Cognitive performance is significantly affected by sleep, but mild chronic sleep deprivation in daily life remains difficult to measure. Laboratory-enforced sleep restriction may not fully replicate real-life conditions. This study investigates whether Social Jet Lag (SJL), an indicator of misalignment between biological and social time, can used as a proxy for mild chronic sleep deprivation and its impact on cognitive function. Participants leading typical social lives were selected based on their SJL scores, and cognitive performance was assessed using an online experiment incorporating a Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and a Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) at different times (post-wake and pre-sleep) and across multiple days (Sunday, Monday, and Friday). Generalised linear modelling (GLM) revealed that SJL was consistently the most explanatory factor for cognitive performance, while test timing also had a significant impact. Cognitive performance impairments due to SJL remained stable across days, suggesting a stable influence of sleep timing irregularity. Additionally, SJL was associated with increased false-positive rates in the SART, indicating reduced response inhibition ability. While SJL proved to be a useful measure compared to average sleep duration and the Sleep Regularity Index (SRI), its effectiveness may be specific to populations following structured work schedules.

Rapid online control (ROC) enables in-flight movement adjustments when targets shift unexpectedly and is critical for everyday function and safety, particularly in aging. Laboratory studies have reported mixed findings on age-related changes in ROC, with some attributing differences to general motor slowing. A recent lab-based study (Wang et al., 2025) demonstrated that older adults' prolonged correction latencies could not be fully explained by slowing and were linked to motor imagery ability. The present study replicated and extended these findings in a larger, continuous adult lifespan sample (N = 241; ages 20-79) using an online double-step reaching paradigm with mouse-cursor tracking. Linear mixed-effects models revealed robust age-related declines in ROC, characterized by longer correction latencies and more rigid corrective movements, even after accounting for device variability and general slowing. Participants increasingly relied on a speed-accuracy trade-off strategy with age, extending movement durations to preserve endpoint accuracy. While older adults' correction latency was linked to their motor imagery efficiency, unlike the previous lab study, the endpoint accuracy was not associated with motor imagery but primarily dependent on the kinematic feature of correction deviation. Moreover, response inhibition, measured by the stop-signal task, emerged as a robust predictor of correction efficiency across the lifespan. These findings confirm age-related declines in ROC under more heterogeneous, real-world conditions and show mouse-cursor tracking as a viable method for large-scale, online studies of motor control across the adult lifespan. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Screen time patterns and cognitive development among preschool children.

The impaired inhibition of negative information in patients with major depressive disorder based on event-related potentials and machine learning algorithms.

This pilot study evaluated the efficacy of a novel electronic cognitive training program aimed at alleviating anxiety in vocational college students. The intervention uniquely combined bilateral eye movements, drawing on principles of EMDR, with inhibitory control training. Fifty-four vocational college students with high anxiety symptoms were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 18) or the waiting control group (n = 33). The experimental group received a 1-month CogniMove program training, while the control group received no intervention for the time being. Results indicated that participants in the experimental group exhibited significantly greater reductions in anxiety compared to controls. Longitudinal analyses further revealed that improvements in self-control partially mediated the intervention's anxiolytic effects, highlighting the role of self-regulatory mechanisms. These findings suggest that combining response inhibition training with bilateral eye movements constitutes a promising and accessible approach for reducing anxiety in educational contexts.

Cognitive performance is preserved following rapid heat stress exposure in firefighters.

Alteration of fronto-thalamic-striatal and visual network activity to positive emotional stimuli in adolescent patients with bipolar disorder during a Go/No-Go task-based functional brain MRI.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to provide a comprehensive comparison of inhibitory control performance among children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Specific Learning Disorder (SLD), and comorbid ADHD+SLD, relative to typically developing peers. It sought to clarify whether inhibitory control deficits are generalized across tasks or specific to distinct types of inhibition. A total of 120 children (30 per group; aged 9–11 years) participated. Three tasks assessed different facets of inhibitory control: the Stroop Color-Word Test (interference suppression), the Cued Go/No-Go Task (prepotent response inhibition), and the Stop-Signal Task (cancellation of ongoing responses). Analyses controlled for baseline processing speed. Findings revealed distinct inhibitory profiles. Children with ADHD showed broad deficits across all tasks, most pronounced in the Cued Go/No-Go Task, indicating a core weakness in prepotent response inhibition. The SLD group demonstrated slower reaction times, particularly in the Cued Go/No-Go Task in the initial analysis. Slower responses reflect both processing-speed deficits and potential differences in motor planning and execution. However, after statistically controlling for these general speed effects, the SLD group’s profile revealed a specific and significant deficit only in interference suppression, with no core impairment in prepotent response inhibition or action cancellation. The comorbid ADHD+SLD group exhibited the most severe and pervasive deficits across all measures, exceeding single-diagnosis groups, suggesting a synergistic impairment. These results support the multidimensional nature of inhibitory control and highlight disorder-specific neurocognitive signatures. The findings underscore the need for differentiated assessment and intervention approaches targeting distinct inhibitory processes and processing-speed deficits, particularly in children with comorbid conditions.

