Restrictive Regulations Research Articles

Prescriptive Authority for Direct Entry Midwives in Washington State: Increasing Client Access to Contraception.

Improving health and achieving health equity includes access to sexual and reproductive health care for all populations, especially those most in need. However, access to life-saving and life-affirming contraception with an individual's chosen perinatal provider can be impeded by restrictive regulations that limit scope and practice authority. This is especially true for the majority of community and direct entry midwives in the United States who have historically been unable to legally provide effective contraceptive methods. Recently, licensed midwives in Washington state were the first in the nation to achieve prescriptive authority, enabling their clients to directly obtain contraception and access to medications for common prenatal and postpartum conditions. Sustained advocacy efforts in the state's capitol enabled the Midwives' Association of Washington State to build relationships over time with legislators and government agencies to achieve this long-term goal. We present a successful midwifery-led innovation that achieved scope expansion for licensed midwives whose practice authority was limited by restrictive laws. Lessons learned are described and strategies offered to aid midwives and their advocates in other locales who want to improve health equity and access to contraception. Midwives are well positioned to provide this essential care to individuals living in underserved rural and urban areas and those from historically marginalized communities, but their ability to do so is limited by restrictive legislation.

Negative Downstream Effects of Alarmist Disinformation Discourse: Evidence from the United States

AbstractThe threat of disinformation features strongly in public discourse, but scientific findings remain conflicted about disinformation effects and reach. Accordingly, indiscriminate warnings about disinformation risk overestimating its effects and associated dangers. Balanced accounts that document the presence of digital disinformation while accounting for empirically established limits offer a promising alternative. In a preregistered experiment, U.S. respondents were exposed to two treatments designed to resemble typical journalistic contributions discussing disinformation. The treatment emphasizing the dangers of disinformation indiscriminately (T1) raised the perceived dangers of disinformation among recipients. The balanced treatment (T2) lowered the perceived threat level. T1, but not T2, had negative downstream effects, increasing respondent support for heavily restrictive regulation of speech in digital communication environments. Overall, we see a positive correlation among all respondents between the perceived threat of disinformation to societies and dissatisfaction with the current state of democracy.

РИНОК ПРАЦІ: ВИКЛИКИ ЦИФРОВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ ТА ВОЄННОГО ЧАСУ

The article discusses topical issues related to the impact of the digital economy and wartime on the labor market. It is determined that the consequences of the war are primarily reflected in job losses, the difference between labor supply and demand, deepening imbalances in qualifications and the difficulty of reproducing the labor force. It is analyzed that, in addition to traditional methods of labor reproduction, digital reproduction is effective in this context, providing technological industrial renewal and reforming the educational system. Although digital transformation poses challenges, such as the displacement of certain social groups from the labor market and the growing digital divide, it has been shown to increase productivity, increase wages, and reduce labor needs. The study concluded that amid the war in Ukraine, there is a problem of access to the digital economy, technological modernization of industry, legislative reform, and intensification of entrepreneurship. An important area for the implementation of these measures is the development of a program of state incentives, reform of the educational system and social unemployment insurance. Digital innovations are affecting the skills requirements for employees and for successful employment in general, which can lead to social disputes and significantly widen the gap between different social groups. The consequences of the war, including active hostilities and shelling, are leading to increased imbalances in the labor market and a reduction in the number of jobs. The author concludes that in order to minimize the risks associated with digital transformation, it is critical to use strategic solutions, including the creation of a government incentive program to increase jobs, legislative regulation of employee rights protection and restrictions on automation, and the creation of an education system to meet the requirements of digital labor market reforms. In addition, it is necessary to ensure effective social unemployment insurance measures to ensure stability and protection of citizens in the new labor market conditions.

