Analysis Of Variance Results Research Articles

The characteristics of pods and seeds of liana species Derris trifoliata and their relationship with environmental factors in Guangdong, China

Derris trifoliata, a native plant associated with mangroves, has caused the death of mangrove species in recent years. To explore the pod and seed characteristics in different populations of D. trifoliata, three geographical locations were selected—the cities of Yangjiang (Y), Zhanjiang (Z), and Zhuhai (Qi’ao Island, Q) in Guangdong province—and seven experimental populations Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Z1, Z2, and Q1 were selected within these locations. The hundred-grain weight ratio of fresh seed to pod was between 81% and 85% for populations Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4, and between 67% and 75% for populations Z1, Z2, and Q1. The water content of the seven populations was between 60% and 65%. By using a nested design variance analysis and multiple comparisons, eight phenotypic traits (length, width, thickness, length/width of pod, and seed) were shown to be mainly due to the variance among populations. Principal component analysis based on the eight traits showed a detailed distribution of all individuals among the seven sites, based on the first two principal axes. These results further verified the results of variance analysis which showed differences among populations. The seven populations were divided into four groups based on cluster analysis of the eight traits: population Y1 stood alone, as did Q1; populations Z1 and Z2, and populations Y2, Y3, and Y4 formed two separate groups. Redundancy analysis demonstrated a correlation between environmental factors and populations based on phenotypic traits. The results illustrated that there were differences in the phenotypic traits of pod and seed at different geographical locations and that there were differences in phenotypic traits within the Yangjiang city population. Both pod and seed characteristics were influenced most by TP, SOM, and TN. The results illustrated that D. trifoliata can act as a indicator of mangrove health, human interference and activities need to be reduced and afforestation should be considered in the destroyed areas caused by D. trifoliata.

Application of modified PROMETHEE method for coating quality enhancement in thin film deposition processes

ABSTRACT Thin film coatings are extensively used to enhance the physical and chemical properties of various materials by depositing a thin layer of coatings of different materials onto various substrates. Several deposition processes are available which are widely adopted by many manufacturing industries to meet such demands. To exploit the fullest potential of those deposition processes, it is often advised to operate them with the optimal combination of process parameters. In this research, a modified PROMETHEE (preference ranking organisation method for enrichment evaluation) method as an effective multi-objective optimisation tool is applied for identifying the optimal parametric combinations of two thin film deposition processes: silicon carbonitride thin film coating using a thermal chemical vapour deposition process and zirconium-containing diamond-like-carbon thin film coating using an unbalanced magnetron sputtering process. The derived optimal parametric combinations are validated based on developed regression equations, which exhibit that the proposed approach can attain better response values as compared to other popular optimisation techniques. The analysis of variance results and the developed surface plots further illustrate the influence of various deposition parameters on coating quality.

Pengaruh Penambahan Jamur Tiram (PLEUROTUS SP.) Terhadap Nilai Komposisi Kimia Dan Organoleptik Bakso Ayam Broiler

Experimental research aimed to determine the effect of the addition of oyster mushrooms on the chemical composition and organoleptic value of broiler chicken meatballs. The research was corried out for 4 months from July to October 2020. The making of broiler chicken meatballs and organoleptics tests was carried out at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Animal Science UNW Mataram and chemical composition analysis was carried out at the INMT Laboratory of Mataram University. The research design used was a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, namely the addition of oyster mushrooms as much as 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of the weight of chicken meat and each treatment there were 5 replications. The data from the research on the chemical composition of chicken meatballs were analyzed using variant analysis and continued with the LSD test and the organoleptic values were obtained using a hedonic scale from 30 panelists who were somewhat trained as replication, then analyzed using the Friedman Test. The analysis of variance result showed that the addition of oyster mushrooms in broiler’s chicken meatball dough had a very significant effect (P >0.01) on the value of chemical composition, namely moisture, ash, fat, fiber and protein content and had a significant effect (P>0.05) organoleptic values are colour preference, taste and aceeptance of meatballs, but it has no significant effect (P< 0.05) on the preference for aroma and texture of meatballs. The formulation of addition oyster mushrooms to broiler chicken meatballs based on the chemical composition value is the addition of 10% oyster mushrooms containing the highest protein of 8.51±0.014%, when compared to the addition of mushroom addition 0%, 20% and 30% and has met Indonesian National Standard for combination meatball and can be recomended for as nutritional terapy in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on the organoleptic value, the formulation of broiler chicken meatballs with the addition of oyster mushrooms as much as 30% can provide higher organoleptic (colour, taste and acceptability) when compared to the addition of 0%, 10% and 20%.

