Probability Of Retention Research Articles

From Option B+ to Universal "Test and Treat" in Cameroon: Identification and Evaluation of District-level Factors Associated with Retention in Care.

Retaining women in Option B+ services is crucial for eliminating new pediatric HIV infections. However, there are few studies on factors influencing retention at the district level. This study evaluates the factors associated with retention in two health districts of Cameroon. From September 1, 2015, to February 29, 2016, we reviewed the records of pregnant and breastfeeding women initiating Option B+, a lifelong approach to preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, between October 2013 and July 2014. We abstracted sociodemographic and clinical data from registers in 22 health facilities in the Bamenda urban and Kumba rural districts into spreadsheets. Cox regression age-adjusted survival curves were used to compare retention probabilities at 6 and 12 months post-antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. Multivariable modified Poisson regressions were run to estimate adjusted relative risk (aRR) of factors associated with retention in PMTCT care at 12 months post-ART initiation. STATA software was used for the analyses. Of the 560 files reviewed, majority, 62.7% (n=351), were above 24 years of age and married, 68.9% (n=386). From the multivariable analysis, enrolling early in antenatal care (ANC) (aRR: 1.50, 95% CIL: 1.17-1.93) and knowing the male partner's HIV-negative status (aRR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.00-1.34) were significantly associated with higher retention in care, adjusting for maternal age, marital status, and distance from the health facility. By health district, knowing the male partner's HIV-negative status (aRR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.13-1.50) in the Bamenda urban and enrolling early in ANC (aRR: 2.03, 95% CI" 1.21-3.41) in the Kumba rural district, had significantly higher retention rates after adjusting for the same covariates. Overall, factors influencing retention varied by urban or rural district. Therefore, tailored district-level interventions are needed to enhance early ANC enrollment in the rural and partner HIV status disclosure in the urban districts to improve retention in PMTCT care.

Pilot Trial Characteristics, Postpilot Design Modifications, and Feasibility of Full-Scale Trials

Pilot trials often lead to study design changes in subsequent full-scale trials. Yet, it remains unclear whether these modifications improve the feasibility of the larger trial. To compare feasibility estimates between pilot and full-scale trials and identify pilot trial characteristics and modifications associated with equivalent or improved feasibility in the full-scale trial. This cohort study used pilot trials published between January 2005 and December 2018 and their corresponding full-scale trials. PubMed was searched for trials on February 19, 2022. Pilot trial characteristics and postpilot trial design modifications. The outcome of interest was difference in 3 feasibility parameters: successful screening probability, enrollment rate, and retention probability. These metrics were defined as equivalent or improved if the full-scale trial's estimate was within or exceeding 10% of the pilot trial's estimate. A total of 249 pairs of pilot and full-scale trials were analyzed, with 43%, 77%, and 82% of full-scale trials having equivalent or improved successful screening probabilities, enrollment rates, and retention probabilities, respectively. When pilot trials used feasibility progression criteria (relative risk [RR], 1.94; 95% CI, 1.02-5.97) and maintained masking for participants (RR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.04-4.33) or health care practitioners (RR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.03-3.97) consistent with the full-scale trial, the likelihood of achieving equivalent or improved screening success in full-scale trials increased. Increasing study sites after the pilot was associated with higher likelihood of equivalent or improved enrollment rates (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08). Adding extra content to the intervention (RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.66-0.98), changing to active control (RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.48-0.99), administrating the control treatment more frequently (RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.29-0.93), different follow-up lengths (RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.73-0.97), and more follow-up visits (RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75-0.98) were associated with lower likelihood of equivalent or improved retention probability in the full-scale trial. In this cohort study of pilot and full-scale trial pairs, pilot trial characteristics and postpilot modifications had varying associations with full-scale trial's feasibility. If full-scale trials planned for masking, it was desirable to use it in the pilot. Modifications increasing participant burden might decrease full-scale trial feasibility. Trialists and funders should consider both pilot trial data and proposed design changes when assessing full-scale trials.