Religious and Community Leaders' Perspectives on Minor Marriage Resulting From Unwed Pregnancy

Instances of unwed pregnancy leading to teenage marriage are common throughout different areas. Recently, adultery has become more common in Indonesian society, particularly in the community of Kota Bambu Utara subdistrict. Teenagers in North Bambu City Village nowadays are therefore frequently involved in the problem of promiscuity, which leads to adultery, and as a result, many of them become unwed mothers who later get married while still pregnant. The purpose of this study is to find out what the religious and community leaders in Kota Bambu Utara Village, Palmerah District, think about underage marriage as a result of unwed pregnancies. This kind of research is qualitative in character and falls under the case study category. The key sources of data for this study were informants who provided primary sources. The primary sources of information for this study were religious and community leaders in Kota Bambu Utara Subdistrict. Researchers used documentation, interviews, and observation to gather data for their study. The study's findings indicate that, despite the marriage law's regulation of the legal age restriction for those seeking marriage, underage weddings resulting from unwed pregnancies typically happen between the ages of 15 and 17. A minor who does not meet the conditions for marriage must request a dispensation from the West Jakarta Religious Court in order for their marriage to proceed. A number of circumstances, such as the individual's behavior, influences from parents and family, a lack of education and religious understanding, and social elements in the area, can lead to underage marriage owing to unwed pregnancy.

Enhancing Halal Tourism through Paradiplomacy: Institutional Challenges and Opportunities in the NTB-Bukhara Collaboration

The enactment of Law No. 23 of 2014 concerning Local Government in Indonesia has paved the way for increased international engagement by local authorities, a practice known as paradiplomacy. In this context, Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) has sought to expand its international cooperation, notably with Bukhara Province, focusing on developing the halal tourism sector. This study critically examines the process and challenges of institutionalizing paradiplomacy between NTB and Bukhara, with a particular focus on halal tourism development. However, the institutionalization of this international cooperation has encountered significant obstacles. Utilizing a qualitative research approach, this investigation analyzed a variety of primary and secondary sources to uncover the underlying factors impeding the process. The study identified several key barriers to the institutionalization of NTB-Bukhara paradiplomacy, including shifts in leadership and policy priorities within NTB's government, delays in formalizing cooperation agreements, a lack of expertise in international relations among local government officials, restrictive central government regulations, and cultural and conceptual discrepancies in the understanding of halal tourism between the two regions. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, involving not only policy reform and capacity building at the local government level but also a deeper cultural and conceptual alignment between cooperating entities.

Experimental research and prediction of heat generation during plastics, coal and biomass waste combustion using thermal analysis methods

The development of civilization is associated with generating an increasing amount of various types of waste. More and more restrictive legal regulations require limiting their storage, which thermal methods should replace. Thermal recycling of plastic waste also enables the use of their energy potential.In this article, the authors presented basic research results comparing the combustion process course of selected plastic waste with coal waste, agro and forest biomass. For this purpose, thermal analysis methods were used to determine temperatures at which the maximum heat generation and emission of selected gases occurs during waste combustion.The proximate and ultimate analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, and mercury content analysis made it possible to determine the composition of considered waste.The model using fuzzy logic methods was developed to predict the maximum values of generation heat from the tested materials at temperatures.The authors assumed the following research hypotheses: 1) the calorific value and composition of the materials are reflected in the maximum values of heat generated and pollutant emissions, and 2) the developed fuzzy logic-based model allows the prediction of maximum values generated heat from the tested waste, during the analyzed thermal processes.The results of thermal analysis for the considered waste with the given composition, as well as the results of predicting the behaviour of these materials in thermal conditions, constitute the innovation of this article.

Assessment of Mechanical Damage and Germinability in Flaxseeds Using Hyperspectral Imaging.

The high demand for flax as a nutritious edible oil source combined with increasingly restrictive import regulations for oilseeds mandates the exploration of novel quantity and quality assessment methods. One pervasive issue that compromises the viability of flaxseeds is the mechanical damage to the seeds during harvest and post-harvest handling. Currently, mechanical damage in flax is assessed via visual inspection, a time-consuming, subjective, and insufficiently precise process. This study explores the potential of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) combined with chemometrics as a novel, rapid, and non-destructive method to characterize mechanical damage in flaxseeds and assess how mechanical stresses impact the germination of seeds. Flaxseed samples at three different moisture contents (MCs) (6%, 8%, and 11.5%) were subjected to four levels of mechanical stresses (0 mJ (i.e., control), 2 mJ, 4 mJ, and 6 mJ), followed by germination tests. Herein, we acquired hyperspectral images across visible to near-infrared (Vis-NIR) (450-1100 nm) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) (1000-2500 nm) ranges and used principal component analysis (PCA) for data exploration. Subsequently, mean spectra from the samples were used to develop partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models utilizing key wavelengths to classify flaxseeds based on the extent of mechanical damage. The models developed using Vis-NIR and SWIR wavelengths demonstrated promising performance, achieving precision and recall rates >85% and overall accuracies of 90.70% and 93.18%, respectively. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were developed to predict germinability, resulting in R2-values of 0.78 and 0.82 for Vis-NIR and SWIR ranges, respectively. The study showed that HSI could be a potential alternative to conventional methods for fast, non-destructive, and reliable assessment of mechanical damage in flaxseeds.

