Array Response Research Articles

Analysis, modeling and design of piezoelectric-capacitive hybrid micromachined ultrasonic transducer

Abstract This paper proposes a spring-mass-damper model for a piezoelectric-capacitive hybrid micromechanical ultrasonic transducer (HMUT) in immersion. Based on this model, a dual-force actuation mode is identified, where piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) and capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) are strongly coupled to achieve enhanced sensitivity. In order to design HMUT efficiently, an electro-mechanical-acoustical equivalent circuit model (ECM) is constructed and then the round-trip gain is calculated to demonstrate its pulse-echo response. The ECM calculations results align with those of finite element model (FEM) simulations, showing a relative deviation less than 4%. In the design cases, the transmit sensitivity of HMUT is twice that of PMUT and more than five times that of CMUT. The receive sensitivity of HMUT is 1% lower than that of CMUT, but an order of magnitude larger than that of PMUT. The round-trip gain of the HMUT is at least 24.9 dB higher than that of PMUT and 14.1 dB higher than that of CMUT. These results demonstrate the potential of HMUT in surpassing bulk piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers in pulse-echo imaging. Furthermore, the impact of cell pitch on the pulse-echo response of HMUT arrays is characterize.

A micropore nanoband electrode array for enhanced electrochemical generation/analysis in flow systems.

Our previous work has established that micron-resolution photolithography can be employed to make microsquare nanoband edge electrode (MNEE) arrays. The MNEE configuration enables systematic control of the parameters (electrode number, cavity array spacing, and nanoelectrode dimensions and placement) that control geometry, conferring a consistent high-fidelity electrode response across the array (e.g., high signal, high signal-to-noise, low limits of detection and fast, steady-state, reproducible and quantitative response) and allowing the tuning of individual and combined electrode interactions. Building on this, in this paper we now produce and characterise a micropore nanoband electrode (MNE) array designed for flow-through detection, where an MNEE edge electrode configuration is used to form a nanotube electrode embedded in the wall of each micropore, formed as an array of pores of controlled size and placement through an insulating membrane of sub-micrometer thickness. The success of this approach is established by the close correspondence between experiment and simulation and the enhanced and quantitative detection of redox species flowing through the micropores over the very wide range of flow rates relevant, e.g., to applications in (bio)sensing and chromatography. Quantitative electrochemical reaction with low conversion, suitable for analysis, is demonstrated at high flow, whilst quantitative electrochemical reaction with high conversion, suitable for electrochemical product generation, is enabled at lower flow. The fundamental array response is analysed in terms of established flow theories, demonstrating the additive contributions of within-pore enhanced diffusional (nanoband edge) and advective (Levich-type) currents, the control of the degree of diffusional overlap between pores through pore spacing and flow rate, the control by design across length scales ranging from nanometer through micrometer to a centimetre array, and the ready determination of physicochemical parameters, enabling discussion of the potential of this breakthrough technology to address unmet needs in generation and analysis.

Design and implementation of an edge embedded intelligent electronic nose system based on 1D convolutional neural network and online passive-aggressive algorithms (1DCNN-OPA)

As an artificial olfactory bionic technology, the electronic nose finds extensive applications in healthcare, food, and environmental monitoring areas. It monitors the concentration, level or composition of the measured gas/odor based on the response of a sensor array, combined with artificial intelligence technologies like pattern recognition and deep learning. To effectively address the growing demands for system intelligence, processing efficiency, and recognition accuracy in electronic nose systems, this study proposes an intelligent edge-embedded electronic nose system based on online learning. The system is developed based on an array composed of 7 commercial gas sensors, and cooperated by a single chip micro-controller and an embedded GPU platform. A gas/odor recognition algorithm based on the one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN) incorporated with an Online Passive-Aggressive (OPA) algorithm, named as 1DCNN-OPA is proposed and embedded into the system to enhance the gas/odor recognition accuracy with online transfer learning and incremental learning scheme. Meanwhile, the algorithm model is optimized for inference acceleration to achieve efficient deployment at the embedded edge. Experimental results demonstrate that the designed intelligent electronic nose system performs well on different platforms. In the task of gas/odor concentration estimation, the system achieves a classification accuracy exceeding 95%, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.82 for peracetic acid concentration quantification. Compared to PC platforms, the inference speed on embedded edge devices is increased by 30 times, effectively improving processing efficiency and portability while ensuring accuracy, thus meeting the application requirements for detection/monitoring of gas environments in various scenarios.