An economic analysis of crop diversification and dynamics of cropping pattern in Karnataka, India

The extent and nature of crop diversification and dynamics of cropping pattern in Karnataka state has been analyzed using secondary data collected from different publish sources of Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES), Bangalore, Karnataka from a period of 1998–99 to 2020–21 (i.e., 23 years). Composite Entropy Index (CEI), double log model and Markov chain analysis were applied to assess the determinants of crop diversification and dynamics of cropping pattern in Karnataka. Results of C.E.I indicates that Kodagu, Dakshina kannada, Yadgir, Udupi and Shivamogga has low crop diversification. Although Karnataka’s crop diversification values show a positive trend but its coefficient value is almost zero. It shows that there is a threat for Karnataka’s crop diversification. The transition probability matrix diagram indicated that although cereals and millet groups occupied a larger share in terms of area under crops, it has a negative net gain in the probability of area retention. Double log model results revealed that the variable like MSP of coarse cereal, percentage of gross irrigated area to net irrigated area, credit inflow in to agricultural sector by the scheduled commercial bank and length of national highways are influencing the crop diversification positively. Therefore, the establishment of fundamental infrastructure, such as reliable irrigation water supply, access to credit, and well-developed transportation networks, is a crucial prerequisite for creating favorable conditions to promote agricultural development and crop diversification. These parameters have been identified as influential factors that shape the nature and extent of crop diversification. By addressing these infrastructure needs, it becomes possible to foster an environment conducive to agricultural growth and facilitate the process of diversification.

Comparison of the efficacy and safety of total laparoscopic hysterectomy without and with uterine manipulator combined with pelvic lymphadenectomy for early cervical cancer.

Some studies have reported that the prognosis of total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) for early-stage cervical cancer (CC) is worse than that of open surgery. And this was associated with the use of uterine manipulator or not. Therefore, this study retrospectively analyzes the efficacy and safety of TLH without uterine manipulator combined with pelvic lymphadenectomy for early-stage CC. Fifty-eight patients with CC (stage IB1-IIA1) who received radical hysterectomy from September 2019 to January 2020 were divided into no uterine manipulator (n = 26) and uterine manipulator group (n = 32). Then, clinical characteristics were collected and intraoperative/postoperative related indicators were compared. Patients in the no uterine manipulator group had significantly higher operation time and blood loss than in the uterine manipulator group. Notably, there was no significant difference in hemoglobin change, blood transfusion rate, number of pelvic nodules, anal exhaust time, complications and recurrence rate between the two groups. Additionally, patients in the uterine manipulator group were prone to urinary retention (15.6%) and lymphocyst (12.5%), while the no uterine manipulator group exhibited high probability of bladder dysfunction (23.1%) and urinary retention (15.4%). Furthermore, the 1-year disease-free survival rate and the 1-year overall survival rate were not significantly different between the two groups. There was no significant difference in the efficacy and safety of TLH with or without uterine manipulator combined with pelvic lymphadenectomy in the treatment of patients with early-stage CC. However, the latter requires consideration of the negative effects of high operation time and blood loss.

Would you follow the advice? The effect of school guidance on students’ academic success

ABSTRACT This research explores the effect of orientation advice (OA), which is an instrument aimed at supporting pupils during their first transition from middle to high school. We investigate whether being ‘ambitious’ (i.e. rejecting OA and choosing a more challenging track) influences grade 9 retention probability. Data from 28 schools from Piacenza (Italy) are combined with those of the Italian National Evaluation Committee for Education (INVALSI). Employing the propensity score matching method, we find that being ‘ambitious’ increases the probability of grade 9 retention by 10–15%. Moreover, making an ambitious choice is riskier for males, non-Italian and socioeconomically advantaged students.

