and rural identity, play a vital role in promoting sustainable rural development by addressing rural hollowing and urban-rural disparities. Understanding the factors influencing their return migration decisions is therefore crucial.MethodsThis study investigates the multidimensional determinants shaping return intentions among farmer entrepreneurs using survey data from 1,573 individuals in Jintang County, China. The data were analyzed through ordered logistic regression, with robustness checks conducted via ordered probit models (AIC = 780, BIC = 845).Results(1) Economic Agency: Income level shows marginal significance (β = 0.0035, p = 0.078), with those earning over ¥100,000 annually being 1.8 times more likely to return (OR = 1.84), supporting Hypothesis H11. (2) Family Constraints: Childcare responsibilities significantly reduce return intentions (β = −0.3167, p = 0.021, OR = 0.728), while eldercare responsibilities show no significant effect (β = 0.0796, p = 0.594, OR = 1.083), possibly due to reliance on urban eldercare services. (3) Cultural Anchors: Frequent home visits (β = 0.0314, p = 0.001, OR = 1.032) and strong hometown identity (β = 0.1578, p = 0.011, OR = 1.171) jointly enhance return intentions. Monthly returnees are 3.2 times more likely to commit to resettlement than annual visitors. (4) Selective Policy Impact: General policy awareness does not influence return decisions (β = −0.0099, p = 0.863, OR = 0.990), while targeted expectations for local economic development (β = 0.3914, p = 0.001, OR = 1.479) and education improvements (β = 0.3704, p = 0.033, OR = 1.448) significantly encourage return.DiscussionThe findings underscore the importance of cultural identity, family dynamics, and targeted policy design in shaping the return decisions of farmer entrepreneurs. We recommend three policy directions: building cultural governance platforms to reinforce local identity, developing rural childcare cooperatives to reduce family constraints, and creating tailored policy communication strategies to improve engagement and responsiveness. These interventions can support SDG-aligned rural revitalization in post-migration contexts.

The awareness of green innovation practices (GIP) is trending globally. It is still unclear how guests’ return intentions support GIP. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and innovation theory, this study explored the influence of GIP on guests’ return intention through the mediating role of green hotel image, guests’ positive mood, and guests’ satisfaction. Data was collected from 1,058 hotel guests and analyzed by utilizing PLS-SEM. The findings confirmed all the hypotheses, except water-saving didn’t affect guests’ positive mood, and energy-saving didn’t affect guests’ satisfaction, thus green hotel image, guest satisfaction, and guests’ positive mood mediated the relationships between GIP and guests’ return intentions. This study enriches GIP and customer behavioral intentions literature in the hospitality industry, hotel managers focus on GIP to improve guests’ satisfaction, and positive moods to enhance guests’ return intentions to the hotels, the results provide some suggestions for future research and managers of the hospitality sector with practical recommendations. JEL codes : 03; M0

ABSTRACTWhile economic drivers of return migration are well‐studied, the associated social mechanisms and generational nuances remain underexplored. This study investigates how migrants' economic resources in their hometowns influence return intentions through place attachment, with a specific focus on generational differences. Using first‐hand nationwide survey data and multigroup structural equation modeling (MG‐SEM), we find significant intergenerational disparities. Older migrants exhibit stronger return intentions. Although both generations maintain similarly high homeownership rates (approximately 75%), homeownership significantly influences return intentions only for the older generation. For younger migrants, hometown income is a strong predictor of return, suggesting a focus on financial security. Surprisingly, landholdings are insignificant for both groups, implying a shift away from traditional agricultural livelihoods. Although direct economic effects vary generationally, the indirect influence of place attachment remains consistent across generations. Our multidimensional conceptualization of place attachment reveals its positive, progressively moderating role. Favorable economic conditions facilitate stronger hometown‐oriented behaviors, such as longer visits, which in turn strengthen place identity and promote return migration. This progressive place mechanism is particularly pronounced among older homeowners, emphasizing the enduring influence of place‐based identity. These findings provide a nuanced understanding of return migration, moving beyond purely economic explanations to incorporate the complex interplay of proximity‐seeking behavior and psychosocial factors. Our results have implications for targeted rural revitalization strategies in China, particularly for addressing population imbalances and leveraging return migration for regional development.

The impact of destination image on visit intention, return intention, satisfaction, and willingness. To recommend a destination to others. In-depth research on slow travel, slow travel intention, and the relationship between destination image and slow travel is still limited. Therefore, based on the synthesis of documents, related theories, and qualitative research methods, the article proposes a research model and hypotheses about the relationship between destination image and travel intention. slow schedule of tourists; On that basis, suggest research directions and serve as a basis for further research, especially experimental research.