Retirement Age For Women Research Articles

State and Possibilities of Strengthening the Labor Potential of Russia (Based on the All-Russian Population Census 2020)

Introduction. The most complete information on the size and composition of the population is provided by continuous population censuses, which collect information necessary for the analysis of quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of the population and the labor force. The purpose of the study is to identify changes in the numerical composition, age structure, and qualitative parameters of the labor potential of the Russian population in the period between the All-Russian population censuses of 2010 and 2020, and to outline ways to strengthen it. Materials and Methods. The study was based on the results of the All-Russian Population Censuses of 2010 and 2020, current accounting data and forecast calculations of Rosstat, publications of scientists engaged in research in the field of economic demography. The analysis of changes in the demographic development of the Russian Federation in the intercensal period was carried out using the methods of dynamic and structural analysis, and the generalization of the results of published scientific research was made on the basis of critical analysis. Quantitative parameters of the labor potential were estimated on the basis of indicators of the population of working age, employed in the economy, unemployed citizens and potential labor force. Results. The main changes in the number and composition of the Russian population by age and education that occurred during the inter-census period have been established. The quantitative and qualitative parameters of the labor force are determined. The outstripping growth of the level of education of unemployed citizens and potential labor force in comparison with those employed in the economy has been revealed, which, with a high degree of depreciation of the active part of fixed assets and a large part of workplaces with harmful and dangerous working conditions, suggests the archaic nature of the Russian economy and the general discrepancy between its requests and the level of education of the population. Calculations have shown that due to the involvement of potential labor in public production, it will not be possible to solve the problem of labor shortage. Discussion and Conclusion. In order to provide the Russian economy with the necessary labor force, it is suggested to consider the following options for increasing the working time fund: temporary increase in the retirement age for women, temporary decrease in the number of holidays, temporary decrease in the duration of paid leave, temporary increase in the length of the working week. The results of the research can be useful for scientists and representatives of public authorities dealing with demographic development, strategic planning, regional development, migration regulation, as well as for specialists in the field of personnel training.

345.8: Professional Employment in Patients on Ventricular Assist Device Support – A Multi-Center Prevalence Study

Background: Ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation aims to support end-stage heart failure patients for the long-term. For patients in productive age ranges, return to an active and productive work life can be seen as a surrogate marker for functional recovery, and psychosocial re-integration. This study aimed to assess professional employment, explore determinants, and the impact of adverse events on professional employment in stable outpatients on ongoing assist device support. Methods: A national, multi-center study considered rates of professional employment and its relation to sociodemographic (age, gender, education, family), psychosocial (anxiety, depression, quality of life (QoL), and clinical adverse (thromboembolic, bleeding, driveline infection) outcomes in a large sample of 375 stable outpatients on ongoing VAD support. Valid patient-reported outcome measures were administered (WPI, KCCQ, HADS). Retirement age for women (<60yrs), and men (<65yrs) was considered. Results: The overall sample consisted of 14% (n=53) female patients, mean age for the entire sample being 58±11years, mean time post-implant was 18±11mts, and ranged from 3-36mts. A minority of 15.15% (n=35; 95% CI 10.9-20.6) of the sample were full- or half-time employed. 52.3% (n=196) reported to be unemployed or retired illness-related, and 37.1% (n=139) were retired age-related. For the majority of those working the implant reason was bridge to transplantation 82.9% (n=29), and six patients were bridged to recovery. A regression model after variable selection (R2 Tjur 0.189) revealed younger age (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.91-0.98; p=0.005), and higher education (OR 3.05; 95% CI 1.72-5.69; p<0.001) to support professional employment. Working patients reported on higher QoL using the KCCQ overall sum-score (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.01-1.07; p=0.007), and the odds for those working was 2.18 (95% CI 0.89-5.41; p=0.08) indicating no significant relation for working and having had a history of one or more adverse events. Conclusions: In this national sample, professional employment rates in patients on ongoing VAD support were rather small; however, those employed perceived better overall QoL. Professional employment was not significantly related to clinical adverse events relevant to this population. Future clinical strategies need to be initiated to support psychosocial re-integration in terms of professional employment for patients on VAD support being in the respective age ranges, which may increase patients’ overall QoL perceptions.

