Response Inhibition Capacity Research Articles

Fast & furious: Rejecting the hypothesis that secondary psychopathy improves reaction time-based concealed information detection.

Deception, a complex aspect of human behavior, is inherently difficult to detect directly. A valid alternative involves memory detection, particularly through methods such as the Reaction-Time based Concealed Information Test (RT-CIT). The RT-CIT assesses whether an individual possesses specific knowledge by presenting various probe (familiar) items amidst irrelevant (unfamiliar) items. The task-required "unfamiliar" response to probes may induce a response conflict. Resolving this conflict, by inhibiting the automatic "familiar" response, takes time and slows probe RTs-a phenomenon known as the RT-CIT effect. Notably, secondary psychopathy is characterized by disinhibition and impulsivity, traits which may hinder the ability to effectively manage experienced conflict. Therefore, we hypothesized that secondary psychopathy would be associated with an elevated RT-CIT effect. To investigate this hypothesized relation, we conducted a pre-registered study (n = 86, student sample), employing a novel CIT paradigm that incorporates no-go trials to assess response inhibition capacity. Psychopathic traits were measured using the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy (LSRP) scale, while the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) assessed impulsivity. The novel CIT paradigm revealed impressive detection efficiency. However, contrary to our expectations, we observed no significant correlation between the RT-CIT effect and secondary psychopathic traits (BF01 = 6.98). This cautiously suggests that while secondary psychopathic tendencies do not improve RT-CIT validity, they also do not compromise it. Although future investigations should explore more diverse contexts and populations, this tentative finding is reassuring and underscores the robustness of the CIT paradigm.

Altered electrophysiology mechanism related to inhibitory control in adults with insomnia

BackgroundInsomnia disorder (ID), one of the most common psychophysiological disorders, can cause a serious burden on the individual's work and academic performance. Cognitive dysfunction often exists in patients with insomnia, which negatively affects their living quality. Inhibitory control (IC), as a vital cognitive function, allows individuals to suppress attention, behavior, or thoughts that are irrelevant to the task, so as to effectively adapt to the current goal. The earlier studies on the inhibitory control of insomnia patients predominantly used subjective scales for evaluation and that can have drawbacks because they don't provide an objective assessment.MethodsIn order to investigate the inhibitory control function of insomniacs, this research subdivides inhibitory control into response inhibition and conflict inhibition. The response inhibition and conflict inhibition capacities of insomniacs were evaluated using the two-choice oddball task and the color-word stroop task, and accordingly the association between insomnia disorder and inhibitory control capacity as well as its cognitive neural mechanism was able to be examined.ResultsBehavioral results finding, insomniacs conducted the two-choice oddball test and the color-word stroop task with lower accuracy and slower reaction times when compared to healthy sleepers. ERP results finding, when performing the two-choice oddball task, the P3 amplitude of the insomniacs was significantly lower than that of healthy sleepers while there was no significant difference between the two groups' N2 amplitudes. At the same time, when completing the color-word stroop task, the insomniacs' N450 amplitude was significantly lower than that of healthy sleepers.DiscussionThe above findings suggest that in response inhibition tasks, insomniacs may have weaker motor inhibition abilities, and similarly perform weaker conflict monitoring abilities in conflict inhibition tasks, which indicates that insomniacs' inhibitory control is impaired compared to that of healthy sleepers. This study thus relates to the finding at the electrophysiological level that there is a certain correlation between insomnia and a decline in inhibitory control ability, which may suggest that improving inhibitory control function in patients with insomnia is a clinically significant and worthwhile area of adjuvant treatment.