Socio-Economic Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic and Strategies for Reviving Nigeria’s Economy

This study provides multi-disciplinary assessment of coronavirus pandemic transmission in Nigeria, magnitude of confirmed cases, recoveries, deaths, and inventory of infected person with recovery lags. It applied the statistical outcomes in predicting spilling over to subsequent periods. It identifies economic sectors worst hit by COVID-19 triggered recession, simulate the estimates of potential fiscal and other macroeconomic impact of the pandemic in the country in short run alongside synthesis of restoration and sustainability strategies. Secondary data relating to coronavirus infection cases, spreads, recoveries and fatalities were assessed, using the susceptible-infected-recovered” (SIR) model in absence of mass testing and probable cessation from health crisis management. It identified economic sectors/activities being devastated by COVID-19 induced recession, provides interim estimates adverse impact based on economic peak and down-turn cycle method. The study also measured the magnitude of macroeconomic shocks in Nigeria’s economy using a standard global computable general equilibrium model and exploration of sustainability strategies based on synthesis of extant reports were employed. These data-sets were obtained from the Nigerian sources and partly from global sources. Furthermore, it utilized trend analysis derived from empirical data of extant daily confirmed cases, discharges and hospitalized person together with tentative projection of additional confirmed cases as from July–September, 2020. Results revealed that confirmed cases in Nigeria will increase steadily from 25694 (in June) to around 74825 by the end September and expected to reach 121000 by end of year 2020. This suggests that the pandemic is likely to persist up to the second quarter of 2021. Education, transport (aviation), hospitality, tourism and sports businesses; trade (informal sector) in the services sector; petroleum exploration in mining sub-sector are most severely contracting activities industries in the economy. Given the prevailing intensity of recession, the result indicates that a reduction of about 5-to-7% in GDP will be recorded in 2020. Result of variance analysis of fiscal budget estimates indicates adverse increase of -2% or more in overall fiscal deficit balances during the periods, which may aggravate debt burden with decline of about -5.7 percent and up to -7 percent in nominal GDP. Health, education, agriculture, petroleum exploration; petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, manufacturing (particularly pharmaceuticals), energy and power generation should be given priority in the sustainability programme.

Triple-Blinded Randomized Study to Evaluate the Effect of Acetaminophen and Morphine Sulfate on Pain Relief in MI-patients

Background: Myocardial infarction is considered to be the most common symptom of cardiovascular diseases. Regarding the limitation of access to Morphine sulphate as a special drug and complications followed, this study aims to compare the treatment effects of intravenous acetaminophen and morphine sulphate on the reduction of pain in MI patients and to improve the cardiac performance. Methods: The present study is a triple-blind randomized control trial in which 70 patients were divided into two separated groups and the pain was measured using Visual Analogue Scale. All analysis was done using SPSS Software at the significance level of 5 percent. Results: 42 patients were male (60%) of whom 20 were in case group and 22 in control group. There were no significant difference between intervention group and control group in terms of VAS score (p = 0.520). The index change of VAS over the time was statistically significant (p=0.001) in intervention and control groups (intra group change). The results of variance analysis with repeated measurements showed that mean differences of Ejection Fraction over time in both groups of intervention and control was not statistically significant (p=0.28). Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that although Acetaminophen does not have an improved effect on pain control and cardiac performance than Morphine sulphate, it can be still an appropriate alternative for Morphine sulfate due to the lack of destructive effects and its availability.

Optimization of the effect of Prandtl number, inclination angle, magnetic field, and Richardson number on double-diffusive mixed convection flow in a rectangular domain

The effect of Prandtl number (Pr), inclination of the cavity (γ), magnetic field (Ha), and Richardson number (Ri) on double-diffusive mixed convection is numerically investigated. The study aims to understand and optimize all the selected parameters effect on heat and species transfer and fluid flow. The best combination of the selected parameter and their level for the optimum performance of the cavity is determined by the Taguchi method. The significance of the parameters considered is determined using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. The governing equations are solved using FVM based SIMPLE algorithm technique. Contour plots are used to present the numerical results. The combination of the factor levels for the optimum heat and mass transfer rate is found from the Taguchi analysis as Pr = 7.0, Ha = 0, γ = 60°, and Ri = 10. From the numerical analysis, the value of the average Nu and average Sh for the optimum combination is found as 27.35 and 34.79 respectively. From the ANOVA result, it is found that the Pr and γ have 47.74% and 25.49% contribution on average Nu and 47.41% and 25.59% contribution on average Sh respectively.