Niższy wiek emerytalny kobiet: przywilej czy dyskryminacja? Perspektywa prawnomiędzynarodowa i konstytucyjna

Niższy wiek emerytalny kobiet: przywilej czy dyskryminacja? Perspektywa prawnomiędzynarodowa i konstytucyjna

Health and Labour Market Effects of An Abrupt and Unanticipated Rise in Women Retirement Age. Evidence from the 2012 Italian Pension Reform.

Health and Labour Market Effects of An Abrupt and Unanticipated Rise in Women Retirement Age. Evidence from the 2012 Italian Pension Reform.

The politics of ageing and retirement: Evidence from Swiss referenda

Ageing threatens the financial sustainability of pay-as-you-go pension systems, since it increases the share of retirees to workers. An often-advocated policy response is to increase retirement age. Ironically, however, the political support for this policy may actually be hindered by population ageing. Using Swiss administrative voting data at municipal level from pension reform referenda (and individual survey data), we show in fact that individuals close to retirement tend to oppose policies that postpone retirement, whereas younger and older individuals are more favourable. The current process of population ageing and the associated increase in the size of the cohort of individuals close to retirement may partially explain why a pension reform that increased retirement age for women was approved in two referenda in 1995 and 1998, while a reform that proposed a similar increase in women’s retirement age was defeated in a 2017 referendum.

Are Women Willing to Delay Their Retirement? A Research on 270 Female Teachers in Inner Mongolia of China

Women’ retirement age is earlier than men in China, which has a negative effect on the problem-solving of aging society and the protection of women’s rights and interests. Therefore, prolonging the retirement age for women has become an important policy choice to alleviate the above problems. But are women themselves willing to delay their retirement? What factors effect women’s intention to delay their retirement? Those should be an important basis for the decision-making of a new retirement policy. This paper explores female delayed retirement intention by selecting the group of female teachers which is an important category of professional women in China. Taking 270 female teachers in Inner Mongolia of China as samples, this paper analyzes the effect of personal, occupational, and policy factors on female teachers’ delayed retirement intention. The results show that the health, children, monthly income, cumulative length of working, professional title and work units have a statistically significant impact on female teachers’ delayed retirement intention. Accordingly, this article puts forward policy implications on gender equity including eliminating the gender difference of retirement age, making flexible retirement policy and protecting women’s occupational interests.

Retirees and motivation to work by the type of employment contract: impact of the Czech reform

PurposeIn this paper, the authors analyse a 2010 legal reform in the Czech Republic, which allowed retirees to simultaneously receive regular pension benefits and to work on a permanent contract for a period longer than one year. Previously, concurrence of employment and receipt of retirement benefits were only allowed in conjunction with a temporary work contract with a maximum duration of one year.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ the difference-in-differences method. The authors include only males in the analysis because it is not possible to identify the legal retirement age for women from available data. Men in the workforce 1–3 years prior to the statutory retirement age are in a control group, while men 1–3 years older are in a treatment group.FindingsThe authors show that the reform significantly increased the share of permanent contracts held by retirees (by 22.5–27.6 percentage points), though we do not find any aggregate short-term change in employment of retirees. Heterogeneity analysis shows a significant increase in the employment of retirees with only elementary school education (by 17.9 percentage points) and a significant decrease in the number of hours worked by retirees (by 2.5 h weekly for low-educated workers).Practical implicationsThe policy conclusion is that the regulation of employment contract does not affect aggregate employment, but may improve employment of low skilled workers.Originality/valueTo the authors’ best knowledge, there are no studies directly analysing motivation of retirees by types of employment contracts. The authors, thus, add to the literature that studies dealing with the general fixed-term versus permanent contracts (Engellandt and Riphahn, 2003) and motivation to work.