Altered brain hemodynamic response and cognitive function after sleep deprivation: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

Aim: Acute sleep deprivation has revealed altered executive cognitive functioning, including attention, working memory, and interference resolution. In the present study, we investigated brain hemodynamics and cognitive function measures using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).Methods: fNIRS was used to record cortical brain activity in a resting state scan, flanker task, and n-Back tasks under well-rested (WR, >6.5 h sleep for ≥3 days) and sleep-deprived conditions (SD, 28 h awake) in a repeated-measures study in 20 participants (7 female, mean age 20.1 ± 0.413).Results: Our results indicate decreased accuracy rates in the flanker task in the SD condition, suggesting reduced response inhibition capacity. In the flanker task, a significant increase of beta estimates was observed in the SD condition in the right dl-PFC, suggesting potential compensation (BH-FDR corrected p = 0.0418, t(19) = 3.51). There were no significant differences between WR and SD in n-back task accuracy rates or reaction times or in Flanker task reaction times. Otherwise, functional connectivity strengths were not significantly different between the WR and SD sessions on a group-level analysis for the resting state and all tasks (BH-FDR correction, p > 0.05).Conclusion: Our results provide insight into how insufficient sleep patterns affect interference resolution, and that fNIRS can reveal functional connectivity differences inter- and intra-individually in SD conditions.

Effects of overweight and obesity on cognitive functions of children and adolescents

Recent findings suggest that overweight and obesity in children and adolescents affect cognitive processes and can alter school learning. The so-called executive functions, such as response inhibition capacity, impulsivity control, cognitive flexibility, planning, and decision making, have been inversely related to body mass index. This work aims to examine the neurobiological and psychological hypothesis that explain why overweight, and obesity alter the cognitive functions of children and adolescents. Diets rich in fats and sugars can cause hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, augmented abdominal adipose tissue and resistance to insulin and leptin. These metabolic alterations induce a peripheral systemic inflammatory process that can affect the blood-brain barrier and the brain functioning of regions linked to attention and learning and memory processes. Some metabolic disorders of the pregnant mother, obesity during pregnancy and pre- and postnatal traumatic experiences can trigger changes in the control of food intake in children and adolescents and induce overweight in critical stages of their development. Obesity affects the functioning of the hippocampus and produces a decrease in the prefrontal cortex gray matter, thereby modifying cognitive abilities, especially executive functions. Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence are a risk factor not only for general health but also for proper brain development and cognitive functions and can therefore lead to school failure.

Age at Parkinson's disease onset modulates the effect of levodopa on response inhibition: Support for the dopamine overdose hypothesis from the antisaccade task

The antisaccade task is an established eye-tracking paradigm to explore response inhibition. While many studies showed that antisaccade performance is impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD), the effect of dopaminergic medication is still an area of debate. According to the dopamine overdose hypothesis, intrinsic basal dopamine levels in ventral parts of the striatum determine whether levodopa intake has beneficial or detrimental effects on dopamine-dependent cognitive tasks. The objective of this study was therefore to explore the effect of several disease-related factors on changes in antisaccade performance after levodopa intake in PD. Thirty-five individuals with PD (and 30 healthy controls) performed antisaccades in OFF and ON medication state. Multiple linear regressions were calculated to predict the change in antisaccade latency, directive errors and express saccade rate based on age at PD onset, disease duration, levodopa-equivalent daily dose, motor symptom severity and executive functions.Levodopa intake did not alter antisaccade performance on a group level. However, the effect of levodopa was differentially modulated by age at PD onset and motor symptom severity. Earlier disease onset and milder motor symptoms in OFF medication state were associated with reduced response inhibition capacity after levodopa intake measured as increased express saccade and error rates.Our results indicate that levodopa may have opposing effects on oculomotor response inhibition dependent on the age at PD onset and motor disease severity. Assuming less dopaminergic loss in ventral parts of the striatum in early compared to late onset PD, these findings support the dopamine overdose hypothesis.

Hyperactive MEK1 Signaling in Cortical GABAergic Neurons Promotes Embryonic Parvalbumin Neuron Loss and Defects in Behavioral Inhibition.