Syrian, Armenian, and Lebanese Claims to Whiteness in Post-War Canadian Immigration Policy

Abstract This article asks how, in early post-World War II Canada, Syrian, Armenian, and Lebanese communities claimed whiteness in the context of Canada’s racially restrictive immigration regulations that defined them as “Asiatics,” and hence inadmissible. But, it also examines how Canadian politicians and immigration bureaucrats responded to those claims. Using so-far untapped archival records, this article shows that immigration authorities were unwilling to redefine the racial status of these groups out of fear that doing so would provide a wedge for other groups of “Asiatics” to press for the ability to migrate to Canada. In this case, Syrians, Armenians, and Lebanese could be regarded as experiencing collateral damage in the politics of whiteness. While Canadian immigration authorities seemed to privately accept the white/European identity claims of these groups, they were nonetheless unwilling to publicly grant them one of the privileges of whiteness – namely the ability to migrate to Canada on a basis equal to that of other white immigrants. Instead, the government used “merit-based” orders-in-council as an under the radar administrative mechanism to admit members of these groups. This allowed the government and the immigration department to avoid a larger public debate about racial discrimination against “Asiatic” immigrants.

Medical Malpractice Payment Reports of Physician Assistants/Associates Related to State Practice Laws and Regulations

ABSTRACT Purpose: Authorizing physician assistants/associates (PAs) to provide care to patients and removing restrictive laws and regulations without sacrificing patient safety is essential to meet the needs of patients and the US healthcare system. The aim of this observational study was to determine if states with permissive compared to restrictive PA scope of practice laws and regulations had higher instances of medical malpractice payment reports (MMPR), a proxy of patient harm. Design: This observational study examined 10 years (2010-2019) of medical malpractice payment reports data from the National Practitioner Data Bank (NPDB) compared to the laws and regulations of states for the same period. Results: Negative binomial regressions indicated no statistically significant differences in MMPR rates between states with permissive versus restrictive PA practice laws and regulations. Five of six practice reforms decreased or had no significant effect on PA and physician MMPR occurrences. One reform was associated with a weak but statistically significant increased risk of MMPRs for PAs and a trend toward a decreased risk for physicians. Conclusion: This study suggests that removing restrictive laws and regulations to PA practice does not increase overall risks to patients or increase rates of malpractice within US healthcare.

Market Entry of Ride - Hailing: Leveraging Restrictive Regulation and Incentive Regulation

Market Entry of Ride - Hailing: Leveraging Restrictive Regulation and Incentive Regulation

THE IMPACT OF DECREASING TOURIST VISITS ON CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) LEVELS IN YOGYAKARTA

The impact of the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID 19) affects all people in the world. One of the efforts by the Indonesian government to reduce the spread of the virus is by implementing Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB). The impact of the PSBB can be felt directly by the community in various sectors. The existence of regulations regarding restrictions on large-scale social activities (PSBB) has resulted in a decrease in activity in all fields, one of which is tourism in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The positive side that can be drawn from social restriction regulations is the potential for reducing pollutants that pollute urban air caused by human activities. This study analyzes data from air quality testing results in the City of Yogyakarta from the Ministry of Environment (KLH) and the number of tourists visiting Yogyakarta from the Yogyakarta City Tourism Office in 2019 to 2020. Based on data obtained from the Yogyakarta City Tourism Office from 2019 to 2019 2020 saw an average decrease in tourist visits by 70% at three tourist sites in the city of Yogyakarta, namely: the Yogyakarta Palace, Taman Pintar, and the Vredeburg Museum. Based on data obtained from the Yogyakarta Special Region Tourism Statistics Report for 2019 and 2020, there has been an average decrease in tourist visits by 71% at ten tourist sites in the City of Yogyakarta. The decrease in tourist visits affects the air quality in the Yogyakarta City environment. This can be proven by improving the quality of ambient air in the City of Yogyakarta in 2020. Reducing the level of carbon monoxide (CO) in the air in the city of Yogyakarta by 12.5%.

