Response Tendencies Research Articles

Automatic imitation in youngsters with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: A behavioral study

ABSTRACT It is widely known that humans have a tendency to imitate each other and that appropriate modulation of automatic imitative behaviors has a crucial function in social interactions. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor and phonic tics. Apart from tics, patients with GTS are often reported to show an abnormal tendency to automatically imitate others’ behaviors (i.e., echophenomena), which may be related to a failure in top-down inhibition of imitative response tendencies. The aim of the current study is to explore the top-down inhibitory mechanisms on automatic imitative behaviors in youngsters with GTS. Error rates and reaction times from 32 participants with GTS and 32 controls were collected in response to an automatic imitation task assessing the influence of observed movements displayed in the first-person perspective on congruent and incongruent motor responses. Results showed that participants with GTS had higher error rates than controls, and their responses were faster than those of controls in incompatible stimuli. Our findings provide novel evidence of a key difference between youngsters with GTS and typically developing participants in the ability to effectively control the production of own motor responses to sensory inputs deriving from observed actions.

An interoceptive basis for alcohol priming effects.

RationaleAlcohol priming can modulate the value of rewards, as observed through the effects of acute alcohol administration on cue reactivity. However, little is known about the psychophysiological mechanisms driving these effects. Here, we examine how alcohol-induced changes in bodily states shape the development of implicit attentional biases and explicit cue reactivity.ObjectivesTo characterize the interoceptive correlates of alcohol priming effects on alcohol attentional biases and cue reactivity.MethodsIn a two-session double-blind alcohol administration procedure, participants (n=31) were given a 0.4-g/kg dose of alcohol or a placebo drink. Cardiovascular responses were measured before and after alcohol administration to observe the effects of alcohol on viscero-afferent reactivity, as indexed through changes in heart rate variability (HRV) at or near 0.1 Hz (0.1-Hz HRV). Next, participants completed a modified flanker task to examine implicit alcohol attentional biases and provided subjective valence and arousal ratings of alcohol cues to examine explicit cue reactivity.ResultsWe found that changes in 0.1-Hz HRV after alcohol administration positively correlated with attentional biases, and negatively correlated with alcohol valence ratings; blood alcohol content was a null predictor.ConclusionsThis is novel evidence that suggests alcohol-induced changes in bodily states may mediate the occurrence of alcohol priming effects and highlights the potentially generative role of interoceptive mechanisms in alcohol-related behaviors. The differential patterns revealed by implicit biases and explicit response tendencies are considered within the context of the dissociation between wanting and liking.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00213-021-05796-w.

Identification of differentially expressed genes involved in amino acid and lipid accumulation of winter turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) in response to cold stress.

Winter turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is an important overwintering oil crop that is widely planted in northwestern China. It considered to be a good genetic resource for cold-tolerant research because its roots can survive harsh winter conditions. Here, we performed comparative transcriptomics analysis of the roots of two winter turnip rape varieties, Longyou7 (L7, strong cold tolerance) and Tianyou2 (T2, low cold tolerance), under normal condition (CK) and cold stress (CT) condition. A total of 8,366 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between the two L7 root groups (L7CK_VS_L7CT), and 8,106 DEGs were detected for T2CK_VS_T2CT. Among the DEGs, two ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD3), two delta-9 acyl-lipid desaturase 2 (ADS2), one diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), and one 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 2 (KCS2) were differentially expressed in the two varieties and identified to be related to fatty acid synthesis. Four glutamine synthetase cytosolic isozymes (GLN), serine acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1), and serine acetyltransferase 3 (SAT3) were down-regulated under cold stress, while S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase proenzyme 1 (AMD1) had an up-regulation tendency in response to cold stress in the two samples. Moreover, the delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), δ-ornithine aminotransferase (δ-OAT), alanine-glyoxylate transaminase (AGXT), branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase (ilvE), alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase (AASS), Tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and arginine decarboxylase related to amino acid metabolism were identified in two cultivars variously expressed under cold stress. The above DEGs related to amino acid metabolism were suspected to the reason for amino acids content change. The RNA-seq data were validated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR of 19 randomly selected genes. The findings of our study provide the gene expression profile between two varieties of winter turnip rape, which lay the foundation for a deeper understanding of the highly complex regulatory mechanisms in plants during cold treatment.