Many developmental syndromes have been linked to genetic mutations that cause abnormal ERK/MAPK activity; however, the neuropathological effects of hyperactive signaling are not fully understood. Here, we examined whether hyperactivation of MEK1 modifies the development of GABAergic cortical interneurons (CINs), a heterogeneous population of inhibitory neurons necessary for cortical function. We show that GABAergic-neuron specific MEK1 hyperactivation in vivo leads to increased cleaved caspase-3 labeling in a subpopulation of immature neurons in the embryonic subpallial mantle zone. Adult mutants displayed a significant loss of parvalbumin (PV), but not somatostatin, expressing CINs and a reduction in perisomatic inhibitory synapses on excitatory neurons. Surviving mutant PV-CINs maintained a typical fast-spiking phenotype but showed signs of decreased intrinsic excitability that coincided with an increased risk of seizure-like phenotypes. In contrast to other mouse models of PV-CIN loss, we discovered a robust increase in the accumulation of perineuronal nets, an extracellular structure thought to restrict plasticity. Indeed, we found that mutants exhibited a significant impairment in the acquisition of behavioral response inhibition capacity. Overall, our data suggest PV-CIN development is particularly sensitive to hyperactive MEK1 signaling, which may underlie certain neurological deficits frequently observed in ERK/MAPK-linked syndromes.

Combined antisaccade task and transcranial direct current stimulation to increase response inhibition in binge eating disorder

Binge eating disorder (BED) is associated with deficient response inhibition. Malfunctioning response inhibition is linked to hypoactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), where excitability could be increased by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Response inhibition can be assessed using an antisaccade task which requires supressing a dominant response (i.e. saccade) towards a newly appearing picture in the visual field. We performed a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept-study in which we combined a food-modified antisaccade task with tDCS in people with BED. We expected task learning and modulatory tDCS effects. Sixteen people were allocated to a 1 mA condition, 15 people to a 2 mA condition. Each participant underwent the food-modified antisaccade task at three measurement points: baseline without stimulation, anodal verum and sham stimulation at the right dlPFC in a crossover design. The error rate and the latencies of correct antisaccades decreased over time. No tDCS effect on the error rate could be observed. Compared to sham stimulation, 2 mA tDCS decreased the latencies of correct antisaccades, whereas 1 mA tDCS increased it. Self-reported binge eating episodes were reduced in the 2 mA condition, while there was no change in the 1 mA condition. Participants demonstrated increased response inhibition capacities by a task learning effect concerning the error rate and latencies of correct antisaccades over time as well as a nonlinear tDCS effect represented by ameliorated latencies in the 2 mA and impaired latencies in the 1 mA condition. The reduction of binge eating episodes might indicate a transfer effect to everyday life. Given that the reduction in binge eating was observed before tDCS administration, this effect could not be the result of neuromodulation. Randomized clinical trials are needed to fully understand this reduction, and to explore the efficacy of a combined antisaccade and tDCS training for BED.

Do situational or cognitive factors contribute more to risky driving? A simulated driving study

Previous research has identified cognitive and situational factors as causes of risky driving; however, little is known about what roles cognitive and situational factors have on a specific risky driving behavior. In this study, two simulated drives were conducted to examine the impact of cognitive factors, reflected as working memory capacity and response inhibition capacity, and situational factor, reflected as time pressure, on several risky driving measures. These measures included the percentage of the distance traveled while speeding, the standard deviation of the lateral lane position on curves, safety scores, and accident frequency. Fifty-one participants were recruited by means of monetary rewards. Similar to the results from previous studies, working memory capacity, response inhibition, and time pressure were found to be significantly correlated with risky driving behaviors. Further investigation showed that (1) time pressure, as a situational factor, contributed more to speeding; (2) response inhibition, as a cognitive factor, contributed more to lane-keeping precision; (3) cognitive factors (working memory capacity and response inhibition capacity) and situational factor had almost equal effects on responses to critical events. The results also indicated no significant interaction between cognitive and situational factors on risky driving behaviors. Our findings conclude that the mechanisms behind risky driving behaviors differ, and these results have possible implications for traffic safety interventions.

Validity of the Reaction Time Concealed Information Test in a Prison Sample.