Quantifying fish escape under a bottom trawl

In this study, we investigated the length-dependent escape of groundfish underneath a commercial bottom trawl. Escaped fish were captured in three collecting bags (center (bosom) and wings (port and starboard)) mounted underneath the fishing line and behind the rockhopper footgear and compared to fish that were captured in the codend. Generally, how fish escaped under the trawl was often species-specific and differed according to size. For roundfish, length-dependent escape was pronounced for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus), and blue ling (Molva dypterygia) with the proportion of escapes decreasing as fish length increased. However, saithe (Pollachius virens) showed limited a length-based effect and redfish (Sebastes spp.) none. For flatfish, the escape proportion of American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) and dab (Limanda limanda) decreased as fish length increased. However, European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) had a very small length effect. Monkfish (Lophius piscatorius) escape decreased with size. However, monkfish retention probability remained less than 30% at the largest lengths observed. Differences in escape proportion between day and night were found for Atlantic cod, haddock, and dab, but not for other species. Small Atlantic cod and haddock escaped more often at night, and mid-sized dab (between 18 and 30 cm) escaped more often during the day. Results show that overall trawl selectivity is strongly affected at the trawl mouth, particularly for small fish of specific species.

Phytochemical Screening, GC-MS Analysis of Methanolic Extract of the Fern Adiantum Caudatum from Southern Western Ghats

The present study was to screen the presence of phytochemicals in the methanol extract of fern Adiantum caudatum species by composed with qualitative and quantitative screening methods. In qualitative analysis, the presence of pharmacologically active phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, phenols, volatile oils and resins were screened. GC-MS chromatogram analysis of the methanolic extract of Adiantum caudatum showed 12 peaks corresponding to 12 different compounds. The percentage of major bioactive compounds were 2-Hydroxymethyl-9-[Beta.-D-Ribofuranosyl] Hypoxanthine (17.995%), 2-Undecene,5-methyl- (33.497%), Pentadecane,2,6,10,14-Tetramethyl- (14.977%), Nonadecane (7.588%), Dodecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl- (1.421%), 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-Hexadecen-1-ol (2.825%), Nonadecane (7.855%). The identification of bioactive compounds is based on the retention time, peak area, molecular formula, and probability.

Retention and Predictors of Attrition Among People Living With HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy in Guinea: A 13-Year Historical Cohort Study in Nine Large-Volume Sites.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the retention rate of patients in an ART program and identify the predictors of attrition. Methods: This was a historical cohort study of HIV patients who started ART between September 2007 and April 2020, and were followed up on for at least 6months in nine large-volume sites. Kaplan Meier techniques were used to estimate cumulative retention and attrition probabilities. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify predictors of attrition. Results: The cumulative probability of retention at 12 and 24months was 76.2% and 70.2%, respectively. The attrition rate after a median follow-up time of 3.1years was 35.2%, or an incidence of 11.4 per 100 person-years. Having initiated ART between 2012 and 2015; unmarried status; having initiated ART with CD4 count <100cells/μL; and having initiated ART at an advanced clinical stage were factors significantly associated with attrition. Conclusion: The retention rate in our study is much lower than the proposed national target (90%). Studies to understand the reasons for loss to follow-up are needed.

Evaluation of a Primary Care-Based Multidisciplinary Transition Clinic for Patients Newly Initiated on Buprenorphine in the Emergency Department.