This Stage 2 Registered Report examined (1) the main effects and interaction of within-person daily associations between ovarian hormones (i.e., estrogen, progesterone) and loss of control eating (LOCE), and (2) the within-person mediating roles of food-related reward anticipation and response inhibition. Adolescent girls (n = 43) with regular menstrual cycles completed a baseline session followed by 35 days of ecological momentary assessment (multiple times per day), go/no-go tasks measuring response inhibition (daily), and saliva samples for hormone analyses (daily). There was a significant interaction between within-subjects estrogen and progesterone in relation to daily LOCE. Days when estrogen and progesterone were opposing (i.e., high estrogen, low progesterone and low estrogen, high progesterone) were associated with greater LOCE compared to days when both estrogen and progesterone were either high or low. Within-subjects, day-level progesterone level was negatively associated with higher reward anticipation, and greater prompt-level reward anticipation predicted higher subsequent LOCE at the following prompt; the indirect effect was non-significant, however. There were no associations of response inhibition with hormones or LOCE. Our findings highlight daily associations between ovarian hormones and LOCE among adolescent girls. Opposing levels of estrogen and progesterone heightened risk for LOCE. In addition, lower progesterone may increase food-related reward anticipation and in turn LOCE. Overall, this study advances momentary models of LOCE in adolescent girls by highlighting hormones and reward anticipation as maintenance processes for real-world LOCE.

ABSTRACT Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that impair functioning across multiple domains. While deficits in inhibitory control and processing speed are well-documented in ADHD, the precise neurocognitive mechanisms underlying these impairments and their specific relationships with ADHD symptom dimensions remain poorly understood. This study examined distinct profiles of processing speed and inhibitory control at the subcomponent level in 41 children with ADHD compared to 45 typically developing peers. Specifically, processing speed was dissociated into perceptual and verbal components, assessed via a visual recognition task (based on the theory of visual attention) and a rapid digit naming task, respectively. Inhibitory control was fractionated into response and interference inhibition, separately evaluated via go/no-go and flanker tasks. ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham rating scale IV. Results indicated that children with ADHD exhibited significantly lower verbal processing speed and impaired interference inhibition. Given significant correlations among these cognitive subcomponents and inattentive symptom, four mediation models were tested. Notably, only the model in which verbal processing speed mediated the relationship between interference inhibition and inattention was significant, suggesting that distinct cognitive deficits interact differentially to shape the clinical presentation of ADHD. These findings provide novel insights into the cognitive mechanisms underlying ADHD and have important implications for developing targeted cognitive interventions.

Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, has gained attention for its rapid antidepressant effects at subanesthetic doses. However, its potential for overdose and cognitive side effects, especially after misuse, remains a concern. The impact of ketamine on inhibitory control, a critical component of executive function, is not well understood. Oxytocin, a neuropeptide involved in emotional regulation and social cognition, may modulate cognitive functions, but its interaction with ketamine, particularly in relation to inhibitory control, remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ketamine on inhibitory control and explore whether oxytocin could mitigate these effects in a macaque monkey model. In experiment 1, macaque monkeys (N = 4) received intramuscular ketamine (0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg) or saline before performing the stop-signal task. In experiment 2, the 1.0 mg/kg ketamine dose was selected to assess whether intranasal oxytocin (50 IU) pretreatment could attenuate ketamine-induced cognitive impairments. Ketamine significantly impaired response inhibition and execution in a dose-dependent manner, with the greatest deficits at 1.0 mg/kg. Oxytocin pretreatment significantly restored inhibitory control, normalizing stop-signal reaction time to levels comparable to the saline control condition. These findings suggest that low-dose ketamine disrupts executive control in non-human primates, and that oxytocin may counteract these effects, particularly in inhibitory control. This interaction highlights a promising therapeutic pathway for executive dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders.