Detecting whether a suspect possesses incriminating (e.g., crime-related) information can provide valuable decision aids in court. To this means, the Concealed Information Test (CIT) has been developed and is currently applied on a regular basis in Japan. But whereas research has revealed a high validity of the CIT in student and normal populations, research investigating its validity in forensic samples in scarce. This applies even more to the reaction time-based CIT (RT-CIT), where no such research is available so far. The current study tested the application of the RT-CIT for an imaginary mock crime scenario both in a sample of prisoners (n = 27) and a matched control group (n = 25). Results revealed a high validity of the RT-CIT for discriminating between crime-related and crime-unrelated information, visible in medium to very high effect sizes for error rates and reaction times. Interestingly, in accordance with theories that criminal offenders may have worse response inhibition capacities and that response inhibition plays a crucial role in the RT-CIT, CIT-effects in the error rates were even elevated in the prisoners compared to the control group. No support for this hypothesis could, however, be found in reaction time CIT-effects. Also, performance in a standard Stroop task, that was conducted to measure executive functioning, did not differ between both groups and no correlation was found between Stroop task performance and performance in the RT-CIT. Despite frequently raised concerns that the RT-CIT may not be applicable in non-student and forensic populations, our results thereby do suggest that such a use may be possible and that effects seem to be quite large. Future research should build up on these findings by increasing the realism of the crime and interrogation situation and by further investigating the replicability and the theoretical substantiation of increased effects in non-student and forensic samples.

Response-inhibition capacity in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar rats: acquisition of fixed minimum interval performance and responsiveness to D-amphetamine.

Reduced response-inhibition capacity is a defining feature of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The fixed minimum interval (FMI) schedule has been systematically validated to assess such capacity in rats. On each FMI trial, the first lever press initiates an inter-response time (IRT); a potentially consummatory response terminates the IRT; only IRTs longer than a target interval result in access to food. Despite task validity, steady-state FMI performance in the most common animal model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), is similar to normotensive control performance, even though SHR performs at lower levels, especially during acquisition, in similar response-withholding tasks. To determine whether such limitations of the model are specific to stable-state performance, this experiment compared FMI 6-s performance in SHR and Wistar rats during acquisition and in steady state, and assessed the effect of acute D-amphetamine (AMP) administration (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg) on steady-state performance. Median latencies to first lever press were consistently shorter in SHR than in Wistar rats; IRTs were shorter for SHR than for Wistar rats during acquisition, but substantially less so during asymptotic performance. AMP dose-dependently reduced latencies, shortened IRTs, and, at the highest dose, increased the proportion of IRTs under schedule control. These results suggest that, relative to Wistar rats, SHR have a reduced capacity to learn to withhold a reinforced response; once the FMI is acquired, high doses of D-AMP disrupt withholding performance in both strains, but they also enhance the responsiveness of both strains to reinforcement contingencies.

Male Smokers’ Behavioral and Brain Responses to Deviant Cigarette-Related Stimuli in a Two-Choice Oddball Paradigm

Abstract. Experimental studies on smoking and response-inhibition capacity have revealed inconsistent findings, which might be due to differences in sensitivity of the behavioral paradigms used. Here we aimed to replicate the impaired response inhibition in male smokers that was found in a previous study using a two-choice oddball task. This task enables the use of response times as index of inhibition capacity and equalizes the response requirement for the different trial types. In addition, we measured event-related brain potentials to explore the nature of the cognitive processes underlying the behavioral difference. Smokers (n = 19) and non-smokers (n = 19) were asked to make a different response to frequent standard stimuli (cigarette-unrelated pictures) than to infrequent deviant stimuli (cigarette-related pictures). Compared to non-smokers, smokers took a longer time to respond to deviant but not standard stimuli. In addition, smokers, but not non-smokers, displayed a smaller N2 amplitude to deviant than standard stimuli, and only the non-smokers showed larger P3 amplitudes to deviant compared to standard stimuli. Moreover, the response time (RT) measure was differentially correlated with N2 and P3 amplitudes in smokers and non-smokers. The joint results support the notion of deviant cognitive processes in smokers compared to non-smokers that are either directly or indirectly related to response-inhibition capacity.

Response inhibition on the stop signal task improves during cardiac contraction

Motor actions can be facilitated or hindered by psychophysiological states of readiness, to guide rapid adaptive action. Cardiovascular arousal is communicated by cardiac signals conveying the timing and strength of individual heartbeats. Here, we tested how these interoceptive signals facilitate control of motor impulsivity. Participants performed a stop signal task, in which stop cues were delivered at different time points within the cardiac cycle: at systole when the heart contracts (T-wave peak, approximately 300 ms following the R-wave), or at diastole between heartbeats (R-wave peak). Response inhibition was better at systole, indexed by a shorter stop signal reaction time (SSRT), and longer stop signal delay (SSD). Furthermore, parasympathetic control of cardiovascular tone, and subjective sensitivity to interoceptive states, predicted response inhibition efficiency, although these cardiovascular and interoceptive correlations did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. This suggests that response inhibition capacity is influenced by interoceptive physiological cues, such that people are more likely to express impulsive actions during putative states of lower cardiovascular arousal, when frequency and strength of cardiac afferent signalling is reduced.