Understanding responses to multi-electrode epiretinal stimulation using a biophysical model.

Neural interfaces are designed to evoke specific patterns of electrical activity in populations of neurons by stimulating with many electrodes. However, currents passed simultaneously through multiple electrodes often combine nonlinearly to drive neural responses, making evoked responses difficult to predict and control. This response nonlinearity could arise from the interaction of many excitable sites in each cell, any of which can produce a spike. However, this multi-site activation hypothesis is difficult to verify experimentally. We developed a biophysical model to study retinal ganglion cell (RGC) responses to multi-electrode stimulation and validated it using data collected from ex vivo preparations of the macaque retina using a microelectrode array (512 electrodes; 30µm pitch; 10µm diameter). First, the model was validated by using it to reproduce essential empirical findings from single-electrode recording and stimulation, including recorded spike voltage waveforms at multiple locations and sigmoidal responses to injected current. Then, stimulation with two electrodes was modeled to test how the positioning of the electrodes relative to the cell affected the degree of response nonlinearity. Currents passed through pairs of electrodes positioned near the cell body or far from the axon (>40 µm) exhibited approximately linear summation in evoking spikes. Currents passed through pairs of electrodes close to the axon summed linearly when their locations along the axon were similar, and nonlinearly otherwise. Over a range of electrode placements, several distinct, localized spike initiation sites were observed, and the number of these sites covaried with the degree of response nonlinearity. Similar trends were observed for three-electrode stimuli. All of these trends in the simulation were consistent with experimental observations. Significance . These findings support the multi-site activation hypothesis for nonlinear activation of neurons, providing a biophysical interpretation of previous experimental results and potentially enabling more efficient use of multi-electrode stimuli in future neural implants.

Single snapshot-based miniaturized mid-infrared spectrometer with a dielectric metasurface

Mid-infrared spectroscopy is critical for applications like environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics, as it includes the fundamental vibrational frequencies of many molecular bonds, enabling detailed chemical analysis. We developed a miniature mid-infrared spectrometer using a fully dielectric metasurface operating in the 3–5 µm range. By combining simple structural units, design flexibility was enhanced, resulting in rich spectral data. The spectrometer was evaluated using narrowband, broadband, and transmission spectra of real materials. We detected the spectral responses of metasurface arrays and determined the unknown spectrum using an algorithm based on Tikhonov regularization with generalized cross-validation. By reconstructing multiple narrow spectra obtained through rotating the filters, spectral resolution intervals of approximately 10 nm were achieved.

The Arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligase DOA10A promotes localization of abscisic acid (ABA) receptors to the membrane through mono-ubiquitination in ABA signaling.

The endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) system eliminates misfolded and short-lived proteins to maintain physiological homeostasis in the cell. We have previously reported that ERAD is involved in salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. Given the central role of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) in plant stress responses, we sought to identify potential intersections between the ABA and the ERAD pathways in plant stress response. By screening for the ABA response of a wide array of ERAD mutants, we isolated a gain-of-function mutant, doa10a-1, which conferred ABA hypersensitivity to seedlings. Genetic and biochemical assays showed that DOA10A is a functional E3 ubiquitin ligase which, by acting in concert with specific E2 enzymes, mediates mono-ubiquitination of the ABA receptor, followed by their relocalization to the plasma membrane. This in turn leads to enhanced ABA perception. In summary, we report here the identification of a novel RING-type E3 ligase, DOA10A, which regulates ABA perception by affecting the localization and the activity of ABA receptors through their mono-ubiquitination.