Choice of majors: are women really different from men?

The gender wage gap persists in the workplace in part because women major in fields that lead them into lower-paid occupations than fields associated with majors men choose. An open question is why women are more likely than men to switch towards majors that lead to lower-paying careers. Drawing on research suggesting that women are affected more by negative feedback than men, we use unique administrative data from a large private university on the East Coast from 2008 to 2016 to test whether women are more likely than men to switch majors in response to low grades in major-related classes. We also test whether the prevalence of men in a major or a major’s reputation for being stereotypically male-oriented induces women to switch out of that major more readily than men. We control for other factors that may affect a student’s final major, including high school performance, gender composition of faculty and peers, and economic returns of majors. The results show that overall women and men are equally likely to change their majors in response to poor grades in major-related courses. We also find no evidence that women in male-dominated majors are more likely than men to switch out, but we find that men with very low grades in female-dominated majors are more likely to switch out of these majors than women. In addition, we find that women are more likely to switch out of majors that are both male-dominated and STEM in response to poor performance compared to men. Thus, our results suggest that only when women students experience multiple signals suggesting their lack of fit in a field (i.e., low grades combined with gender peer composition, and external stereotyping signals) they tend to switch out of the major more often than male students. We find that men exhibit this tendency in response to even fewer overlapping signals about misfit than women.

Encapsulating Polyethyleneimine-DNA Nanoplexes into PEGylated Biodegradable Microparticles Increases Transgene Expression In Vitro and Reduces Inflammatory Responses In Vivo.

Encapsulating genetic material into biocompatible polymeric microparticles is a means to improving gene transfection while simultaneously decreasing the tendency for inflammatory responses; and can be advantageous in terms of delivering material directly to the lungs via aerosolization for applications such as vaccinations. In this study, we investigated the advantages of using polymeric microparticles carrying the luciferase reporter gene in increasing transfection efficiency in the readily transfectable HEK293 cell line and the difficult to transfect RAW264.7 cell line. The results indicated that there was a limit to the ratio of nitrogen in polyethylenimine (PEI) to phosphate in DNA (N/P ratio) beyond which further increases in transgene expression no longer, or only marginally, occurred. Microparticles encapsulating PEI:DNA nanoplexes induced cellular toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. PEGylation increased transgene expression, likely related to enhanced degradation of particles. Furthermore, intra-tracheal instillation in rats allowed us to investigate the inflammatory response in the lung as a function of PEGylation, porosity, and size. Porosity did not influence cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the absence of PEG, but in particles containing PEG, non-porous particles recruited fewer inflammatory cells than their porous counterparts. Finally, both 1 μm and 10 μm porous PLA-PEG particles recruited more neutrophils than 4 μm particles. Thus, we have shown that PEGylation and lack of porosity are advantageous for faster release of genetic cargo from microparticles and a reduced inflammatory response, respectively.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1208/s12249-021-01932-z.

KINETIC MODELING STUDIES OF HETEROGENEOUSLY CATALYZED TRANSESTERIFICATION OF NON-EDIBLE OIL

-The analytical process characterizing the experimental changes of reversible reaction of neem oil utilizing acid activated catalyst (CaO) derived from waste of animal bone as heterogeneous catalyst was used to determine the response disposition. Reaction value invariant/adsorption coefficients were determined using MATLAB with solver (Geometric Algorithm). The model fitted best was further studied to establish the change in the kinetics of the transesterification adverse reaction. The ideal is subjected to the reverse process and characterizes the effective absorption of all the reactants and products. This research was carried out under the subsequent response states: Catalyst concentration (4%), methanol to oil molar ratio(8:1),reaction temperature(55oC), reaction time(4hr) and agitation speed(400rpm). This analysis further revealed the change of triglyceride adsorption was the rate- limiting step or slowest step and the efficient value for all the nine responses (changeable and constant) was favored by immense flashpoint which is model investigation for an endothermic process. The kinetics was observed second disposition and the flashpoint absorbed rates derivative by the mathematical relationship between temperature and rate of a chemical reaction showed activating energy: 90.98kJ/mol and pre-exponential element: 1.46E10 dm3mol1min1

Does co-presence affect the way we perceive and respond to emotional interactions?