Chromatin accessibility and pioneer factor FOXA1 restrict glucocorticoid receptor action in prostate cancer.

Treatment of prostate cancer relies predominantly on the inhibition of androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Despite the initial effectiveness of the antiandrogen therapies, the cancer often develops resistance to the AR blockade. One mechanism of the resistance is glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated replacement of AR function. Nevertheless, the mechanistic ways and means how the GR-mediated antiandrogen resistance occurs have remained elusive. Here, we have discovered several crucial features of GR action in prostate cancer cells through genome-wide techniques. We detected that the replacement of AR by GR in enzalutamide-exposed prostate cancer cells occurs almost exclusively at pre-accessible chromatin sites displaying FOXA1 occupancy. Counterintuitively to the classical pioneer factor model, silencing of FOXA1 potentiated the chromatin binding and transcriptional activity of GR. This was attributed to FOXA1-mediated repression of the NR3C1 (gene encoding GR) expression via the corepressor TLE3. Moreover, the small-molecule inhibition of coactivator p300's enzymatic activity efficiently restricted GR-mediated gene regulation and cell proliferation. Overall, we identified chromatin pre-accessibility and FOXA1-mediated repression as important regulators of GR action in prostate cancer, pointing out new avenues to oppose steroid receptor-mediated antiandrogen resistance.

Who Is a Refugee in Jordan? Hierarchies and Exclusions in the Refugee Recognition Regime

Abstract This article dissects the refugee recognition regime in Jordan. It argues that refugee recognition, despite being conducted by UNHCR, is a heavily politicized process shaped by intersecting racial and national hierarchies, restrictive government regulations, and UNHCR policies. Despite Jordan hosting the ‘second highest share of refugees per capita in the world’, relatively few protection seekers gain refugee status, and when they do, it is almost always as part of the resettlement process. Many remain asylum seekers for years or decades, while others cannot even register their claim for international protection with UNHCR. This article contributes to refugee studies by demonstrating how UNHCR policies are changing RSD in non-signatory states, the importance of asylum/refugee registration, how state and humanitarian policies lead to some protection seekers being missed in academic analyses, and highlighting the ever-growing gap between the legal and ‘everyday’ uses of the term ‘refugee’.

Сonstitutional and legal regulation of the limitation of the right to education during a state of emergency in EU member states

Education is the key to the sustainable development of mankind [1; 2]. Observance and protection of the human right to education is an important and urgent issue for the world community, which makes maximum efforts in this area [3]. The right to education is a guarantee of the realization of a number of other subjective legal rights. Currently, a system of basic human rights and freedoms has developed, which are interconnected and in harmony with each other. This contributes to the normal functioning of humanity, the progressive development of society [4; 5].
 Everyone's right to education, enshrined in international law, in the course of their implementation in practice should not harm the rights and freedoms of other persons, as well as other legally protected interests of the individual, society and the state. For this purpose, states are forced to limit the right to education under certain conditions with the help of international legal and domestic legal means.
 In particular, a global threat to humanity has arisen in the modern world - Russia's aggression. The Russian federation is waging a full-scale war on the territory of Ukraine, occupied part of the territory of Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, tried to start military operations in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan. And here the issue of reasonable and necessary restriction of the human right to education in the conditions of a state of emergency or war comes to the fore.
 Attention is focused on the concept of the rule of law, because one of its features is the recognition of the natural nature of human rights and freedoms. The constitutions of Spain, the Netherlands, Germany and other states were analyzed. Three methods of constitutional and legal regulation of the restriction of rights and freedoms in the state of emergency have been identified. It has been established that the constitutions of Spain, the Netherlands, and the Federal Republic of Germany enshrine human rights, which may be restricted under conditions of a state of emergency or a state of defense, but the right to education is not included in this list. The second way of regulating the limitation of rights and freedoms in the state of emergency is that only those rights that cannot be limited in any way are listed (Portugal). The list of rights that can be limited remains open. The right to education is not included in the list of rights that cannot be limited. The third way of regulation of restrictions - the constitution enshrines norms according to which restrictions on human rights are possible during a state of emergency, but does not establish a list of these rights - there is a reference to a special law that develops the provisions of the constitution.
 It is concluded that the first method is the most consistent with the concept of the rule of law: establishing an exhaustive list of those rights and freedoms that can be limited.