Przesłanki kształtowania wysokości minimalnego wieku emerytalnego

The study examines the principles of determining the minimum retirement age as one of the primary parameters of retirement systems. The main purpose of the article is to contribute the following to the ongoing debate on the official retirement age: methodical considerations, historical perspective and critical analysis of arguments which are put forward within the context of rising and equalising retirement age for women and men. Based on a review of the literature, epistemological considerations and also drawing on the latest empirical data, the role of the retirement age in modern old-age security systems was analysed. The arguments formulated for raising and equalising the retirement age for men and women are also discussed. The thesis proper of the paper is that the current socio-economic changes prompt the need to modify the previous approach to the age at which individuals end their professional activity. The analysis presented in the paper justifies this contention. However, the changes to the previous approach cannot be arbitrary, isolated from complex social policy or realise only short-term political goals.

How Does Increasing the Early Retirement Age for Women Affect the Labour Supply of Women and Their Husbands?

In 1995, the UK government legislated to increase the earliest age at which women could claim a state pension from 60 to 65 between 2010 and 2020. This paper uses data from the first two years of this change coming into effect to estimate the impact of increasing the early retirement age from 60 to 61 on the employment of women and their partners using a difference-indifferences methodology. Our methodology controls in a flexible way for underlying differences between cohorts born at different times. We find that women’s employment rates at age 60 increased by 7.3 percentage points when the state pension age was increased to 61 or, equivalently, it increased average retirement age by about one month. Their probability of unemployment increased by 1.3 percentage points. The employment rates of the male partners also increased by 4.2 percentage points. The magnitude of these effects, and the results from subgroup analysis, suggest they are more likely explained by the increase in the early retirement age having a signalling effect rather than them being due to either credit constraints, wealth effects, or the effect of individuals responding to changes in their financial incentives to work. Taken together, our results suggest that the fiscal strengthening arising from a one-year increase in the female state pension age is 10% higher than a costing based on no behavioural change, due to additional direct and indirect tax revenues arising from increased earnings.

Considerations Regarding the Equalization of the Retirement Age for Men and Women at 65 Years

In Romania the standard retirement age for women will increase to 63 years, as it is now, at age 65, according to the intention of amending Law no. 263/2010 on the unitary pension system. Such an extent, as a consequence of the recommendation of the European Commission, is considered that would ensure adequate and sustainable pensions for long term through the active participation of women in the labor market and men throughout their lives. By the entry into force of these provisions the retirement age for women and men will be gradually equalize at 65 years, thus since 2033, these provisions will be applicable to women born in 1969 and 1970, that will retire at the age of 64 years, and since 2035 women born in 1971, which will come to pension at age 65.Such a perspective raises the natural question of whether it is right that women to retire at the same age as men. Favorable or unfavorable arguments to such a solution should be analyzed not only economically or legally but also in terms of socially, what this study aims.

Explaining the Growth in the Number of Recipients of the Disability Support Pension in Australia

This article shows that one-third of the growth in the Disability Support Pension (DSP) recipiency rate over the last 30 years can be explained by population ageing and increases in the retirement age for women. A wide range of factors is likely to have contributed to the remaining growth, but we argue that the growing attractiveness of DSP compared to other income-support payments has played an important role. Looking forward, population growth and planned increases in the retirement age will both put upward pressure on the DSP roll, which, without major reform, could plausibly hit 1 million recipients within 10 years.

Does Betty White Have it Right? The Implications of Raising the Retirement Age for Women

Does Betty White Have it Right? The Implications of Raising the Retirement Age for Women

Uruguayan Workers Retirement and Social Security (El Retiro de los Trabajadores Uruguayos y la Seguridad Social)

We analyze recent trends of the activity rates and retirement of Uruguayan old age workers. We find that in Uruguay, unlike in several developed countries and most Latin American countries, the activity rates of old-age men are not falling. On the contrary, in recent decades the activity rate of old age men has been growing in Uruguay. In the case of women, the activity rate is rising, like in most other countries, but the pace of this process accelerated in the aftermath of the 1996 social security reform. The minimum retirement age seems to be playing a key role in the retirement of Uruguayan workers. We find peaks of retirement at the minimum retirement age and a gradual increase of the retirement age of women which seems to be linked to the increase of the minimum pension age disposed in the 1996 social security reform.

Controversy over Women's Retirement Age (Excerpts)

Controversy over Women's Retirement Age (Excerpts)