An investigation of two dimensions of impulsivity as predictors of loss-of-control eating severity and frequency

Loss-of-control (LOC) eating episodes represent one form of dysregulated eating common to full- and sub-threshold eating disorders. Extensive evidence suggests that impulsivity, particularly in the context of negative affect and/or depression, may play an important etiological role in the development and maintenance of LOC eating. However, most prior studies have considered LOC eating as a dichotomous rather than dimensional construct, and few studies have considered the interaction of multiple dimensions of impulsivity while also accounting for the role of depressive symptoms. The present study examined the independent and interacting effects of two facets of impulsivity—response inhibition and negative urgency—on LOC eating episode severity and frequency among college women (N = 102). Depressive symptom severity was included as a covariate. Results indicated that greater negative urgency was associated with greater LOC severity; this effect was moderated by response inhibition, such that the effect of urgency was particularly pronounced for individuals with higher response inhibition capacity. Negative urgency was the only significant predictor of LOC frequency. Depression had no significant effect on either LOC severity or frequency (ps ≥ 0.16). Results support the importance of considering multiple facets of impulsivity in predicting LOC eating behavior, and further indicate that factors influencing subjective severity and frequency of LOC may be distinct.

Changes in the NoGo N2 Event-Related Potential Component Across Childhood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

ABSTRACTResearch suggests that the NoGo N2 event-related potential component elicited in children during Go/NoGo and Continuous Performance tasks indexes response inhibition capacities. This meta-analysis examined what is known about the N2 component’s amplitude/latency values, developmental trajectory, and the differences between amplitudes in Go and NoGo trials. Sixty-five studies measuring the N2 in children ages 2-12 were meta-analyzed to estimate the N2’s average amplitude/latency at each age. Findings suggest that N2 amplitude/latency values decrease in magnitude across childhood, and NoGo N2 amplitudes were more negative than Go N2 amplitudes, supporting interpretations of this component as indexing response inhibition. Implications are discussed.

The role of age, working memory, and response inhibition in deviance distraction: A cross-sectional study.

Sounds deviating from an otherwise repeated or structured sequence capture attention and affect performance in an ongoing visual task negatively, testament to the balance between selective attention and change detection. Although deviance distraction has been the object of much research, its modulation across the life span has been more scarcely addressed. Recent findings suggest possible connections with working memory and response inhibition. In this study we measured the performance of children and young and older adults in a cross-modal oddball task (deviance distraction), a working memory task (working memory capacity), and a response inhibition task (ability to voluntarily inhibit an already planned action) with the aim to establish the contribution of the latter 2 to the first. Older adults exhibited significantly more deviance distraction than children and young adults (who did not differ from each other). Working memory capacity mediated deviance distraction in children and older adults (though in opposite directions) but not in young adults. Response inhibition capacities did not mediate deviance distraction in any of the age groups. Altogether the results suggest that although the increase in deviance distraction observed in old age may partly reflect the relative impairment of working memory mechanisms, there is no straightforward and stable relation between working memory capacity and deviance distraction across the life span. Furthermore, our results indicate that deviance distraction is unlikely to reflect the temporary inhibition of responses. (PsycINFO Database Record

Stopping at the sight of food – How gender and obesity impact on response inhibition