Care transitions represent vulnerable events for patients newly initiating medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). Multidisciplinary primary care-based transition clinics may improve care linkage and retention in MOUD treatment. Additionally, these interventions may help primary care clinicians (PCPs) overcome barriers to adopting MOUD into practice. In this evaluation, we assessed the impact of a primary care-based transition clinic for patients newly initiating buprenorphine for opioid use disorder (OUD) in the emergency department. We conducted a retrospective program evaluation within a single academic health system involving adults who newly initiated buprenorphine for OUD through an emergency department-based program and were referred to follow up in either a dedicated multidisciplinary primary care-based transition clinic (SPARC) vs referral to usual primary care (UPC). We performed descriptive analyses comparing patient demographics, referral volume, linkage to care, treatment retention, and markers of high-quality care between the 2 groups. A log-rank test was used to determine the difference in probabilities of retention between SPARC and UPC over 6 months. Over 12 months, the number of referrals to SPARC was greater than to UPC (N = 64 vs N = 26). About 58% of patients referred to SPARC attended an initial visit vs 38% referred to UPC. Treatment retention was consistently greater in SPARC than UPC (1 m: 90% vs 60%; 3 m: 76% vs 40%; 6 m: 60% vs 30%). Markers of care quality including naloxone provision (100% vs 80%) and infectious screening (81% vs 40%) were greater in SPARC clinic. SPARC was associated with a statistically significant increased probability of retention in treatment as compared to UPC (P < .01). In this observational evaluation, a primary care-based multidisciplinary transition clinic for patients initiating buprenorphine MOUD was associated with expanded access to longitudinal OUD treatment and superior linkage to care, retention in care, and quality of care compared to referral to usual primary care. Further research using a more rigorous research design is required to further evaluate these findings.

The impact of greenfield residential development on mature trees

Mature trees provide a range of ecosystem services in urban landscapes, represent important wildlife habitat, and impact positively on human wellbeing. However, mature trees are perceived as a risk to people and infrastructure and occupy land suitable for development. Trees are slow to reach ecological maturity and thus difficult to replace when removed. In this study, we: (a) quantified native canopy cover retained during residential development using aerial imagery; (b) identified where native trees are/are not retained within residential developments with a focus on mature trees; and (c) evaluated the effectiveness of current legal mechanisms for protecting native trees during residential development. Native canopy cover was reduced by 49% during residential development. Mature trees had the highest probability of retention within residential developments if they occurred within intact remnant vegetation. A lower probability of retention for mature trees was observed in urban green space, and almost no mature trees were retained in other areas within residential developments, such as residential blocks and road verges. Mature trees had greater probability of retention where the jurisdiction offered some legislative protection. The loss of mature trees during residential development could be reduced with a greater focus on avoiding the removal of existing trees during the planning stage rather than offsetting the impacts elsewhere; and by designing green space within residential developments to ensure adequate separation between mature trees and people and infrastructure.

Evaluation of the influence of correcting for gillnet selectivity on the estimation of population parameters.

Gill nets are a common sampling technique in inland and marine fisheries. However, gill nets are size selective and may result in bias estimates of population parameters. As such, selectivity is commonly assessed using indirect estimation techniques. Indirect estimates of gillnet selectivity have been suggested to improve estimates of important populations metrics (e.g., total annual mortality), but this assertion has not been assessed. In the current study, we simulated hypothetical populations of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, walleye Sander vitreus, and white crappie Pomoxis annularis and sampled the populations based on published gillnet encounter and retention probabilities. Total annual mortality and von Bertalanffy parameters were then estimated using unadjusted (not "correcting" for selectivity processes) and adjusted ("correcting" for selectivity processes) age and(or) length data to evaluate the value of accounting for gillnet selectivity when estimating these metrics. Our results indicate that adjusting for retention and encounter probabilities rarely leads to improved estimates of total annual mortality, K, and L∞. For instance, estimates of annual mortality of lake trout based on age data adjusted for retention probability resulted in an overestimate of A by 14.4%. As such, we suggest that analysis of gillnet selectivity only be used when specific questions are being addressed (e.g., catch-at-age models) or in situation when all processes contributing to gillnet selectivity (e.g., contact probability, size-specific availability) are known.

Participant retention in a continental-scale citizen science project increases with the diversity of species detected

AbstractSustaining the efforts of volunteers is a challenge facing citizen science programs. Research on volunteer management shows that a diversity of factors may be correlated with sustained volunteerism. In the present article, we explore retention of participants in a large-scale citizen science project. We focus on Project FeederWatch, a bird-monitoring program. Using data from 17,991 participants, we found that the probability of retention increased with the diversity of species (species richness) reported by a participant, but retention was unrelated to the overall abundance of birds reported. Participants who successfully submitted an observation were more likely to remain in the project the following year (82.0% interannual retention) than people who registered but never submitted an observation (39.7%). Two measures of effort were positively correlated with retention. This work provides a case study for examining how demographic information and scientific data collected by participants can be mined to understand volunteer retention in environmental monitoring projects.