Optimization of extraction of total flavonoids from Drynaria rhizome, and its effect on osteoclast differentiation

Purpose: To optimize the extraction parameters for total flavonoids of Drynaria rhizome, and determine their effect on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in vitro.
 Methods: A 5-level 3-factor central composite design was applied to the optimization of extract yield of total flavonoids from Drynaria rhizome. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) design was used to optimize total flavonoids extraction from Drynaria rhizome. The independent factors included extraction temperature (A), extraction time (B) and liquid: solid ratio (C). Moreover, NFATc1, DC-STAMP, cathepsin K and MMP-9 mRNA expressions were determined.
 Results: Values obtained were fitted into a second-order polynomial equation with multiple regression analysis using a statistical method. Analysis of variance results indicate that the independent variables influenced total flavonoid extraction from Drynaria rhizome. The optimal conditions for extraction yield were extraction temperature of 75 oC, extraction time of 100 min, and liquid: solid ratio of 107:1. The yield of 5.38 ± 0.62 % was consistent with these optimized conditions, which was an indication of the accuracy of the model. Experiments revealed that total flavonoids from Drynaria rhizome regulated the expression levels of NFATc1, DC-STAMP, cathepsin K and MMP-9 mRNA
 Conclusion: This study has successfully optimized the extraction yield of total flavonoids from Drynaria rhizome. The total flavonoids inhibit osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Thus, they may be beneficial in the treatment of bone diseases.

FIELD EVALUATION AND GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR HEAT TOLERANCE USING STRESS INDICES AND SSR MARKERS IN RICE

High temperature is a major environmental stress factor limiting rice productivity. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate and identify heat tolerant rice genotypes on the basis of heat indices and SSR markers. Fifteen rice genotypes were designed in Randomized Complete Block Design (RBCD) with three replications under well-watered and heat stress conditions at two environmentally different sites (Sakha and New Vally) during 2018 and 2019 rice season. Parameters of heat indices were calculated based on grain yield under both conditions. The results indicated that the heat tolerant index (HTI) and mean productivity (MP) index had the highest correlation with yield under two the conditions, Giza178, Giza179, Giza182, Egyptian Yasmin, Egyptian Hybrid1 and N22 were the best genotypes based on indices values, representing high temperature tolerance of these genotypes. Results of variance analysis of yield and other traits in both conditions showed that there was a significant difference among genotypes and their traits. Egyptian hybrid 1 produced the highest mean values of grain yield/plant under normal and heat stress conditions (50.26 and 37.00 g/plant), meanwhile Sakha102 had the highest reduction (70.36%) and N22 had the lowest reduction (23.9%).All genotypes clearly grouped into two major clusters in the dendrogram at 58% similarity based on Jaccard’s similarity index. The first cluster represents the Indica and Indica/Japonica tolerant rice genotypes for high heat, while the second cluster represents the Japonica sensitive genotypes for high heat.

Reputation risk indicators of municipal employees

The article discusses the role of psychological indicators of reputational risks in the professional activities of municipal employees. The analysis of foreign and Russian research on the given topic is presented, some topics of related research are shown. The analysis of the sample by sex, length of service and number is illustrated. The procedure for conducting the research is shown, the stages of research, indicators of a complex psychological test are described. Analysis of variance results are also shown. The results of the analysis of motivational, intellectual and personal characteristics of municipal employees holding various leadership positions are presented. Having studied all the results of several stages of the study, it was revealed that significant differences between the motivational, intellectual and personal indicators of managers with different levels of reputation still exist. Executives with a high reputation score are more creative-oriented and forward-looking. Executives with an average reputation score tend to have either average or high scores on various characteristics. Leaders with a low reputation index are more likely to be result-oriented and successful in their activities. Perhaps in the future, with a more detailed and detailed study of these indicators, it will be possible to predict the reputation of this or that leader and identify reputational risks.