A tensor model for the calibration of air-coupled ultrasonic sensor arrays in 3D imaging

Arrays of ultrasonic sensors are capable of 3D imaging in air and an affordable supplement to other sensing modalities, such as radar, lidar, and camera, i.e.in heterogeneous sensing systems. However, manufacturing tolerances of air-coupled ultrasonic sensors may lead to amplitude and phase deviations. Together with artifacts from imperfect knowledge of the array geometry, there are numerous factors that can impair the imaging performance of an array. We propose a reference-based calibration method to overcome possible limitations. First, we introduce a novel tensor signal model to capture the characteristics of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers (PUTs) and the underlying multidimensional nature of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) sensor array. Second, we formulate and solve an optimization problem based on this model to obtain the calibrated parameters of the array. Third, we assess both our model and the commonly used analytic model using real data from a 3D imaging experiment. The experiment reveals that our array response model we learned with calibration data yields an imaging performance similar to that of the analytic array model, which requires perfect array geometry information.

Performance of synthetic DAS as a function of array geometry

Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) can record acoustic wavefields at high sampling rates and with dense spatial resolution difficult to achieve with seismometers. Using optical scattering induced by cable deformation, DAS can record strain fields with ones of meters spatial resolution. However, many experiments utilizing DAS have relied on unused, dark telecommunication fibers. As a result, the geophysical community has not fully explored DAS survey parameters to characterize the ideal array design. This limits our understanding of guiding principles in array design to deploy DAS effectively and efficiently in the field. A better quantitative understanding of DAS array behavior can help improve the quality of the data recorded by guiding the DAS array design. Here we use array response functions as well as beamforming and back-projection results from forward modelling calculations to assess the performance of varying DAS array geometries to record regional and local sources. A regular heptagon DAS array demonstrated improved capabilities for recording regional sources over segmented linear arrays, with potential improvements in recording and locating local sources. These results reveal DAS array performance as a function of geometry and can guide future DAS deployments.

Hyperspectral Analysis of Silicon Nanowires Manufactured Through Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching

Abstract This study used hyperspectral imaging to analyze localized near-field interactions between incident electromagnetic waves and silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays manufactured through catalytic etching of Si wafers for different durations. The results revealed that the unetched upper surface area on Si wafers and reflection of incident light decreased with increasing etching time. A light reflection band peaking at approximately 880 nm was generated from arrays etched for more than 1 h. We used six separate hyperspectral images to analyze the wavelength-dependent spatial optical responses of the fabricated SiNW arrays. The images revealed hot spots of light reflection from unetched Si surfaces in the wavelength range of 470–750 nm and a resonant peak at 880 nm for a photonic crystal derived from a random SiNW array. Accordingly, hyperspectral imaging enables the assessment of localized optical responses of SiNW arrays, which can then be optimized to cater to various applications.

Plasmonic Coupling for High‐Sensitivity Detection of Low Molecular Weight Molecules

This article presents a novel plasmonic sensing platform designed for the detection of low molecular weight molecules, offering significant advancements in diagnostic applications. The platform features a periodic array of gold nanodisks on a 20 nm thin silica layer, supported by a 100 nm thick gold substrate. By leveraging the coupling between localized and propagating surface plasmon resonances, this design significantly enhances the sensitivity and specificity of molecular detection. Finite element method simulations are conducted to characterize the optical properties and reflectance response of the nanodisks array in the visible to near‐infrared range. Ellipsometric analysis is performed to measure the reflectance of the sample at various angles. Additionally, scanning near‐field optical microscopy in reflectance mode validates the design by revealing well‐defined plasmonic hot spots and interference patterns consistent with the simulated results. The findings demonstrate the platform's effectiveness in amplifying optical signals, achieving a limit of detection of 50 μM for molecules with a molecular weight of less than 1 KDa. This high sensitivity and specificity highlight the potential of the proposed plasmonic platform to advance the development of highly sensitive sensors for low molecular weight molecules, making it a valuable tool for diagnostics and precise molecular detection.

An Experimental and Numerical Study of Motion Responses of Multi-Body Arrays with Hinge Connections