Recent research indicates that reduced inhibitory control is associated with higher body mass index (BMI), higher food craving and increased food intake. However, experimental evidence for the relationship between response inhibition and weight status is inconsistent and to date has been investigated predominantly in women. In the current study, 56 participants (26 obese, 30 lean; 27 female, 29 male) performed a Food Picture Rating Task followed by a Stop Signal Task where pictures of palatable high or low caloric food or non-food items were presented prior to the Go signal. We further assessed participants’ self-reported eating behavior and trait impulsivity as potential factors influencing response inhibition, in particular within the food context. Independent of BMI, women showed significantly higher liking for low caloric food items than men. This was accompanied by shorter Stop Signal Reaction Times (SSRT) after high compared to low caloric food pictures for women, and shorter SSRT in women compared to men for high caloric food. No influence of gender on SSRT was observable outside of the food context. While SSRTs did not differ between obese and lean participants across the three picture categories, we found a moderating effect of trait impulsivity on the relationship between BMI and SSRT, specifically in the high caloric food context. Higher BMI was predictive of longer SSRT only for participants with low to normal trait impulsivity, pointing at a complex interplay between response inhibition, general impulsivity and weight status. Our results support the notion that individuals with obesity do not suffer from diminished response inhibition capacity per se. Rather, the ability to withhold a response depends on context and social norms, and strongly interacts with factors like gender and trait impulsivity.

Adolescent methylphenidate treatment differentially alters adult impulsivity and hyperactivity in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat model of ADHD

Impulsivity and hyperactivity are two facets of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Impulsivity is expressed as reduced response inhibition capacity, an executive control mechanism that prevents premature execution of an intermittently reinforced behavior. During methylphenidate treatment, impulsivity and hyperactivity are decreased in adolescents with ADHD, but there is little information concerning levels of impulsivity and hyperactivity in adulthood after adolescent methylphenidate treatment is discontinued. The current study evaluated impulsivity, hyperactivity as well as cocaine sensitization during adulthood after adolescent methylphenidate treatment was discontinued in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) model of ADHD. Treatments consisted of oral methylphenidate (1.5mg/kg) or water vehicle provided Monday-Friday from postnatal days 28–55. During adulthood, impulsivity was measured in SHR and control strains (Wistar Kyoto and Wistar rats) using differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedules. Locomotor activity and cocaine sensitization were measured using the open-field assay. Adult SHR exhibited decreased efficiency of reinforcement under the DRL30 schedule and greater levels of locomotor activity and cocaine sensitization compared to control strains. Compared to vehicle, methylphenidate treatment during adolescence reduced hyperactivity in adult SHR, maintained the lower efficiency of reinforcement, and increased burst responding under DRL30. Cocaine sensitization was not altered following adolescent methylphenidate in adult SHR. In conclusion, adolescent treatment with methylphenidate followed by discontinuation in adulthood had a positive benefit by reducing hyperactivity in adult SHR rats; however, increased burst responding under DRL compared to SHR given vehicle, i.e., elevated impulsivity, constituted an adverse consequence associated with increased risk for cocaine abuse liability.

Could BDNF be involved in compensatory mechanisms to maintain cognitive performance despite acute sleep deprivation? An exploratory study

BackgroundNeuroimaging studies suggest that acute sleep deprivation can lead to adaptations, such as compensatory recruitment of cerebral structures, to maintain cognitive performance despite sleep loss. However, the understanding of the neurochemical alterations related to these adaptations remains incomplete. ObjectiveInvestigate BDNF levels, cognitive performance and their relations in healthy subjects after acute sleep deprivation. MethodsNineteen sleep deprived (22.11±3.21years) and twenty control (25.10±4.42years) subjects completed depression, anxiety and sleep quality questionnaires. Sleep deprived group spent a full night awake performing different playful activities to keep themselves from sleeping. Attention, response inhibition capacity and working memory (prefrontal cortex-dependent) were assessed with Stroop and Digit Span tests. Declarative memory (hippocampus-dependent) was assessed with Logical Memory test. Serum BDNF was measured by sandwich ELISA. Data were analyzed with independent samples T-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA and curve estimation regressions. p<0.05 was deemed statistically significant. ResultsThe sleep deprived group showed higher BDNF levels and normal performance on attention, response inhibition capacity and working memory. However, declarative memory was impaired. A sigmoidal relation between BDNF and Stroop Test scores was found. ConclusionsIncreased BDNF could be related, at least in part, to the maintenance of normal prefrontal cognitive functions after sleep deprivation. This potential relation should be further investigated.