Evaluation of Hot Corrosion Properties for Nano-coated Superalloy

The purpose of this study is to optimize the hot corroded pack coated Ni-based super alloy K417G using composite desirability. Pack cementation parameters optimization was performed using quality characteristics of diffusion coatings for pack cementation process, i.e. salt activator, Nano-powders master alloy powder and wt.% Ge. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for observing the most influencing pack cementation parameters on the quality characteristics, i.e. Na2So4-6% wt. V2O5 (kp1), 100 wt% NaSO4 (kp2), and 75 wt. % NaSO4-25 wt % NaCl (kp3). A confirmation test was performed after the optimal process parameters were determined using composite desirability analysis. Based on analysis of variance results, the wt.% of Geis the most significant controllable diffusion coating factor for the hot corroded pack coated K417G at optimum setting conditions (A2, B1, C3) i.e. activator (NaCl), master alloy (90Cr-10Al) and wt.% of Ge (2%) according to the quality characteristics. Composite desirability was successfully applied on optimization of hot corroded pack coated K417G using multi-performance characteristics.

Effects of the Combinations of Rhizobacteria, Mycorrhizae, and Seaweed, and Supplementary Irrigation on Growth and Yield in Wheat Cultivars.

Wheat is a staple food consumed by the majority of people in the world and its production needs to be doubled to feed the growing population. On the other hand, global wheat productivity is greatly affected due to drought and low fertility of soil under arid and semi-arid regions. Application of supplementary irrigation and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has been suggested as sustainable measures to combat drought stress and to improve soil fertility and, hence, crop yield. This research was undertaken to study the effect of supplementary irrigation together with a combination of various PGPR on the growth and yield of two wheat cultivars, namely Sardari and Sirvan. The results of variance analysis (mean of squares) showed that the effect of irrigation, cultivar, and irrigation and biofertilizer and irrigation on height, spike length, seed/spike, and numbers of spikes/m2, 1000-seed weight, and grain yield were significant at 1% probability level. The effect of cultivar and irrigation interactions showed that the highest grain yield was obtained in a treatment with two additional irrigations in Sirvan cultivar (5015.0 kg/ha) and Sardari (4838.9 kg/ha) as compared to the 3598 kg/ha and 3598.3 kg/h grain yield in Sirvan and Sardari cultivars with similar treatment, but without irrigation, i.e., dryland farming. Drought conditions significantly affected the wheat grain yield while supplementary irrigation resulted in 39.38% and 34.48% higher yields in Sirvan and Sardari cultivars.

Yield and Quality Stabilities of Waxy Maize Genotypes using Biplot Analysis

This study was carried out to determine the stability of the promising waxy maize (10 candidates, 2 standard varieties) genotypes in terms of yield, yield components and quality characteristics in different environments for two years (2018-2019) under Samsun conditions. The GGE and AMMI biplot analysis were used to determine the stability of genotypes. The experimental lay out was randomized blocks with 3 replications. Mean grain yields of genotypes ranged from 8560.6 to 17290.6 kg ha-1, number of days to flowering from 71.3 to 77.5 days, plant height from 251.7 to 295.0 cm, the height of first ear from 85.3 to 98.3 cm, grain cob ratio from 81.3 to 85.5%, grain moisture content from 20.5 to 25.0%, single cob weight from 145 to 286.3 g, the number of cobs per plant from 0.9 to 1.0 cob plant-1, 1000 grain weight from 317.7 to 402.2 g, hectoliter from 76.9 to 79.3%, crude protein ratio from 9.4 to 10.4%, crude oil content from 3.3 to 5.0%, total starch ratio from 57.5 to 60.0%, carbohydrate ratio from 69.6 to 71.6%, and energy value from 383.8 to 393.7 kcal. The result of variance analysis indicated that yield, yield components and chemical composition of maize varieties significantly (p>0.01) different between genotypes (G), environments (E) and genotype x environment (GE) interactions. The effect of environment on experimental variance was 95.15%, the genotype effect was 0.49%, and the GE interaction was 4.15%. The biplot (AMMI and GGE) multivariate analysis indicated a large variation in grain yield, yield components and quality characteristics of waxy maize genotypes. The yield and stability of ADAX11 and ADAX18 genotypes were higher compared to the other genotypes tested. In addition, AMMI model and GGE biplot analyzes provide great ease to the corn breeders in the scientific and accurate assessment of the high yield, stability and adaptations of the waxy corn hybrids.