Real-life drug retention rate and safety of rituximab when treating rheumatic diseases: a single-centre Swiss retrospective cohort study

BackgroundIn Switzerland, rituximab (RTX) is licenced for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) but is frequently used off-label to treat other auto-immune diseases (AID), especially connective tissue diseases (CTD). We aimed to characterise the use of RTX in AID in a real-life Swiss setting and compare RTX retention rates and safety outcomes between patients treated for RA, CTD and AAV.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of patients who started RTX in the Rheumatology Department for RA or AID. The RTX retention rate was analysed using Kaplan–Meier survival curves. Occurrences of serious adverse events (SAE), low IgG levels and anti-drug antibodies (ADA) were reported.ResultsTwo hundred three patients were treated with RTX: 51.7% had RA, 29.6% CTD, 9.9% vasculitis and 8.9% other AIDs. The total observation time was 665 patient-years. RTX retention probability at 2 years (95%CI) was similar for RA and CTD 0.65 (0.55 to 0.73), 0.60 (0.47 to 0.72) and lower for vasculitis 0.25 (0.09 to 0.45). Survival curves for RTX retention matched closely (p = 0.97) between RA and CTD patients but were lower for patients with vasculitis due to a higher percentage of induced remission. Patients with vasculitis (95%) and CTD (75%) had a higher rate of concomitant glucocorticoid use than RA (60%). Moderate to severe hypogammaglobulinaemia was observed more frequently in patients with vasculitis (35%) than with RA (13%) or CTD (9%) and was associated with an increased risk of presenting a first infectious SAE (HR 2.01, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.91). The incidence rate of SAE was 23.3 SAE/100 patient-years (36% were infectious). When searched, ADAs were observed in 18% of the patients and were detected in 63% of infusions-related SAE. 10 patients died during RTX treatment and up to 12 months after the last RTX infusion, 50% from infection.ConclusionRTX retention rates are similar for patients with RA and CTD but lower for those with vasculitis due to more frequent remission. Patients treated with RTX for vasculitis present more SAE and infectious SAE than patients with RA and CTD, potentially due to a higher use of concomitant glucocorticoids and the occurrence of hypogammaglobulinaemia.

Dosage balance acts as a time-dependent selective barrier to subfunctionalization

BackgroundGene duplication is an important process for genome expansion, sometimes allowing for new gene functions to develop. Duplicate genes can be retained through multiple processes, either for intermediate periods of time through processes such as dosage balance, or over extended periods of time through processes such as subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization.ResultsHere, we built upon an existing subfunctionalization Markov model by incorporating dosage balance to describe the interplay between subfunctionalization and dosage balance to explore selective pressures on duplicate copies. Our model incorporates dosage balance using a biophysical framework that penalizes the fitness of genetic states with stoichiometrically imbalanced proteins. These imbalanced states cause increased concentrations of exposed hydrophobic surface areas, which cause deleterious mis-interactions. We draw comparison between our Subfunctionalization + Dosage-Balance Model (Sub + Dos) and the previous Subfunctionalization-Only (Sub-Only) Model. This comparison includes how the retention probabilities change over time, dependent upon the effective population size and the selective cost associated with spurious interaction of dosage-imbalanced partners. We show comparison between Sub-Only and Sub + Dos models for both whole-genome duplication and small-scale duplication events.ConclusionThese comparisons show that following whole-genome duplication, dosage balance serves as a time-dependent selective barrier to the subfunctionalization process, by causing an overall delay but ultimately leading to a larger portion of the genome retained through subfunctionalization. This higher percentage of the genome that is ultimately retained is caused by the alternative competing process, nonfunctionalization, being selectively blocked to a greater extent. In small-scale duplication, the reverse pattern is seen, where dosage balance drives faster rates of subfunctionalization, but ultimately leads to a smaller portion of the genome retained as duplicates. This faster rate of subfunctionalization is because the dosage balance of interacting gene products is negatively affected immediately after duplication and the loss of a duplicate restores the stoichiometric balance. Our findings provide support that the subfunctionalization of genes that are susceptible to dosage balance effects, such as proteins involved in complexes, is not a purely neutral process. With stronger selection against stoichiometrically imbalanced gene partners, the rates of subfunctionalization and nonfunctionalization slow; however, this ultimately leads to a greater proportion of subfunctionalized gene pairs.

