Restoration Of Body Mass Research Articles

P026 RELATIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, DIET, AND BODY COMPOSITION IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

The presence of lean mass (LM) deficits in pediatric patients with IBD is well established, and these deficits persist despite achievement of remission and restoration of body mass. LM deficits are associated with negative health outcomes including decreased physical function, metabolic dysregulation, increased risk of infection, and reduction of bone mass. These deficits are multifactorial though largely explained by chronic malnutrition due to enteric nutrient losses, inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption of nutrients, and increased energy needs. In addition to malnutrition, physical activity (PA) may also play a role in the low LM and myopenia noted in youth with IBD. Unfortunately, PA and dietary intake have been relatively understudied in this population. As such, the present cross-sectional pilot study aims to describe relations between PA, dietary intake, and body composition in a sample of pediatric patients with IBD compared to healthy peers. 87 patients aged 8-17 years completed the study (31 Crohn’s Disease (CD), 23 Ulcerative Colitis (UC), and 31 Healthy Controls (HC) completed the study protocol. Assessment measures included: PA (Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire), 4-Day Food Records, Body Composition and Bone Density (Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry; DXA). Medical record reviews were conducted for IBD patients only. Analyses included one-way ANOVAs to evaluate differences between study groups and two-tailed Pearson correlations to evaluate relations between variables of interest across groups. Healthy controls had significantly greater moderate to vigorous physical activity compared to both IBD groups and were significantly younger than and consumed a higher percentage of calories from fat compared to youth with UC. Youth with UC consumed a significantly higher percentage of calories from carbohydrates compared to HC but not CD participants. No other statistically significant differences were found based on the study group. Correlational analyses (N = 87) revealed that being male (r =.-.30), older age (r =.72), higher total energy intake (r =.22), a higher percentage of calories from protein (r =.37), and higher BMI z-score (r =.51) were associated with higher total body LM. While physical activity was not related to LM, it is possible that differences would be noted if activities were coded as resistance versus aerobic exercise as these have been shown to have differential effects on LM. Understanding health behaviors associated with the development of LM, including PA and dietary intake, are key to improving growth and development outcomes in pediatric patients with IBD. The present study suggests the need for further research into PA and macronutrient intake as a means of promoting short and long-term health and well-being for pediatric patients with IBD.

P098 RELATIONS BETWEEN HEALTH BEHAVIORS, BODY COMPOSITION AND DISEASE STATUS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Lean body mass (LBM) deficits in youth with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) are well-established and persist despite achievement of remission and restoration of body mass. LBM deficits are associated with both short and long-term health outcomes including sarcopenia, metabolic dysregulation, and development of osteopenia/osteoporosis. LBM deficits are multifactorial though largely explained by inflammatory processes, inadequate dietary intake, and increased energy needs. Physical activity (PA) may also play a role in LBM deficits. Unfortunately, PA and diet in youth with IBD have been understudied. The present cross-sectional study describes relations between PA, diet, body composition, and disease status in a sample of youth with IBD. 40 patients with IBD aged 8-17 (M=14.58 years; 60% female; 78% Caucasian; 60% Crohn’s) completed the study. Measures included: Moderate to Vigorous PA (MVPA; Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire), Diet (4-day Food Record), Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density (BMD; Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry), and Disease Status (Physician Global Assessment). Analyses included independent samples t-test and two-tailed pearson correlations. Data collection is ongoing. No differences were found on variables based on group. Correlational analyses (N = 40) revealed that greater MVPA was associated with higher LBM (r = .39) and lower fat mass (r = -.38). Average percent protein intake was associated with older age (r = .38), lower percent carbohydrate intake (r = -.72) and higher BMD (r = .37). Less active disease was associated with higher BMI (r = -.38), higher BMD (r = -.46), and higher LBM (r = -.48). Interestingly, disease status was not associated with health behavior engagement. The present study suggests the need for further research into physical activity and diet as a means of improving outcomes for pediatric patients with IBD through improvements in LBM.