Characterization of Four Copper Materials for Application as Reference Materials for High Precision Copper Isotope Analysis by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Multi-Collector Mass Spectrometry

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma multi-collector mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) allows rapid, in situ, highly precise measurements of Cu isotope ratios of native Cu and Cu-bearing minerals. However, the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cu-metal isotope standard NIST SRM976 that is commonly used to calibrate LA-MC-ICP-MS Cu isotope measurements of native Cu is no longer available. We have investigated the suitability of four Cu metal materials, SSC-1, SSC-3 and SSC-4 (cathode Cu metal rods) and CUPD-1 (Cu anode sawings), originally developed by the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) as certified reference materials for trace element analysis, as Cu isotope reference materials for LA-MC-ICP-MS analysis and solution nebulization (SN) of Cu. The Cu isotopic composition and homogeneity of these four materials were characterised by SN- and LA-MC-ICP-MS, and are reported for the first time. The bulk Cu isotopic compositions, expressed as δ65CuSRM976 in per mil (‰) relative to NIST SRM976 with combined uncertainties (U, k = 2), of SSC-1, SSC-3 and SSC-4, determined utilizing SN-MC-ICP-MS, are identical within analytical uncertainty at 0.03 ± 0.07‰ (n = 29), 0.04 ± 0.04‰ (n = 28), and 0.05 ± 0.08‰ (n = 29), respectively; the composition of CUPD-1 is 2.14 ± 0.08‰ (n = 28). The compositions are 0.01 ± 0.07‰ (n = 29), 0.04 ± 0.06‰ (n = 29), 0.03 ± 0.06‰ (n = 28) and 2.15 ± 0.06‰ (n = 28), respectively, relative to the European Reference Material ERM®-AE633 Cu isotope standard. The Cu isotope homogeneity of the four new reference materials was assessed by determining whether multiple individual in situ Cu isotope measurements made by LA-MC-ICP-MS analysis (43 µm spot size), using each of the other three reference materials as a calibrator, approximate a single normal distribution. We also investigate whether there are statistically significant differences between the mean δ65Cu values of three independent data sets for each of the Cu isotope reference materials using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Normality tests (graphical assessment of normal distribution quantile-quantile plots, and the Shapiro-Wilk, Jarque-Bera and reduced chi-squared statistic tests) show that: 1) the Cu isotope data acquired on SSC-1, SSC-3, SSC-4 and CUPD-1 do not depart significantly from a normal distribution, 2) the scatter of the Cu isotope data is due to analytical uncertainty with 95% confidence, and 3) there are no other significant sources of scatter; e.g. heterogeneity of the reference materials. The results of one-way ANOVA reveal that the mean difference of the δ65Cu value for each of the reference materials SSC-1, SSC-3, SSC-4 and CUPD-1 is statistically not significant at the 0.05 level. The mean δ65CuSRM976 values with combined uncertainties (U, k = 2) of SSC-1, SSC-3, SSC-4 and CUPD-1, determined by LA-MC-ICP-MS using each of the other three reference materials as a calibration standard, are 0.03 ± 0.09‰ (n = 132), 0.05 ± 0.09‰ (n = 154), 0.03 ± 0.09‰ (n = 144) and 2.14 ± 0.10‰ (n = 106), respectively. These values are in agreement with those determined by SN-MC-ICP-MS analysis at the 95% confidence level and have excellent precision (2 s.d. ≤ 0.10‰). These results suggest that SSC-1, SSC-3, SSC-4 and CUPD-1 can be considered isotopically homogeneous at a spatial resolution of 43 μm, and they are suitable reference materials for calibration and quality control of in situ and solution nebulization Cu isotope analyses of Cu.

Engaging vulnerable populations in drug treatment court: Six month outcomes from a co-occurring disorder wraparound intervention