Manipulating item proportion and deception reveals crucial dissociation between behavioral, autonomic and neural indices of concealed information

Event Abstract Back to Event Manipulating item proportion and deception reveals crucial dissociation between behavioral, autonomic and neural indices of concealed information Kristina Suchotzki1, 2*, Bruno Verschuere1, 3, Judith Peth2, Geert Crombez1 and Matthias Gamer2 1 Ghent University, Belgium 2 University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany 3 University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Developed as alternative to traditional deception detection methods, the Concealed Information Test (CIT) assesses recognition of critical (e.g., crime-relevant) 'probes'. Most often, recognition has been indexed by enhanced skin conductance responses (SCRs) to probes compared to irrelevant foils (CIT effect). More recently, also differentially enlarged reaction times (RTs) and increased neural activity in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the right middle frontal gyrus (rMFG), and the right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ) have been observed. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study manipulated the proportion of probe versus irrelevant items, and whether suspects were to actively deceive during the test. Thereby, we aimed to (1) investigate the boundary conditions of the CIT effect in all three indices and (2) gain more insight into the contribution of two mechanisms that have been proposed to underlie the CIT effect (orienting vs. response inhibition). After conducting a mock-theft, 32 participants underwent a CIT during which RTs, SCRs, and BOLD responses were recorded. Results revealed that all CIT effects were larger when a 1:4 proportion was used compared to a 1:1 proportion, and when knowledge of critical crime-details was (deceptively) denied compared to when it was admitted. CIT effect sizes for all conditions further revealed a dissociation between indices. Whereas deception was not necessary for the SCR CIT effect, it was crucial for the RT and the fMRI-based CIT effects. This indicates that different mental processes might underlie the CIT response pattern. While skin conductance responding may be best explained by orienting theory, response inhibition seems to drive RT and BOLD responding to concealed information. Interfering with response inhibition capacities may be a promising approach to enhance RT and fMRI-based concealed information detection, whereas enhancing orienting should increase the SCR CIT effect. Keywords: Reaction Time, deception, fMRI, response inhibition, Orienting, Skin conductance, guilty knowledge, concealed information, right inferior frontal gyrus, Proportion Conference: XII International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON-XII), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 27 Jul - 31 Jul, 2014. Presentation Type: Poster Topic: Cognition and Executive Processes Citation: Suchotzki K, Verschuere B, Peth J, Crombez G and Gamer M (2015). Manipulating item proportion and deception reveals crucial dissociation between behavioral, autonomic and neural indices of concealed information. Conference Abstract: XII International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON-XII). doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2015.217.00392 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 19 Feb 2015; Published Online: 24 Apr 2015. * Correspondence: Ms. Kristina Suchotzki, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, kristina.suchotzki@uni-wuerzburg.de Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Kristina Suchotzki Bruno Verschuere Judith Peth Geert Crombez Matthias Gamer Google Kristina Suchotzki Bruno Verschuere Judith Peth Geert Crombez Matthias Gamer Google Scholar Kristina Suchotzki Bruno Verschuere Judith Peth Geert Crombez Matthias Gamer PubMed Kristina Suchotzki Bruno Verschuere Judith Peth Geert Crombez Matthias Gamer Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

La capacidad de inhibición de respuesta y la memoria a corto plazo son robustos a los efectos de la dieta alta en grasa (HFD) durante la pre y periadolescencia

Several lines of evidence demonstrate that high fat diet exposure can be detrimental to cognition across the lifespan. We have previously shown that context-stimulus learning is sensitive to high fat diet effects during adolescence but not adulthood. In the present study we determined if pre and periadolescent high fat diet exposure interferes with response-inhibition capacity, rule- learning, and memory during adulthood. Rats were fed a high fat or low fat diet during pre and periadolescence and completed behavioral testing as adults to assess response-inhibition capacity and reinforcer efficacy rule-learning and short-term memory. Results indicate pre and periadolescent high fat diet may have long-term effects on reinforcer efficacy and sustained attention. However, results indicate that either the pre and periadolescence period is too short for a high fat diet to induce long-term deficits in response-inhibition, rule-learning, or memory, or that maturation in the absence of a high fat diet rescued these deficits.