Hinged multi-body systems are gaining popularity in the field of ocean engineering. Their performance is commonly evaluated using numerical simulations, but comparisons with experimental data are required to ensure the accuracy of the computational tools. However, there is a dearth of experimental studies on the motion performance of hinged multi-body systems, particularly those involving more than two hinged floating bodies. This study aims to fill this gap in experimental data for hinged multi-body systems beyond two bodies. The rectangular box was chosen as the test model due to its stable hydrodynamic properties and ease of numerical modelling. Five identical boxes were prefabricated and subsequently tested in the pool in a sequence ranging from one to five boxes to capture the motion performance. Additionally, a numerical programme based on potential flow theory was developed for mutual validation with the experimental data. Firstly, the physical properties of each box were determined through equations calculation and a free decay test, enabling the acquisition of all parameters for conducting numerical simulations. Then, the response amplitude operator (RAO) curves for the heave and pitch motion of a single box were depicted, and the results indicated that the resonant frequency in pitch direction obtained from the regular wave test was consistent with that obtained from the free decay test. Finally, the motion RAO curves of hinged multi-body systems were presented and analysed. The agreement between the measured and computed results confirms the suitability of the experimental data presented in this study as benchmark data for validating numerical simulations.

Evaluation of a prototype array for daily quality assurance in spot scanning proton therapy.

Quality assurance (QA) on a daily basis is an essential task in radiotherapy. In pencil beam scanning proton therapy (PBS), there is a lack of available practical QA devices for routine daily QA in comparison to conventional radiotherapy. The aim was to characterize and evaluate a prototype for the task of daily QA routine for PBS with parameters recommended by the AAPM TG 224, that is, the dose output constancy, the spot position and the distal range verification. Furthermore, a time efficient calibration method for fast and reliable daily QA routine was established for theprototype. First, a calibration routine was designed and evaluated, which characterizes the array response and allows for a conversion of the measured signal to clinically needed QA parameters. Finally, a time and resource efficient daily QA routine was developed andtested. The prototype array can distinguish spot position deviations with sub-millimeter accuracy, as well as changes in the spot size in terms of FWHM with a 2 sensitivity. The range and thus the energy can be evaluated at different depths also with sub-millimeter precision. After some training, the setup of the prototype device took roughly two minutes and the total beamtime was about one minuteon cyclotron site and five minutesfor synchrotrons. A prototype for daily QA in spot scanning proton therapy was evaluated, which features a fast and easy setup and allows for measuring relevant beam parameters, typically within less than a minute of beam time. All QA parameters as recommended by the AAPM TG 224 report can be analyzed with sufficientaccuracy.

Deep beamforming for speech enhancement and speaker localization with an array response-aware loss function

Recent research advances in deep neural network (DNN)-based beamformers have shown great promise for speech enhancement under adverse acoustic conditions. Different network architectures and input features have been explored in estimating beamforming weights. In this paper, we propose a deep beamformer based on an efficient convolutional recurrent network (CRN) trained with a novel ARray RespOnse-aWare (ARROW) loss function. The ARROW loss exploits the array responses of the target and interferer by using the ground truth relative transfer functions (RTFs). The DNN-based beamforming system, trained with ARROW loss through supervised learning, is able to perform speech enhancement and speaker localization jointly. Experimental results have shown that the proposed deep beamformer, trained with the linearly weighted scale-invariant source-to-noise ratio (SI-SNR) and ARROW loss functions, achieves superior performance in speech enhancement and speaker localization compared to two baselines.

Dithiothreitol-functionalized perovskite-based visual sensing array capable of distinguishing food oils

At present, the combination of fingerprint recognition methods and environmentally friendly and economical analytical instruments is becoming increasingly important in the food industry. Herein, a dithiothreitol (DTT)-functionalized CsPbBr3-based colorimetric sensor array is developed for qualitatively differentiating multiple food oils. In this sensor array composition, two types of iodides (octadecylammonium iodide (ODAI) and ZnI2) are used as recognition elements, and CsPbBr3 is used as a signal probe for the sensor array. Different food oils oxidize iodides differently, resulting in different amounts of remaining iodides. Halogen ion exchange occurs between the remaining iodides and CsPbBr3, leading to different colors observed under ultraviolet light, enabling a unique fingerprint for each food oil. A total of five food oils exhibit their unique colorimetric array's response patterns and were successfully differentiated by linear discriminant analysis (LDA), realizing 100% classification accuracy.