ObjectiveAlthough drug treatment courts (DTCs) have demonstrated positive outcomes, participants with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders (CODs) are a high-risk group that often struggle with treatment engagement not previously examined. This pilot study fills this gap by looking at six-month behavioral health and criminal justice outcomes among a hard to engage DTC COD participant sample in two Massachusetts DTCs receiving a wraparound-treatment (Maintaining Independence and Sobriety through Systems Integration, Outreach, and Networking-Criminal Justice - MISSION-CJ). MethodsParticipants were evaluated at baseline and at six-month follow-up. Bivariate analyses examined baseline differences between clients with higher versus low engagement were examined. A mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures with time as the within subject factor, and level of engagement as the between subject factor was performed for criminal justice (CJ) and behavioral health outcomes. ResultsParticipants were primarily male (86.6%), White (90.6%), living in unstable housing (86.2%), had an average of 18.94 years of criminal justice involvement, had an average of 15.49 years of regular illicit substance use, and mild mental health symptoms as measured by the BASIS-32 average total score (0.51), with no statistically significant differences at baseline from bivariate analyses. Mixed ANOVA results demonstrated significant effect time of time in MISSION-CJ on reducing nights in jail (p = 0.0266), opioid use (p = 0.0013), and mental health symptom (p = 0.0349). Additional improvements in nights in jail p = 0.0139), illicit substance use (p = 0.0358), and opioid use (p = 0.0013), were observed for clients that had high engagement in MISSION-CJ. ConclusionsWraparound services, such as MISSION-CJ, alongside DTC programming for a chronic relapsing DTC population can improve engagement in treatment and CJ and behavioral health outcomes. Future research is needed with MISSION-CJ that includes a randomized trial and a larger sample.

The Pedagogical Impact of Board Games in Public Health Biology Education: The Bioracer Board Game

ABSTRACT We developed an analog board game, BioRacer to further student learning in the field of public health biology and assessed its impact on learning by conducting a mixed method study. The purpose was to ascertain whether and how gaming could be a valuable learning experience for students in a lower year level undergraduate course in public health biology. The quantitative data were collected through pre- and post-tests in class sessions, which were analysed through a mixed-design Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) conducted in R (version 3.3.1). Qualitative data was gathered through six focus groups where an inductive coding strategy was used to analyse the transcriptions. The result of mixed-design ANOVA revealed slightly significant improvement in students’ post-test scores in the teaching intervention group that incorporated the use of the board game. Three major key themes emerged from the focus group interviews: engagement; memory retention; and teamwork. Overall, the results of this study showed that students found the board game helpful in facilitating their learning of course content. Based on the results of the study, we discuss the implications of utilising educational analog board games in public health biology pedagogy to enhance the learning experience of students.

Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Wood Yield Selection Index in a Clonal Trial of Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) in Northeastern China

In order to determine suitable traits for selecting high-wood-yield Korean pine materials, eleven morphological characteristics (tree height, basal diameter, diameter at breast height, diameter at 3 meter height, stem straightness degree, crown breadth, crown height, branch angle, branch number per node, bark thickness, and stem volume) were investigated in a 38-year-old Korean pine clonal trial at Naozhi orchard. A statistical approach combining variance and regression analysis was used to extract appropriate traits for selecting elite clones. Results of variance analysis showed significant difference in variance sources in most of the traits, except for the stem straightness degree, which had a p-value of 0.94. Moderate to high coefficients of variation and clonal repeatability ranged from 10.73% to 35.45% and from 0.06% to 0.78%, respectively. Strong significant correlations on the phenotypic and genotypic levels were observed between the straightness traits and tree volume, but crown breadth was weakly correlated to the volume. Four principal components retaining up to 80% of the total variation were extracted, and stem volume, basal diameter, diameter at breast height, diameter at 3 meter height, tree height, and crown height displayed high correlation to these components (r ranged from 0.76 to 0.98). Based on the Type III sum of squares, tree height, diameter at breast height, and branch number showed significant information to explain the clonal variability based on stem volume. Using the extracted characteristics as the selection index, six clones (PK105, PK59, PK104, PK36, PK28, and K101) displayed the highest Qi values, with a selection rate of 5% corresponding to the genetic gain of 42.96% in stem volume. This study provides beneficial information for the selection of multiple traits for genetically improved genotypes of Korean pine.

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN SARI BUAH PEPAYA MUDA TERHADAP KEEMPUKAN, pH, DAN DAYA IKAT AIR DAGING ITIK PETELUR AFKIR

This research was aimed to determine the effect of unripe papaya extract on tenderness, pH value, and water holding capacity (WHC) of laying duck meat. This research was conducted in January 2020 in Laboratory of Animal Production of Animal Husbandary Department and in Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Lampung University. The materials of this research were 20 pieces of laying duck thigh meat. The research used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 reaplications, i.e. duck thigh meat marination with 0% of unripe papaya extract (P0), with 10% of unripe papaya extract (P1), with 20% of unripe papaya extract (P2), and with 30% of unripe papaya extract (P3). The observed variables were tenderness, pH value, and WHC of laying duck meat. The obtained data was analyzed by using variance analysis at 5% level of significance, and if the results had significant effect, then were tested further using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The result of variance analysis indicated that marination of laying duck meat with different percentage of unripe papaya extract affected on tenderness (P<0,05), but it did not affect on pH value and WHC of laying duck meat.
 Keywords: Laying duck meat, pH value, Tenderness, Unripe papaya extract, Water Holding Capacity (WHC)