Friends don’t let friends drop out

ABSTRACT We combine administrative data from a regional public university with a novel revealed-preference indicator of student friendships to show that socially connected first-year university students are more likely to be retained into their second year. The impact of friends on retention is statistically and economically significant: each friend raises the probability of retention by about 0.6 percentage points, an effect size roughly equivalent to 66 SAT points. This effect occurs in the presence of a robust set of explanatory variables, including unique indicators of a student’s prior commitment to the university, and applies to wide variety of student subgroups.

Trade Directions of Indian Basmati Rice Export- Markov Chain Approach

"This study aimed to measure the changes in the export direction of Indian basmati rice from 2009-10 to 2021-22 using the Markov chain approach. The data used in the study was obtained from APEDA as secondary time series data. The study found that the export of Indian basmati rice increased in quantity over the study period due to strong demand in the international market, comfortable domestic production, and favorable government policies. Iran and Iraq showed the highest growth rate in both quantity and value of export, while UAE had higher instability in both terms. The study also revealed that UAE and Saudi Arabia were the most stable and reliable markets for Indian basmati Rice, with a probability retention of 76.17 percent and 55.64 percent, respectively. On the other hand, the UK was an unstable market with zero probability of retention. The projected share of different importing countries up to 2027-28 indicated that Iraq and Iran would likely lose their share in the coming years, while UAE, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia are expected to increase their share in the future. Additionally, the study showed that the export of basmati rice increased over the study period and is a competitive export product. To have a competitive advantage in the export of basmati rice, the government should focus on improving processing facilities, transportation facilities, handling and loading facilities at ports, and quality maintenance to facilitate the export of Indian basmati rice."

Differential Retention of Pfam Domains Contributes to Long-term Evolutionary Trends.

Protein domains that emerged more recently in evolution have a higher structural disorder and greater clustering of hydrophobic residues along the primary sequence. It is hard to explain how selection acting via descent with modification could act so slowly as not to saturate over the extraordinarily long timescales over which these trends persist. Here, we hypothesize that the trends were created by a higher level of selection that differentially affects the retention probabilities of protein domains with different properties. This hypothesis predicts that loss rates should depend on disorder and clustering trait values. To test this, we inferred loss rates via maximum likelihood for animal Pfam domains, after first performing a set of stringent quality control methods to reduce annotation errors. Intermediate trait values, matching those of ancient domains, are associated with the lowest loss rates, making our results difficult to explain with reference to previously described homology detection biases. Simulations confirm that effect sizes are of the right magnitude to produce the observed long-term trends. Our results support the hypothesis that differential domain loss slowly weeds out those protein domains that have nonoptimal levels of disorder and clustering. The same preferences also shape the differential diversification of Pfam domains, thereby further impacting proteome composition.