Visual detection of aldehyde gases using a silver-loaded paper-based colorimetric sensor array

The small molecule aldehydes are volatile organic compounds (VOCs), possessing cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Long-term exposure can pose a serious threat to human health. Based on an in-situ reduction colorimetric method to generate silver nanoparticles and induce colorimetric response, we proposed a silver-loaded paper-based colorimetric sensor array for visually detecting and differentiating five relatively common trace small molecule aldehyde gases. The silver ions are immobilized onto a porous filter paper and stabilized by complexing agents of branched polyethyleneimine, ethylenediamine, and 1,6-diaminohexane, respectively. The as-fabricated sensor array expresses remarkable stability and capacity to resist humidity. The qualitative analysis reveals that the sensor array has excellent selectivity for aldehyde gases and displays remarkable anti-interference ability. The quantitative analysis indicates that the sensor array exhibits superior sensitivity for five aldehyde gases, with limits of detection (LODs) of 9.0 ppb for formaldehyde (FA), 3.1 ppm for acetaldehyde (AA), 3.5 ppm for propionaldehyde (PA), 23.8 ppb for glutaric dialdehyde (GD), and 71.5 ppb for hydroxy formaldehyde (HF), respectively. Importantly, these LODs are all comfortably below their respective permissible exposure limits. A unique colorimetric response fingerprint is observed for each analyte. Standard chemometric methods illustrate that the sensor array has excellent clustering capability for these aldehyde gases. Additionally, the sensor array's response is irreversible and possesses outstanding performance for cumulative monitoring. This colorimetric sensor array based on silver ions reduced to silver nanoparticles offers a novel detection method for the continuous, ultrasensitive, and visual detection of trace airborne pollutants.

Scalable and adaptable tactile sensor array with island-bridge-form sensing units for multi-directional stimuli recognition

Multiple mechanical stimuli recognition ability with direction discrimination function is of importance for a tactile sensor. However, typical multi-directional tactile sensor needs complex analysis to classify ambiguous output signals because of the nonspecific response. Besides, conventional sensor array layout with separate output ports for each sensor unit limits the integration and adaptability of the sensor system. This work proposes a novel sensor array configuration with island-bridge-form sensing units to isolate pressure and shear loading. Meanwhile, the reasonable integration scheme with specially-designed circuit effectively reduces the total output ports and data acquisition cost, capable of scaling up the sensor array according to application scenarios easily. A series of experiments and analysis from the characterization of sensing units to real-time recording of multiple mechanical stimuli are conducted, showing the independent, timely and high-sensitivity response of the tactile sensor array, exhibiting the application potential in human–machine interaction, wearable electronics and soft robotics.

Investigation of Chemiresisitive Electronic Nose for the Analysis of Multiple Analytes Using Pattern Recognition Algorithm

The multiple analytes produced during the operation of nuclear facilities are required to monitor the smooth operation of the plant in the environment of high temperature and radioactivity in real time. A chemiresisitive electronic nose was investigated and developed to analyze the multiple analytes generated in the nuclear reactor/allied facilities. An electronic nose consists of chemiresisitive sensor, array, housing, hardware, software, and pattern recognition algorithm. The sensor and array of different semiconductor metal oxides were prepared, processed, and developed to sense the multiple analytes. The hardware and data acquisition software (DAS) was designed and developed to acquire the dynamic responses from the array of four sensors. The hardware provides a low excitation voltage for measurement of the dynamic response of four sensors towards the improvement of the life of the sensor. The various experiments were conducted with multiple analytes at different temperatures to study the analysis of analytes. The performance of the hardware and DAS were tested and evaluated with the sensor array responses towards three analytes, viz., hydrogen (H2), formaldehyde (HCHO), and hydrazine (NH2NH2). Different features evaluated from the response traces were processed to teach the instrument using pattern recognition algorithms. The training and real-time testing of the sensor array realized the qualitative discrimination and quantitative estimation of the analytes.

Enhanced UV photodetection in SnO2 microwire arrays (MWAs) thin films by γ-ray irradiation

In this study, the gamma ray irradiation-induced photoelectric responses of SnO2 microwire arrays (MWAs) UV photodetectors were investigated and compared with the unirradiated state. The corresponding surface morphology, crystal structure, and XPS spectrum were analyzed. Results indicated that low doses (≤500krad) of gamma ray irradiation led to enhanced photocurrent and responsivity, whereas high doses resulted in significant degradation of the photoelectric response. At a radiation dose of 300krad, a photocurrent of 264 μA and a responsivity of 1.83 A/W were realized under 365 nm UV light illumination at a bias voltage of 5 V. These values represent an increase of 34.6 % and 44.1 %, respectively, compared with the unirradiated sample. Surprisingly, the fabricated SnO2 MWAs UV photodetectors demonstrated resilience to gamma ray irradiation doses up to 500krad, which is equivalent to the radiation dose accumulated by satellites in low-Earth orbit over 20 years. Our findings suggested that the fabricated SnO2 microwire arrays (MWAs) UV detector has the potential to be used for long-term space missions.