This study compared how two virtual display conditions of human body expressions influenced explicit and implicit dimensions of emotion perception and response behavior in women and men. Two avatars displayed emotional interactions (angry, sad, affectionate, happy) in a “pictorial” condition depicting the emotional interactive partners on a screen within a virtual environment and a “visual” condition allowing participants to share space with the avatars, thereby enhancing co-presence and agency. Subsequently to stimulus presentation, explicit valence perception and response tendency (i.e. the explicit tendency to avoid or approach the situation) were assessed on rating scales. Implicit responses, i.e. postural and autonomic responses towards the observed interactions were measured by means of postural displacement and changes in skin conductance. Results showed that self-reported presence differed between pictorial and visual conditions, however, it was not correlated with skin conductance responses. Valence perception was only marginally influenced by the virtual condition and not at all by explicit response behavior. There were gender-mediated effects on postural response tendencies as well as gender differences in explicit response behavior but not in valence perception. Exploratory analyses revealed a link between valence perception and preferred behavioral response in women but not in men. We conclude that the display condition seems to influence automatic motivational tendencies but not higher level cognitive evaluations. Moreover, intragroup differences in explicit and implicit response behavior highlight the importance of individual factors beyond gender.

Adjustment of Patient Experience Surveys for How People Respond.

Patient surveys are the primary tool to measure patient experiences of care. Caution must be taken when analyzing these data, as responses can be influenced by factors that do not reflect the quality of care received. To provide a practical overview of adjusting patient experience survey results to address bias related to patient case-mix, extreme response tendency, and mode of survey administration. We discuss options for adjustment for biases in how people respond to patient experience surveys. Case-mix adjustment (CMA) aims to compare provider performance that would have been observed if all providers had treated the same set of patients by removing the effects of patient characteristics that vary across providers. Extreme response tendency can bias the measurement of the disparities in patient experiences even after typical CMAs, since differences in patients' use of extreme response options may affect patient experience scores when they have a skewed distribution. Survey mode may affect scores for the provider entity being evaluated (eg, hospital) more than CMA if survey mode differs at the provider level. It is best practice to evaluate known source of bias when analyzing patient experience surveys. Failure to adjust for patient case-mix, extreme response tendency, and survey mode in patient experience surveys may lead to erroneous comparisons of providers.