CIVIL LAW AND LABOR CONTRACT: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL DIMENSION

The subject of the study is the conceptual, theoretical, methodological and applied legal and economic principles of the nature and significance of civil law and labour contracts in public life. Methodology. The research is based on general scientific and special legal methods. The analysis helped to determine the quantitative and qualitative parameters which characterise civil law and employment contract as socio-economic and legal phenomena in modern society. The synthesis provided for the formation of common and distinctive features inherent in civil law and employment contract in modern society. With the help of the comparative legal method it was possible to distinguish the characteristic features of the civil law and labour contract in the economic sphere and the legal consolidation of the above categories in modern international and national legislation on the basis of the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the corresponding origin. The formal-legal method created the conditions for the formulation of conclusions on the effectiveness of the normative consolidation of the principle of freedom of contract within the limits of civil and labour legislation and for the determination of relevant regulatory proposals. The purpose of the article is to define the essence and significance of civil law and employment contracts in the economic and legal sphere. The results of the study show that the state of legal regulation of temporal restrictions on the exercise of private rights in Ukraine on the way to economic integration creates preconditions for its modernisation in terms of both general and special legal provisions. Conclusion. Contractual relations are one of the most important driving forces of civil turnover, as they mediate the movement of a number of non-property and property goods within civil and economic turnover. Based on the study of statistical data, it has been established that the civil law contract, together with the labour contract, creates conditions for the development of economic processes in quantitative and qualitative components due to its involvement as a means of moving material and immaterial goods in civil and economic turnover. At the same time, a civil law contract, due to its wide variability and direct involvement in certain economic processes, creates more important prerequisites for progress in the economic space, which is manifested in new types and forms of contracts of this type. The labour contract in its component aims, first of all, from the position considered, to ensure the social component in the implementation of the content of the right to work by guaranteeing certain social, including economic, standards. This is why, unlike civil law, labour law influences the economy of the country indirectly and with a much smaller specific weight. In the legal sphere, research into the legal nature and scope of contractual constructs in the civil and labour spheres testifies to the weight of the principle of freedom of contract, which, on the one hand, is established within the limits of civil legislation and, on the other, creates the conditions for the implementation of another, broader principle of freedom of work, which is based on the right of the individual to freedom of work as a natural and inalienable human right. The article points to the possibility of extending the principle of freedom of contract, along with civil law relations, to other related relations, primarily labour relations. Where the manifestation of the content of such a principle is the right holder's authorisation to behave in one of the following ways: 1) procedural (conclusion, amendment, termination of the contract); 2) selection of a counterparty; 3) determination of terms and conditions; 4) determination of the contract content.

Contributions of African Traditional Knowledge to Community Development Theory and Practice

Africa's capacity for developing, testing, and applying traditional knowledge is closely linked to its indigenous knowledge capacity. This paper explores the role of Indigenous knowledge in community development and the challenges associated with its integration into development theories and initiatives. Colonialism, which diminished the relevance of traditional knowledge and promoted Western development techniques, has left a legacy of dependency on Western knowledge systems. As a result, the contribution of Indigenous knowledge to community development and other developmental practices has often been overlooked. This study employs a quantitative research method based on secondary data analysis to investigate these issues. The findings highlight the significant potential of Indigenous knowledge in contributing to development efforts. However, various factors, including restrictive rules, regulations, standards, and limited funding for Indigenous knowledge research, documentation, and application, hinder its full utilisation. To address these limitations, this paper recommends the development of a clear research agenda for Indigenous knowledge, with articulated research objectives and expected outcomes. Additionally, the establishment of frameworks for validating knowledge within the educational system is proposed. These measures aim to enhance the recognition and integration of Indigenous knowledge into development practices, fostering a more holistic and culturally sensitive approach to community development.