Medical assistance in dying (MAiD) is gaining legal and social acceptance; yet it remains ethically controversial and challenging for healthcare professionals. This functional MRI study examines how social norms and empathy influence MAiD decisions in 59 Australian medical students while evaluating hypothetical assisted-dying scenarios. Participants' decisions generally aligned with the legal framework. MAiD was approved when eligibility criteria were met (normative cases) and denied when they were not (nonnormative cases). Nonnormative scenarios elicited greater activation in frontoparietal brain regions involved in response selection and inhibition, consistent with increased decision difficulty. These scenarios elicited heightened activity in the precuneus, temporoparietal junction, and angular gyrus, along with stronger functional connectivity between the anterior hippocampus and the precuneus, suggesting greater reliance on memory retrieval and mentalizing. Normative scenarios were associated with increased amygdala activity, particularly among less religious participants, suggesting a role for negative affective salience. Greater activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and this region, suggest positive feelings related to compassion when a clinician can legally approve an assisted dying request. Normative scenarios were also associated with reduced connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and the anterior insula, particularly in those with higher trait affective empathy, suggesting that doctors might feel a reduction in their patients' pain. The findings provide the first empirical evidence of the neural mechanisms underlying decision-making in bioethical cases involving death as the outcome, highlighting distinct contributions and potential risk factors for medical practitioners in normative and nonnormative MAiD clinical situations.

The present study utilized an exploratory data analysis approach to consider how executive functioning (EF) relates to the developmental course of externalizing psychopathology using the Oregon ADHD-1000 dataset. Multinomial logistic regressions of EF domains (working memory, processing speed, set shifting, reaction time variability, response inhibition, and vigilance) in predicting symptomatic classes and longitudinal pathways from a recent latent transition analysis (Smith et al., in press) were conducted; predicted probability figures were interpreted. Findings suggest that hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) was most related to EF impairment in many domains. Inattention contributed to set shifting and processing speed impairment specifically. HI and oppositionality were very aligned with one another in childhood and diverged in adolescence. Youth who were HI in childhood and inattentive in adolescence were distinct in EF impairment from youth who were inattentive across development. Findings reiterate the importance of exploratory, person-centered, longitudinal approaches for understanding heterogeneity, comorbidity, and developmental psychopathology.

Spatial and response inhibition are two different types of inhibition processes. Spatial inhibition refers to the suppression of a specific location, whereas response inhibition involves cancelling a planned movement and is motor based. Here we examined the effects of lesions on the dorsal posterior parietal cortex on performance during two saccade tasks that separately assessed spatial (inhibition of return task) and response inhibition (stop signal task). We tested two stroke patients, one with unilateral and one with bilateral lesions to the dorsal posterior parietal cortex, as well as 21 age-matched controls. In our spatial inhibition task, control participants showed the typical inhibition of return effect, whereas patients exhibited no inhibition of return in their ataxic hemifields. In contrast, patients and their matched controls performed similarly on the stop signal task. These results reveal a simple dissociation in our patients, where motor-based inhibition is preserved following damage to the dorsal posterior parietal cortex, whereas spatial inhibition is impaired. This highlights the specific role of the dorsal posterior parietal cortex in spatial inhibition, notably related to spatial attentional mechanisms.

The inhibition of actions is central for adaptive behavior, and recent concepts on the electrophysiological underpinning of perception-action integration suggest that an interplay of different frequency bands is likely central for the management of perceptual-motor codes during response inhibition. Yet, the question of how this interplay is organized is contentious. Here, we demonstrate that reconfiguration of perceptual-motor codes during response inhibition relies crucially on the temporal coordination between frequency bands via phase-amplitude coupling (PAC). Specifically, alpha-beta and beta-gamma PAC were modulated, suggesting that PAC plays a central role in orchestrating access and updating stored perceptual-motor associations. This embeds perception-action integration into a temporally structured, multiplexed neural framework, where the phase of slower rhythms (e.g., alpha) gates access to, and updating of, representations encoded in faster rhythms (e.g., beta and gamma). The results suggest hierarchical coordination of neural activity by distinct cross-frequency mechanisms governing the dynamic handling of perceptual-motor associations.