147 Simplification of the follicle-stimulating hormone protocol for superovulation of the first follicular wave in sheep

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of length of the FSH superstimulatory treatment on ovarian response and embryo production in sheep. Poll Dorset ewes (n=63) 3.2±0.2 years old weighing 58.5±1.5kg and with a body condition score of 2.7±0.1 (0=emaciated; 5=obese) were used during the transition from the breeding to the non-breeding season. All ewes received an ovarian superstimulatory treatment during the first follicular wave (Day 0 protocol). On Day −9 all ewes received a 0.3-g progesterone intravaginal device (CIDR, Zoetis) for 6 days. On Day −3, the CIDR was removed and all ewes were administered 125μg of cloprostenol sodium intramuscularly (IM) (PGF, estroPLAN, Parnell) and 200IU of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG)+100IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) IM (P.G. 600, Merck). Thirty-six hours after CIDR removal (Day −1.5) ewes were administered 100μg of gonadorelin acetate IM (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, GnRH; Gonabreed, Parnell). Superstimulatory treatments were initiated on Day 0 (84 h after CIDR removal) with a total of 240mg of NIH-FSH-P1 (12 mL, Folltropin, Vetoquinol), and a new CIDR was used from the first to the last FSH dose (6-dose=3 days; 8-dose=4 days). Ewes were randomised to receive the total dose of FSH distributed in eight decreasing doses (8-dose group, n=33) or six decreasing doses (6-dose group, n=30) twice daily 12h apart. Two doses of PGF were administered with the last two doses of FSH, and GnRH was administered 12h after the last FSH administration. Intrauterine AI with fresh semen was performed by laparoscopy 16h after GnRH administration. Ovarian response was determined by laparoscopy 6 days after AI and ova/embryos were collected surgically in ewes with >2 corpora lutea (CL). Data were analysed using generalized linear mixed models (SAS 9.4; SAS Institute Inc.) and presented as mean±s.e.m. in Table 1. The percentage of responding donors (>2 CL) was 93.3% (28/30) and 78.8% (26/33; P=0.5) for the 6-dose and 8-dose groups, respectively. The number of CL tended (P=0.06) to be lesser in ewes in the 6-dose than the 8-dose group. However, no differences (P>0.10) were found in total ova/embryo, fertilized ova, transferable embryos, or freezable embryos. In conclusion, despite a tendency for a greater ovarian response in ewes treated with 8 doses of FSH, embryo yield did not appear to differ after either 6 or 8 doses of FSH administered during the first follicular wave in sheep. Table 1. Ovulatory response and embryo production in responding ewes (>2 corpora lutea) superstimulated with either 6 or 8 doses of FSH during the first follicular wave Outcome Treatment P-value 6-dose 8-dose Number of ewes 28 26 Corpora lutea (n) 14.2±1.7 20.3±2.8 0.06 Total ova/embryos (n) 9.0±1.3 10.9±1.8 0.38 Fertilized ova (n) 8.1±1.4 10.2±1.9 0.34 Fertilized ova (% per ewe) 89.0±5.0 81.7±7.0 0.40 Degenerate embryos 1.3±0.4 2.0±0.8 0.89 Transferable embryos (Grade 1–3) 6.8±1.2 8.2±1.8 0.52 Transferable embryos (% per ewe) 85.7±4.4 75.4±8.4 0.46 Freezable embryos (Grade 1–2) 6.6±1.1 8.2±1.8 0.43 Freezable embryos (% per ewe) 80.5±5.6 75.4±8.4 0.61

Effects of high-protein distillers dried grains on growth performance of nursery pigs.

A total of 300 pigs (DNA 400 × 200, Columbus, NE), initially 11.1 kg, were used in a study to evaluate the effects of increasing amounts of high-protein distillers dried grains (HP DDG) on growth performance and to estimate its energy value relative to corn. Pigs were weaned, placed in pens with five pigs each, and fed a common diet for 21 d after weaning. Then, pens were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were 5 treatments with 12 replicates per treatment. Treatments consisted of 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% HP DDG, formulated by changing only the amounts of corn and feed-grade amino acids. Pigs were weighed weekly for 21 d to evaluate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F). Caloric efficiency was obtained by multiplying ADFI by kcal of net energy (NE) per kg of diet and dividing by ADG. The NE values for corn and soybean meal were obtained from NRC (2012), and initial estimates for HP DDG NE were derived from the Noblet et al. (1994) equation. The energy of HP DDG was estimated based on caloric efficiency relative to the diet without HP DDG. Pigs fed diets with increasing HP DDG had a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in ADG, ADFI, and final body weight. There was a tendency for a quadratic response (P = 0.051) in G:F, with the greatest G:F observed for pigs fed diets with 40% HP DDG. There was a linear reduction (P < 0.05) in caloric efficiency with increasing amounts of HP DDG, indicating the initial NE estimate of HP DDG was underestimated. The use of caloric efficiency to estimate the energy value of HP DDG presents several limitations. This approach assumes that the NE values of corn and soybean meal are accurate and does not take into account possible changes in body composition, which can influence the G:F response as leaner pigs are more efficient. In conclusion, increasing HP DDG in the diet linearly decreased ADG and ADFI. Using caloric efficiency to estimate energy content relative to corn, the HP DDG used in this study was estimated to be 97.3% of the energy value of corn. Direct or indirect calorimetry is needed to confirm this value.