Twelve months antiretroviral therapy retention among clients newly enrolled to care and treatment services in Geita Regin, Tanzania: does universal test and treat matter?

sustaining high rates of retention is critical for management of HIV clients, newly initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART). In low resource settings including Tanzania, retention among clients on ART was challenging due to inaccessible infrastructure, gender-based violence, inadequate skilled staff and socio-economic disparities. Low retention leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Tanzania adopted universal test and treat (UTT) strategy in mid of 2016 as recommended by Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAID) that set goals for HIV epidemic control globally. Studies demonstrated controversial findings on whether UTT strategy improves retention, until now there is limited information on the effect of UTT on retaining HIV patients in our settings. a retrospective cohort study was conducted between July 2014 to June 2015 and July 2017 to June 2018 to determine 12 months ART retention among clients newly initiated ART prior and during universal test and treat (UTT) strategy in Geita Region, Tanzania. A total of 13,649 newly clients-initiated ART were extracted from the National AIDS control care and treatment database (CTC2 database). Among these clients 4,624 initiated ART prior the UTT strategy and clients 9,025 start ART after the rollout of UTT strategy. Chi-square test was deployed to determine the significant difference of proportion within categories for each UTT group. Kaplan-Meier curve and long rank test were used to determine significant differences of retention rate prior and during UTT program. Cox regression models were used to estimate the association between exposure variables and ART retention with 95% confidence intervals and p-value of p<0.05. the overall mean age at ART initiation was 38 years (SD=11.6) with observed significant mean difference between two cohorts (prior UTT, mean=41, SD=11.7 Vs during UTT, mean=37, SD=11.3). The cumulative retention was 83.1% among newly initiated ART clients in both cohorts with significant difference observed between two cohorts (69.7% for prior UTT and 89.9% during UTT, p-value<0.001). The overall person year of follow up was 127,209.3 with an incidence rate of ART retention of 86 per 1000 person-year. It was significantly higher among clients enrolled during UTT strategy than clients enrolled prior UTT strategy (95.1 per 1000 PY Vs 69.6 per 1000 PY, p-value<0.001). The log rank test and Kaplan-Meier survival curve demonstrated clients enrolled in the UTT program had greater probability of retention than clients enrolled prior UTT treatment program (log rank X2 test = 599.2, p value < 0.001). Newly HIV clients who initiated ART after the rollout of UTT strategy had 27% higher likelihood to be retained in care and treatment as compared to clients who were enrolled prior UTT strategy, (HR=1.27; 95% CI [1.21 -1.33], p value < 0.001). Sex, District councils, World health Organisation (WHO) stage and client's visit type were significant factors associated with retention among clients newly initiated to care for both arms. this results, showed that probability of ART retention increased after the rollout of UTT strategy. There is a need to promote universal test and treat strategy in line with other intervention to control HIV epidemic in Geita, Tanzania.

Teacher-Principal Ethnoracial Matching, Geography, and Novice Teacher Career Outcomes

Nationally, many school districts are facing a teacher workforce sustainability crisis, and job retention for novice teachers of color is a key area of focus for educational leaders and policymakers. In this study, we draw on nine years of administrative data from Texas K–12 public schools to better understand how teacher-principal ethnoracial matching is associated with patterns of teacher retention and system-exit. Teacher labor markets are geographically small, so we link data from the National Center for Education Statistics containing geographic locale information to explore how the relationship between ethnoracial matching and novice teacher career outcomes varies across urban, suburban, rural, and town school contexts. We find that matching is associated with an increase in the probability of retention and a decrease in the probability of system-exit, with important variation for novice Black and Latinx teachers working in some nonurban school locales.

How general is managerial human capital?: Evidence from the Retention of Managers after M&amp;As

Abstract This paper investigates the transferability of managerial human capital by examining how managers’ tenures in target firms influence their probability of retention as board members after mergers or acquisitions in Japanese firms. It develops a general equilibrium model that distinguishes several hypotheses on managerial human capital based on the coefficients of tenure on separation, given several data limitations. In particular, the paper provides a novel method to correct for selection biases by utilizing the timing of selection in a selected sample, which does not require a random sample from the population. Our results suggest that Japanese firms value both target firm-specific and general human capital after M&amp;As and that experience as an employee increases firm-specific skills, but at the expense of the accumulation of general skills. However, managerial experience does not have this effect.