Effects of Baduanjin on response inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized controlled trial

The present study examined sex differences and the effects of estradiol on acquisition and extinction using an appetitive reinforcement schedule in operant touchscreen chambers. Additionally, it aimed to clarify how acute stress influences response inhibition, as assessed by the spontaneous recovery of operant responses following extinction, in males, females, and ovariectomized females with and without estradiol treatment. In Experiment 1, male and female rats exhibited equal rates of acquisition. While male and female rats extinguished their response also at similar rates, female rats showed transient but significantly greater extinction compared to male rats during the first day of extinction. Acute stress administered immediately prior to the extinction retention test, conducted 21 days following extinction phase, enhanced spontaneous recovery of the learned response in both male and female rats, but also led to a more rapid decline in response rates across the re-extinction session. In Experiment 2, ovariectomized female rats receiving chronic estradiol or cholesterol (control) treatment showed no significant differences in acquisition or extinction learning. Unlike Experiment 1, both estradiol-treated and non-treated ovariectomized stressed rats exhibited lower spontaneous recovery throughout the extinction retention test, indicating that naturally cycling female hormones may modulate stress effects on response recovery. Additionally, non-stressed rats treated with estradiol demonstrated reduced responding in the early stages of the extinction retention test compared to controls. These findings suggest that acute stress enhances response recovery in intact, cycling female and male rats. However, in ovariectomized female rats, acute stress attenuates the spontaneous recovery of an extinguished response in a manner partially dependent on estradiol treatment. These results provide insight into how acute stress influences response inhibition in an appetitive learning paradigm and highlight the role of sex and gonadal hormone status in learning, memory, and response inhibition, with implications for stress-related disorders and addiction behavior.

Locoregional failure remains a major barrier to cure in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Radiotherapy dosing remains largely dictated by anatomy, despite clear biological determinants of radiosensitivity. This review synthesises recent clinical and molecular evidence defining radioresistance and the emerging tools to guide more personalised radiotherapy. HPV status remains the archetype for intrinsic radiosensitivity and points to actionable vulnerabilities in TP53 -mutant disease. Dose escalation trials have not improved locoregional control, focusing attention on radiosensitisers, with ATR, ATM and DNA-PK inhibition demonstrating promise. DNA damage response inhibition is often limited by achievable exposure and toxicity, emphasising biomarker-guided scheduling and rational combinations. Pathway-level transcriptomic and genomic analyses suggest shared resistance programmes despite heterogeneous upstream drivers, while longitudinal multiomics aims to link baseline risk with on-treatment adaptation. Biology-guided stratification could personalise radiotherapy indication, dose/fractionation and systemic partnering in HNSCC. Prospective validation of clinical assays and trial designs capturing dynamic resistance are now key priorities.

Youth sports offer many benefits to developing children, but collision sports introduce additional risks from exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHIs). Past research has linked this exposure to reduced cognitive performance, including response inhibition. The current study aimed to probe how participation in collision sports affects inhibitory control in current youth collision sport athletes, compared to peers who participate in non-contact sports or non-sport activities. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired in the context of a response inhibition (CARIT) task from the Lifespan Human Connectome Project Development (HCP-D) Study to investigate how inhibitory control processing may differ among three groups: youth athletes who currently participate in non-contact sports (n=70; 13.2±2.7 yrs), youth athletes who currently participate in collision sports (n=48; 12.9±2.6 yrs), and current youth participants of non-sport activities (n=57; 14.3±2.5 yrs). Group differences on task-based behavioral measures (accuracy, reaction time) were assessed using generalized linear models (GLMs). A whole-brain univariate fMRI analysis using a GLM approach was conducted to identify task-related regional differences in Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent signal. No group differences were observed in behavioral task performance (p-values above 0.242). However, there were differences in neural recruitment of the left Superior Temporal Gyrus region (MNI: -58, -40, 10; k = 102 voxels; peak voxel z-value = 4.24; p <. 001, cluster-corrected) when comparing the two sport groups to the non-sport activity group - athletes activated this region more than non-sport peers during inhibited response trials. Sport participation may influence differential processing during active response inhibition, perhaps signaling differences in task strategy, however collision sport participation shows no distinct deleterious effect.

TMS to preSMA, but not rIFG, impacts strategy use in multi-attribute choice.