Investigation of the frequency properties of a standard linear body

It is known that the Кelvin-Voigt model does not describe stress relaxation, which is observed along with elastic properties in many polymers and biomaterials. In this regard, the standard linear body model is used to describe the properties of these materials. Studies of its properties were mainly limited to the study of its reaction to an instantaneously applied load, as well as to the determination of the time and nature of stress relaxation. Аt the same time, the frequency properties of the standard linear body remained unexplored. In this regard, an analysis of its frequency properties was carried out, which made it possible to study its behavior under vibration exposure. Оn the basis of the equation of motion, the amplitude-frequency response (АFC) was constructed, and its peculiarity was revealed, which consists in the fact that an increase in the damping coefficient leads to a decrease in the maximum value of the АFC only to a certain value greater than one. А further increase in the damping coefficient leads to an increase in the maximum frequency response up to infinity at a frequency that should also be considered resonant. Thus, the frequency response of a standard linear body always has a maximum. The subsequent increase in the damping coefficient leads to the tendency of the maximum frequency response to zero at infinity.

121. A Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F Protein (RSVPreF3) Candidate Vaccine Administered in Older Adults in a Phase I/II Randomized Clinical Trial Is Immunogenic

BackgroundRSV causes significant disease burden in older adults, since reinfections are common and may lead to severe disease presentations while only supportive treatment is available. We present immunogenicity of different formulations of an investigational vaccine (RSVPreF3) in young and older adults.MethodsThis is a phase I/II, placebo-controlled, multi-country trial (NCT03814590). Healthy adults aged 18–40 years were randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive 2 doses of either Low-, Medium- or High-dose of RSVPreF3 non-adjuvanted vaccine or placebo, 2 months apart. Following favorable safety outcomes, adults aged 60–80 years were randomized 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1 in a 2-step staggered manner to receive 1 of the 9 RSV vaccine formulations containing Low-, Medium- or High-dose of RSVPreF3, non-adjuvanted or adjuvanted with AS01E or AS01B, or placebo (same schedule). Humoral and cellular-mediated immune responses are assessed before and after each dose; results up to 1 month post-dose 1 are shown here.ResultsOf 48 adults aged 18–40 years and 1005 aged 60–80 years included in the exposed set, 42 and 933, respectively, were part of per-protocol set at 1 month post-dose 1. RSVPreF3 IgG geometric mean antibody concentrations were 8.4–13.5 and 7.2–12.8 fold-higher at 1 month post-dose 1 vs baseline in the 18–40- and 60–80-year-old vaccinees, respectively (Fig 1A). RSV-A neutralization activity significantly increased in all RSV vaccinees, geometric mean antibody titers being 7.5–13.7 and 5.6–9.9 fold-higher in 18–40- and 60–80-year-olds, respectively, at 1 month post-dose 1 vs baseline (Fig 1B). Geometric mean ratios of the fold increase between RSVPreF3 IgG antibody concentrations and RSV-A neutralizing antibody titers ranged between 0.9–1.1 in 18–40-year-old and 1.3–1.5 in 60–80-year-old vaccinees. A robust RSVPreF3-specific CD4+ T-cell response was elicited at 1 month post-dose 1 vs baseline in both 18–40- and 60–80-year-olds (Fig 2).Figure 1. RSVPreF3 IgG geometric mean antibody concentrations (GMCs, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, panel A), RSV-A neutralizing geometric mean antibody titers (GMTs, neutralization assay, panel B) Figure 2. RSVPreF3-specific CD4+ T-cells identified as expressing ≥2 markers among IL2, CD40L, TNF-□, IFN-□ (intracellular cytokine staining assay) ConclusionOne dose of RSVPreF3 candidate vaccine boosted humoral and cellular immune responses in all vaccinees. In older adults, higher humoral response, mostly neutralizing, was observed with increased RSVPreF3 antigen dosage and a tendency of higher cellular response was observed after adjuvanted formulations.FundingGlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SADisclosuresJavier Ruiz Guiñazú, MD MSc, GSK group of companies (Employee, Shareholder) Jelena Tica, PhD, GSK group of companies (Employee, Shareholder) Charles P. Andrews, MD, GSK group of companies (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Charles Fogarty, MD, GSK group of companies (Grant/Research Support) Edward Kerwin, MD, Amphastar (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau)AstraZeneca (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau)Boehringer Ingelheim (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau)Chiesi (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau)Cipla (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau)GSK group of companies (Employee, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau)Mylan (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau)Novartis (Employee, Advisor or Review Panel member, Research Grant or Support, Speaker’s Bureau)other around 40 pharmaceutical companies (Other Financial or Material Support, conducted multicenter clinical research trials)Pearl (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau)Sunovion (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau)Theravance (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Speaker’s Bureau) Isabel Leroux-Roels, MD PhD, GSK group of companies (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Corinne Vandermeulen, MD PhD, GSK group of companies (Other Financial or Material Support, My university only received Grant/Research Support) Marie-Pierre David, MSc, GSK group of companies (Employee, Shareholder) Nancy Dezutter, PhD, PharmD, RPh, GSK group of companies (Employee, Shareholder) Nathalie De Schrevel, PhD, GSK group of companies (Employee) Laurence Fissette, MSc, GSK group of companies (Employee) Narcisa Mesaros, MD, MSc, GSK group of companies (Employee)