Removal Of Crystal Violet Dye From Aqueous Solution with Pistachio Shell Powder: Optimization Of Process By Taguchi Method

For environmental applications, the production of inexpensive but superior adsorbents is essential. The Taguchi method was applied as an experimental design in this paper to determine the optimum conditions for the removal of crystal violet dye using pistachio shell powder in batch experiments. The effects of pH (3–9), initial dye concentration (2–10 mg•L-1), contact time (30–360 mins) and adsorbent dose (0.25–4 g•L-1) were studied using an L16 orthogonal array in order to achieve the maximum dye removal. For a "the-larger-the-better" response, the percent dye removal was transformed into an accurate S/N ratio. In the studied range for various parameters, the optimal condition was found to be pH = 6, initial dye concentration=10 mg•L-1, contact time=360 mins and adsorbent dose = 4 g•L-1. Under the optimum conditions, dye removal percentage was obtained to be 93.6±0.1%. The analysis of variance results indicate that percentage contribution of control factor in descending order is adsorbent dose (33.17%) > initial dye concentration (27.43%) > pH (22.89%) > contact time (16.52%).

High-Speed Photography Analysis on Sugarcane Base Cutting Process of Contra-Rotating Basecutters

In mechanical sugarcane harvesting, the basecutter is a critical component determining the basecutting quality and energy consumption, both of which have a close relationship with basecutting times (number of contacts between sugarcane and basecutting blades to completely cut cane stools). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the influencing factors and basecutting times by employing a high-speed camera. In this paper, the influencing factors were determined to be the rotational speed (RS) and tilt angle (TA) of the cutting disk, sugarcane stalk feeding rate (FR), and sugarcane stool diameter (SD). Four single-factor experiments and an orthogonal experiment (four factors and four levels) were carried out. In addition, two methods were employed to analyze the experimental data: analysis of range (ANOR) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that RS, TA, and SD had positive effects on the basecutting times, while FR had a negative effect. In addition, the order of influence of the above four factors on the basecutting times, obtained by ANOR, was FR > SD > RS > TA (2.625 > 1.75 > 1.425 > 1), and the optimal combination (150 rpm of RS, 5° of TA, 60 mm of SD, and 1.3 m/s of FR) to minimize the basecutting times was also determined. Based on the ANOVA results, basecutting times were significantly affected by FR and RS (p = 0.008, 0.047 0.05). The results of this study will provide a reference for engineers to design and optimize sugarcane basecutters.

Analysis and determination of the behavioral mechanism of rock bridges using experimental and numerical modeling of non-persistent rock joints

Presence of rock bridges (RB) in natural non-persistent discontinuity sets is an effective factor on the stability of rock structures. Investigations show that the bearing capacity of jointed rocks is changed with variation of different joint parameters. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of parameters such as contact area and number of rock bridges, normal load, angle, length, and number of joints on shear strength of non-persistent rock joints and also to recognize the interaction of these parameters on the mechanical behavior of joints, experimental design methods of Taguchi and central composite design (CCD) were used for the sample generation, testing and numerical modeling. The effective parameters on the shear strength of jointed samples were obtained based on the previous studies. Using the Taguchi method, 16 samples were tested at CNL condition and the effect of parameters such as normal stress, number, and area of rock bridges was investigated. To evaluate other joints parameters, 30 experiments were designed using CCD method and examined using numerical modeling. Using the analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was found that the obtained models are statistically significant. According to the results of ANOVA, the area of rock bridges and the angle of joints showed the highest and the lowest effect on shear strength of coplanar and non-coplanar jointed samples, respectively. The results displayed that the dominant failure for planar non-persistent joints is pure shear and a combination of tensile and shear cracks is created from the both tips of adjacent joints. Moreover, it was found that the dominant failure of non-coplanar joints is the combination of shear and tension. Bonded particle model (BPM) and smooth joint model (SJM) were also applied for numerical modeling. A new method was considered for applying SJ to the models, which solved the interlocking problem during the test.