GOLD PLASMONIC ARRAY STRUCTURES FOR SENSING APPLICATIONS

This article is devoted to the theoretical study of the plasmonic properties of periodically arranged arrays of gold nanoparticles. The Comsol Multiphysics software, which is based on the finite element method, was used to build 3D numerical models for the simulation and conduct research. In this work the electric field distribution and optical characteristics of the spherical gold nanoparticles array were studied. Individual localized surface plasmon resonance modes are influenced when metallic nanoparticles are in the close proximity and as a result the electric near- fields can couple, resulting in a new hybrid mode. We mainly focused here on the investigation of two crucial questions, particularly, influences of the gap between the nanoparticles and the refractive index of the surrounding medium on the resulting optical response of the gold nanoparticles arrays. The array of periodically arragement gold nanoparticles is characterized by an enhanced local electric field between the nanoparticles, which is inversely proportional to the gap between the particles. The field strength and optical properties (reflection, transmission, and absorption) can be conveniently manipulated by changing the gap between particles. In additional, their potential applications as sensetive plasmonic sensors element have been considered. The studied structure has a significant potential for practical applications due to its wide range of the operating wavelengths and ease of the high-throughput fabrication. In the course of the study, it was established that the change in the distance between the surface of nanoparticles by 1 nm leads to a significant shift in the spectral transmission and reflection curves on the spectral range. In addition, these studies showed that an increase in the distance between the surfaces of nanoparticles leads to the decrease in the near-field interaction between gold nanoparticles in the array. Therefore, the obtained results can be successfully used in the manufacture of highly sensitive plasmon sensors with the possibility of controlling the sensitivity and the working spectral range.

Analytical solutions for hydrodynamic responses of arrays of floating truncated cylinders using multi-term Galerkin method and its application to a new wave energy converter device

In the context of linear water wave theory, the analytical solutions for the diffraction and radiation of a truncated cylinder array are developed in the presence of ambient incident waves. Each cylinder in the array can oscillate with five degrees of freedom (DOFs), i.e., surge, sway, heave, roll, and pitch. This paper adopts the multi-term Galerkin method to expand the fluid velocity at the interface of different regions into a set of basis functions containing Gegenbauer polynomials, which accurately and efficiently characterizes the cube root singularity of the fluid velocity near the edges of the truncated cylinders. Using the dynamic equilibrium equations, the amplitudes of each DOF of the cylinders in the array are solved. The analytical solution presented in this paper converges rapidly, and high-precision hydrodynamic response results can be obtained using just a few truncated terms (e.g., the upper bounds of m0 = 5 and p0 = 22 can yield results of five-figure accuracy). For the 4-cylinder array, under the same accuracy conditions (the error less than 1%), the computation time of the conventional method developed by Zeng et al. [“Hydrodynamic interactions between waves and cylinder arrays of relative motions composed of truncated floating cylinders with five degrees of freedom,” J. Fluids Struct. 115, 103785 (2022d)] based on the exact algebraic method [Kagemoto and Yue, “Interactions among multiple three-dimensional bodies in water waves: An exact algebraic method,” J. Fluid Mech. 166, 189–209 (1986)] is 3.9 times longer than that of the present method. As the number of cylinders increases, the advantage of the present method in terms of convergence speed becomes more apparent, e.g., for the 16-cylinder array, the conventional solution takes 6.3 times longer than the present solution. To extract wave energy more efficiently, a new 5DOF wave energy converter (WEC) device that can extract energy in 5DOFs is proposed. The present method is adopted to investigate the hydrodynamic performance of the 5DOF WEC arrays. Compared with the traditional 1DOF (heave) WEC, the 5DOF WEC can significantly improve the energy capture performance of arrays, especially in the high-frequency wave region.