Parents' use of extreme physical violence is associated with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in children

BackgroundChildren who grow in settings where parenting is harsh tend to develop a response tendency that may give rise to a chronic pro-inflammatory state. Thus, we aimed to identify if experiencing abuse triggers an increase in the child high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in a population birth cohort, Generation XXI. MethodsAt cohort participants age of 7 years, information on parents’ disciplinary practices was collected by trained interviewers using the Conflict Tactics Scale Parent-Child version. Venous blood samples were obtained after overnight fast and hs-CRP was quantified. ResultsOf 4175 participants, 44.0% of children reported low frequency of physical violence, 50.1% reported frequent but not severe physical violence, 5.3% reported frequent and severe physical violence, and 0.6% children reported parental extreme physical violence. Higher levels of hs-CRP were observed among children who reported the highest grade of violence severity (58.3%). After adjustment for child's sex, age and parental education, the increasing grade of violence severity increased the odds of higher hs-CRP levels. LimitationsNo significant increase in the levels of hs-CRP was found in children exposed to less severe violence. However that does not mean that those forms of violence have no impact on health in the long-term period. Also, the cross-sectional nature of the study prevents us from concluding the directionality of the effects, although we provided theoretical arguments for the proposed pathway. ConclusionsChildren physically abused by their parent(s) present heightened inflammation levels. Thus, our results show that stressful events may impact inflammatory processes even at very early ages.

Inhibitory control and impulsive responses in neurodevelopmental disorders.

The impairment of inhibitory control is often assumed to be the core deficit of several neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by poor impulse control. However, could the same deficit explain different clinical phenotypes? Evidence from behavioural studies is very mixed. This is partly because inhibition is a highly complex executive function. Thus, the different types of tasks that generically tap into inhibitory control are likely to provide different outcomes. Additionally, sample inhomogeneity in terms of age, comorbidity, and medical treatment are confounding factors. Therefore, to make a reliable assessment of the deficit of inhibitory control in a given disorder, the same task and samples with similar characteristics must be employed. This article reviews and discusses studies on five neurodevelopmental disorders with impaired impulse control where these criteria have been used: Tourette syndrome; obsessive-compulsive disorder; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; primary motor stereotypies; and autism spectrum disorder. Overall, they suggest that the mechanisms underlying the inability to control urges are extremely heterogeneous and cannot be ascribed to a general impairment of inhibition. These findings do not support the hypothesis that inhibitory deficits represent a transdiagnostic feature of neurodevelopmental disorders with poor impulse control. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: The mechanisms underlying the inability to control urges in neurodevelopmental disorders are heterogeneous. Inhibition impairments cannot generally explain all neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by poor urge control.