Integrating human behavior into structured population models

Human behavior shapes modern ecosystems but is difficult to parse into parameters for ecological models. We used Bayesian models of human behavior, a stage-structured population model, and a novel mortality integration approach to ask how human decisions affect animal population dynamics and conservation outcomes in the context of recreational fishing. Walleye (Sander vitreus) are a broadcast-spawning freshwater fish with large, slow-maturing females and small, fast-maturing males. We observed that simpler and less restrictive fishing regulations outperformed more complex and stricter regulations at conserving equilibrium adult female abundance and overall population abundance while still facilitating large harvests. This outcome was possible because angler behavior within the least restrictive regulation concentrated harvest on juveniles and adult males. Our findings indicate that, counter to intuitive expectations, moderate regulations can acheive conservation objectives when we account for the interaction of regulatory policy, human behavior, and animal life history. We suggest that integrating models of human behavior with models of animal life history and population dynamics will provide essential insights for conservation in ecosystems increasingly shaped by human decisions.

‘We thought we would be welcomed with open arms’: Holocaust refugees in Dutch Caribbean internment

ABSTRACT The trajectories and experiences of more than a hundred Jewish refugees, who arrived in the Dutch colony of Suriname in December 1942, shed light on the complex connections and tensions between colonial hierarchies, Jewish heritage and antisemitism. Furthermore, De Jong's article highlights the often-overlooked role of the Dutch Caribbean during the Second World War, particularly in providing refuge to Holocaust survivors. The article first delves into the broader colonial context and the sociopolitical dynamics of wartime Suriname. The refugees, initially interned and subjected to restrictive regulations, struggled with their diminished status and the obligatory domestic chores, especially in this colonial setting. De Jong also touches on the complex interplay of racial hierarchies in the colony and antisemitism, shedding light on the refugees’ position within this new environment. Second, De Jong examines intra-Jewish tensions in Suriname through two case studies of conflict: the first surrounding a Purim celebration and the second concerning a request for a separate Ashkenazi service during the High Holidays. These conflicts reveal the challenges faced by the refugees and the established Jewish community in negotiating cultural and religious identities. The disputes were significant but eventually resolved, demonstrating the resilience and flexibility of both groups. The study provides a multifaceted understanding of the refugees’ experiences in Suriname by integrating traditional archival documents with personal narratives and oral histories. It underscores the Dutch Caribbean as a significant site of refuge and Jewish interaction during the Second World War, contributing to broader discussions on colonial spaces in Holocaust Studies

Potential demand for coastal shipping in Queensland: a behavioural econometric analysis

ABSTRACT Road freight transport presently dominates in Queensland due to the current restrictive coastal freight transport regulations. This study presents a discrete choice experiment administered to a sample of shippers and freight forwarders to elicit their preferences for road, rail, and sea transport. The results reveal that about 30% of the choices of 64 company representatives were for the coastal shipping option. Model estimates suggest a willingness to pay about 20 AUD/hour for saving one hour of transit time in the corridor, a higher direct elasticity for road transport with respect to cost, a higher direct elasticity for sea transport with respect to time, and an effect of road user charge on shifting from road transport. The results also show the tendency of half of the sample to ignore either transport time or cost (if not both) in their mode choice decisions, and in this case, the willingness to pay increased to about 30 to 44 AUD/hour for decision-makers not ignoring time and cost in their decisions. Findings also suggest that freight decision-makers evaluate cost and delay attributes of modes in correspondence with risk factors.

Do subscribers of mobile networks care about Data Throttling?

Network neutrality mandates have been made out either as necessary to ensure a level playing field in online markets or, alternatively, as overly restrictive regulation preventing innovation and investment. However, there is little empirical research on the consequences of data throttling, which becomes legal without network neutrality regulations. We combine throughput levels measured for mobile ISPs in the United States with usage data to explore how sensitive users are to such practices. We find no evidence that users change their behavior when faced with throttled data rates.