Metabolic adjustments of Dentex dentex to prolonged starvation and refeeding

The particular metabolic strategies of the common dentex (Dentex dentex) to face a period of prolonged starvation and subsequent refeeding were assessed. Plasma metabolites, endogenous reserves, and the activity of key enzymes of intermediary metabolism in liver, white muscle, and heart were evaluated. Plasma glucose, total lipid, triglycerides, total-, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, and protein levels, liver, and white muscle glycogen, and perivisceral, and muscle fat were significantly reduced by starvation, whereas liver lipid content was surprisingly increased. Those enzymes involved in phosphorylation and oxidation of glucose and lipid synthesis, as well as alanine aminotransferase activity, were significantly depressed in liver of starved fish. The increase in β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) indicated an enhanced fatty acid oxidation during starvation. Part of the acetyl-CoA generated by β-oxidation was oxidized in the hepatic Krebs cycle, as reflected the increased citrate synthase (CS) activity. The oxaloacetate required for the reaction catalized by CS activity would be supplied by aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) activity whose activity was also enhanced. Glutamate dehydrogenase also increased to deaminate the glutamate produced by transaminases, especially by the increased ASAT activity. Liver gluconeogenesis of starved fish was maintained at the same rate that in controls, with glycerol playing an important role as glucogenic substrate. The increased hepatic β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (β-OHBDH) activity indicates that part of the acetyl-CoA arriving from β-oxidation was being diverted for ketone bodies production with dentex liver playing an important role in providing ketone bodies as fuels for other tissues under such circumstances. Most enzyme activities in white muscle of starved dentex were significantly depressed. In heart, starvation induced an important inhibition of those enzymes involved in glucose and protein metabolism, whereas CS, HOAD, and β-OHBDH activities were maintained at control levels. Although several biomarkers assayed returned to control values after refeeding, many others did not, which indicate that after 3weeks of refeeding, pre-starved dentex is still experiencing a transient period of metabolic adjustments directed toward the restoration of body mass.

Quantitative lung morphology in a regenerative lung model

Einleitung: Several lung diseases are caused by the loss of alveolar septae or alveolar remodelling. But the ability of some mammals to regenerate the lungs provides an opportunity to study regenerative mechanisms. Understanding these mechanisms will provide us with a rationale for the therapeutic purpose. The aim of our study is to decipher lung regeneration at cellular and structural levels using a stereological approach in a murine calorie restriction model. Methoden: Calorie restriction murine model, stereological methods to study structural parameters such as alveolar number, alveolar volume, alveolar wall thickness, hyperplasia (cell number), hypertrophy, total lung volume. Molecular study using real time PCR, immunohistochemistry, semi quantitative PCR. Ergebnisse: We established a calorie restriction murine model with 50% reduction in food intake. We could show that with this food regime, mice lost approx. 30% body mass within 3 days which remained constant up to 10 days. We observed reduction in lung volume measured physically and with the Cavallieri method after 10 days of calorie restriction. We also observed the reduction in alveoli number during starvation. With refeeding, we observed restoration of body mass, lung volume and alveolar number comparable to control mice receiving normal food diet. The stereological measurements are ongoing. Diskussion: Calorie restriction and refeeding has impact on lung volume and has been reported to induce alveolar regression and regeneration, respectively. Our further studies will focus on the structural details, the cell types involved and their characterisation in the lung of starved and refed mice using stereological approaches.

Restoration of Body Energy Reserves during Refeeding in Rats Is Dependent on Both the Intensity of Energy Restriction and the Metabolic Status at the Onset of Starvation ,2

During starvation, after a short dynamic period of adaptation (phase I), a metabolic steady state is reached in which proteins are spared and lipids provide most of the energy expended [phase II (P2)]. However, protein breakdown increases dramatically once a lower threshold of body lipids is reached [phase III (P3)]. Body composition, energy intake, energy expenditure, and energy efficiency were determined in 8 groups of rats (fed, food-deprived up to P2 or P3 of starvation and refed for 3 d, 7 d, or until body mass restoration) to determine whether the kinetics of lipid and/or protein reserve recovery may be slowed down when refeeding occurs after the lipid threshold has been reached. Despite larger losses, P3 refed rats restored their body reserves as efficiently as those refed in P2. Whatever the nutritional status at the onset of refeeding, rehydration occurred first and hyperphagia played a more important role than hypometabolism in the restoration of the lost reserves. However, the pattern of body component gains was different during early refeeding. In P3 refed rats, body lipids were restored preferentially by significant contribution from endogenous lipid production. Thus, the extent of lipid depletion has important consequences for the restoration pattern of the body reserves. It depends not only on the intensity of the energy restriction (partial or total) as already demonstrated but also on the metabolic status at the onset of refeeding. These results may have significant implications on the way refeeding should be conducted after severe energy depletion.

A test of the wintering strategy hypothesis with teal (Anas crecca) ringed in the Camargue, southern France.

Body mass changes in wintering ducks have been considered as the consequence of their “wintering strategy”, i.e. low mass after autumn migration, active foraging leading to body mass restoration, then pairing leading to low body mass again. This pattern is supported by weights of hunter-killed birds, but this is not enough to rule out potential alternative hypotheses linked to the existence of different populations with different body masses. The use of data collected at ringing and subsequent recaptures of known birds demonstrates that teal (Anas crecca) gain and lose body mass from September to March.