Parents' responses to their children's performance: A process examination in the United States and China.

This research examined the idea that children's inferences about their parents' goals for them is a possible mechanism by which parents' responses to their children's performance contribute to children's psychological functioning. American (N = 447; Mage = 13.24 years; 49% girls; 95% European American) and Chinese (N = 439; Mage = 13.36 years; 52% girls) early adolescents reported on parents' responses to their performance, parents' self-worth and self-improvement goals for them, and their psychological functioning (e.g., subjective well-being) twice over a year. The more parents used success-oriented responses, the more their children inferred they held self-worth goals, which predicted enhanced psychological functioning among children over time. The more parents used failure responses, the more their children inferred they held self-improvement goals, but this did not underlie the tendency for parents' failure responses to predict poorer psychological functioning over time. These pathways tended to be stronger in the United States than China. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Control of response interference: caudate nucleus contributes to selective inhibition

While the role of cortical regions in cognitive control processes is well accepted, the contribution of subcortical structures (e.g., the striatum), especially to the control of response interference, remains controversial. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the cortical and particularly subcortical neural mechanisms of response interference control (including selective inhibition). Thirteen healthy young participants underwent event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a unimanual version of the Simon task. In this task, successful performance required the resolution of stimulus–response conflicts in incongruent trials by selectively inhibiting interfering response tendencies. The behavioral results show an asymmetrical Simon effect that was more pronounced in the contralateral hemifield. Contrasting incongruent trials with congruent trials (i.e., the overall Simon effect) significantly activated clusters in the right anterior cingulate cortex, the right posterior insula, and the caudate nucleus bilaterally. Furthermore, a region of interest analysis based on previous patient studies revealed that activation in the bilateral caudate nucleus significantly co-varied with a parameter of selective inhibition derived from distributional analyses of response times. Our results corroborate the notion that the cognitive control of response interference is supported by a fronto-striatal circuitry, with a functional contribution of the caudate nucleus to the selective inhibition of interfering response tendencies.

249 Evaluation of FluidQuip Dried Distillers Grains plus Solubles in Cattle Finishing Diets

Abstract A 112 d finishing study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) from the MSC-Fiber stream of the FluidQuip post-fermentation fiber separation process compared to conventional DDGS. Yearling crossbred steers (n = 240, initial BW = 463 ± 35kg) were blocked by initial BW, stratified by BW, and assigned randomly to pen (n = 30; 8 steers/pen). Treatments were arranged as a 2×2 + 1 factorial with DDGS type (MSC DDGS [MSC]; Conventional DDGS [CONV]) and inclusion level (20 or 40% diet DM) as the factors. All treatments were compared to a corn-based control (CON). DDGS replaced a 60:40 blend of high-moisture corn and dry-rolled corn. All diets contained 7.5% alfalfa hay and supplement. Data were analyzed as a randomized block design with pen as experimental unit and block as fixed effect. Increasing concentrations of CONV or MSC resulted in a linear increase in DMI (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Steers fed 40% MSC had the greatest DMI (P &amp;lt; 0.01) while CON steers had the least (P &amp;lt; 0.02). Daily gains for MSC steers linearly increased (P = 0.03), while CONV steers showed a tendency for a quadratic response to ADG (P=0.08). Feed efficiency of CONV steers increased quadratically (P = 0.04) and tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.09) for steers fed MSC. Efficiency was greatest for 20% CONV but not different (P &amp;gt; 0.16) than CON, or 20% MSC. Steers fed 40% MSC or 40% CONV were not different in feed efficiency. Inclusion of MSC DDGS resulted in linear increases in DMI and ADG over CON, but decreased feed efficiency by 1.0 and 5.3% resulting in MSC DDGS having a relative feeding value of 95.0 and 86.7% of corn at 20 and 40% DM, respectively.

164 Evaluation of the energy value of soybean meal relative to corn based on growth performance of 11- to 22-kg pigs

Abstract A 21-d experiment was conducted to estimate the energy value of soybean meal (SBM) and determine the effects of increasing SBM on pig performance. A total of 2,233 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050), initially 11.0 kg, were placed in pens containing 20 to 27 pigs. Treatments were assigned in a randomized complete block design with BW as blocking factor. Dietary treatments consisted of 21, 27, 33, or 39% SBM obtained by changing the amount of feed-grade amino acids and corn. There were 23 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency (CE). Cull pigs and mortality were evaluated daily. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There was a tendency (P = 0.090) for a quadratic response for ADG, with a decrease in ADG observed with 39% SBM. There was a tendency (linear, P = 0.092) for a decrease in ADFI as SBM increased. Pigs fed diets with increasing SBM had a tendency (quadratic, P = 0.069) for an increase in G:F up to 33% SBM and an improvement (linear, P = 0.001; quadratic, P = 0.063) in CE with increasing SBM. There was no evidence for differences (P ≥ 0.457) in cull pigs and mortality. Using CE to estimate the energy of SBM relative to corn, a value of 105.4% of corn energy or 2,816 kcal/kg NE was determined using all data points. When removing the CE value of the 39% SBM treatment due to the quadratic tendency, SBM was estimated to have 121.1% of corn energy or 3,236 kcal/kg NE. The results suggest that feeding increasing levels of SBM improves G:F and CE. The energy value of SBM was estimated between 105 and 121% of corn, which is much greater than the NRC (2012) would suggest.

Mechanisms for the stimulatory effects of a five-component mixture of antibiotics in Microcystis aeruginosa at transcriptomic and proteomic levels

Antibiotic contaminants could promote the formation of harmful cyanobacterial blooms through hormetic stimulation, but the mechanisms underlying these stimulatory effects remain unclear. This study investigated the biochemical, transcriptomic, and proteomic responses of a dominant bloom-forming cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa, to a five-component mixture of frequently detected antibiotics at current contamination levels. The growth rate of M. aeruginosa presented a U-shaped dose-response to 50–500 ng L-1 of mixed antibiotics. Alterations in the transcriptome of M. aeruginosa suggested the excitation of both photosynthesis and carbon metabolism, increasing energy generation in response to oxidative stress induced by low-dose antibiotics, and thus contributing to the significant (p < 0.05) increase in growth rate, Fv/Fm, and cell density. Comparison between transcriptomic and proteomic responses further confirmed the action mode of the mixed antibiotics. Proteins and their corresponding genes related to ROS scavenging, photosynthesis, carbon fixation, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and biosynthesis, showed consistent expression tendencies in response to 200 ng L-1 of mixed antibiotics, which were credible action targets of mixed antibiotics in M. aeruginosa. Mixed antibiotics stimulated microcystin synthesis by upregulating a microcystin synthetase and its encoding gene (mcyC), which could increase the hazard of M. aeruginosa in aquatic environments.

Primary caregiver emotional expressiveness relates to toddler emotion understanding

The present study examined the impact of emotional expressiveness in toddlers’ environments on their emotion understanding. Primary caregivers of 35 toddlers completed two surveys regarding the family’s emotional expressiveness and the primary caregiver’s expressivity. Toddlers participated in the Affective Knowledge Test to measure emotion understanding. Toddler emotion understanding related to primary caregiver expressivity, but not family expressiveness. Further, toddler emotion understanding related to primary caregiver Impulse Strength, but not Negative or Positive Emotionality. This suggests that primary caregivers with more impulsive emotional response tendencies may help their children to identify associations between emotional events and reactions.