Restoration of body mass in King Penguins after egg abandonment at a critical energy depletion stage: early vs late breeders

In fasting‐incubating seabirds, it has been proposed that egg abandonment and refeeding should be induced when a low body mass (BM) threshold is attained, thus ensuring adult survival at the expense of immediate breeding. In the context of life‐history trade‐offs in long‐lived birds, we have tested this hypothesis by comparing short‐term survival and restoration of BM in King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus that abandoned their egg to those that were relieved normally by their mate at the end of the first incubation shift. Since King Penguins have an extended laying period, the possible influence of seasonal factors was also examined by comparing early and late breeders. Forty incubating males were experimentally forced to fast until egg abandonment by preventing relief by the female. At egg abandonment of both early and late breeding males, BM was below the BM threshold, fasting duration was eight days (about 30%) longer than for relieved birds, and plasma uric acid level was elevated (signature of increased body protein catabolism, phase III of fasting). All abandoning birds survived and came back from sea at a BM similar to that of relieved penguins. The duration of the foraging trip of abandoning early breeders was the same as that of relieved birds, and some abandoning birds engaged in a new breeding attempt. Abandoning late breeders, however, made foraging trips twice as long as those of relieved males. This difference can be explained by time constraints rather than nutritional constraints, abandoning early breeders having enough time left in the breeding season to engage in a new breeding attempt in contrast to abandoning late breeders. These observations lend support to the suggestion that not only BM but also an internal clock intervene in the decision to engage in breeding or not. By preventing a lethal energy depletion ashore and by acting at a fasting stage where the capacity to restore BM at sea is unaffected, abandonment at a low body condition threshold plays a major role in the trade‐off between adult penguin survival and reproduction.

Winter Starvation in Captive Common Barn-Owls: Bioenergetics during Refeeding

ABsTRACr.-The bioenergetics of eight captive Common Barn-Owls (Tyto alba alba) acclimated at 5?C were studied during the restoration of a 30% reduction in body mass following a period of total food deprivation. The eight-day period during which body mass was restored (Refeeding I) was compared with a five-day prefasting period (Feeding), corresponding to steady body mass and a six-day period (Refeeding II) of stabilization at a new steady state. Food was given ad libitum throughout the feeding periods. During Refeeding I, the rate of increase in body mass (13.9 ? SD of 1.0 g/24 h in females and 9.2 ? 0.8 g/24 h in males) was close to the maximum value for growth of captive or wild owlets. It was achieved by a 1.63-fold increase in gross energy intake and daily metabolized energy, respectively, of 370 ? 42 and 275 ? 31 kJ/d during Feeding. In contrast to the clear increase in food assimilation efficiency observed in other species during refeeding, the high rate of energy intake and body mass restoration in the Common Barn-Owl was associated with only a slight increase in assimilation efficiencies: 52.0 ? 2.2% versus 49.1 ? 1.0% during Feeding for dry mass; and 75.5 ? 1.1% versus 74.1 ? 0.6% for energy. This slight increase could only be attributed to a reduction of the energy lost in pellet production (i.e. to a higher effectiveness in gastric digestion). The energetic cost of daily change in body mass was estimated in both sexes and both feeding periods, and appeared to be constant (10.8 ? 1.1 kJ/g fresh body mass). Using this value, the part of the daily metabolized energy invested in the existence metabolism was calculated. After four days of refeeding, existence metabolism paradoxically appeared similar or even higher than before fasting, while the body mass was still lower than the initial value. Thus, in contrast to the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) or humans, the Common Barn-Owl is unable to enhance restoration of body reserves by minimizing existence requirements when refed ad libitum after a period of starvation. This might be partly due to the maintenance of a high locomotor activity throughout starvation and refeeding. Received 3 October 1991, accepted 5 May 1992.

Recovery of white adipose tissue after lipectomy in female ground squirrels

Female golden-mantled ground squirrels were subjected to surgical removal of adipose tissue (lipectomy) at 4 months of age. Compensation for the 9.6% reduction in body mass effected by lipectomy was observed within 2 weeks and body mass did not differ between lipectomized and sham-lipectomized groups from that time to the conclusion of the experiment. At the time of the second peak in body mass, approximately 11 months postoperatively, lipectomized and sham-lipectomized groups did not differ with respect to total carcass lipid content, water content, or fat-free dry mass. Restoration of body mass after lipectomy did not involve measurable increases in food consumption. There was complete restoration of the retroperitoneal fat depot, but little if any recovery in the parametrial fat depot which was reduced in mass by 75% relative to that of the sham-lipectomized squirrels. Precise regulation of the adipose tissue mass is an important component of the annual cycle in energy balance of female squirrels.

Recovery of lipid mass after removal of adipose tissue in ground squirrels.

Male golden-mantled ground squirrels subjected to surgical removal of substantial portions of inguinal, retroperitoneal, and epididymal adipose tissue [lipectomy (Lipx)] or to sham lipectomy (Sham) during the early prehibernatory fattening phase did not differ in body mass 4 mo later at the time of their annual body weight peaks. Body mass restoration by Lipx squirrels was achieved without compensatory increases in food intake. There was little or no regeneration of epididymal adipose tissue, complete regeneration of the retroperitoneal depot, and an increase in mass of subcutaneous fat of Lipx animals. Epididymal and retroperitoneal adipocytes were equivalent in size in Sham and Lipx squirrels; adipocytes in subcutaneous fat were 20% larger in Lipx than in Sham animals. Generation of the annual body mass cycle of this ground squirrel involves active regulation of the lipid mass.