Respiratory Tract Of Sheep Research Articles

Using the silicon (luminal cast plastination technique) for the lower respiratory tract in sheep as an alternative to cement

The lower respiratory tract of sheep was studied to determine the torsion and branching of the bronchial tree. The respiratory system of ruminants and all living organisms is one of the most important organs in the body that controls the amount of gas exchange between the heart and lungs through the airways, it is clear that in sheep it consists of a narrow bronchial tube that reaches the extent of lung tissue repercussions. He used silicon, water, acid, and at room temperature, and the substance was injected with an injection gun through the trachea and was pushed gently to spread and distribute in all parts of the lungs with moderate manual pressure. The results showed that the mold shape in the lung and the bronchial branches of the bronchi is solid and anti-erosion with a very clear and three-dimensional appearance, easy to handle, store and carry for study and presentation purposes in scientific museums, and in scientific presentations as an anatomical method for large-scale teaching.

High β-Lactam and Quinolone Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae from the Respiratory Tract of Sheep and Goat with Respiratory Disease.

Simple Summaryβ-lactams and quinolones are major groups of antibiotics that are commonly used for the treatment of severe infection both in animals and humans. Little is known about their resistance mechanisms in animals. Our results revealed high resistance rates against both groups in Gram-negative bacteria recovered from small ruminants suffering from respiratory disease. Phenotypically, 9.2% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, and 11.8% and 6.6% of the isolates were positive for AmpC and ESBL production, respectively. Genetic characterization identified different β-lactamase-encoding genes such as blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M which are responsible for β-lactam resistance. Furthermore, the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene, qnrS, was identified to be associated with quinolone resistance. Our results regenerate interest in the wise use of antimicrobials in animal fields as well as to apply a One Health approach to prevent and/or mitigate their dissemination to the human environment.During the last decade’s increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animals, animal-human transmission has become a major threat. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the genetic basis of AMR in Gram-negative bacteria recovered from sheep and goats with respiratory disease. Nasal and ocular swabs were collected from 69 diseased animals, and 76 Gram-negative bacterial isolates were identified from 59 animals. All isolates were checked phenotypically for resistance and genotypically for different resistance mechanisms, including β-lactam, quinolone, and aminoglycoside resistance. Our results demonstrated that 9.2% (95% CI 4.5–17.8%) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, with high resistance rates to β-lactams and quinolones, and 11.8% (95% CI 6.4–21%) and 6.6% (95% CI 2.8–14.5%) of the isolates were phenotypically positive for AmpC and ESBL, respectively. Genotypically, blaTEM was the most identified β-lactamase encoding gene in 29% (95% CI 20–40%) of the isolates, followed by blaSHV (14.5%, 95% CI 8.3–24.1%) and blaCTX-M (4%, 95% CI 1.4–11%). Furthermore, 7.9% (95% CI 3.7–16.2%) of the isolates harbored plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene qnrS. Our study revealed for the first time to our knowledge high β-lactam and quinolone resistance associated with the bacteria recovered from sheep and one goat with respiratory disease. Furthermore, different antimicrobial resistant determinants were identified for the first time from animals in Africa, such as blaLEN-13/55, blaTEM-176 and blaTEM-198/214. This study highlights the potential role of sheep and goats in disseminating AMR determinants and/or resistant bacteria to humans. The study regenerates interest for the development of a One Health approach to combat this formidable problem.

Isolation, identification and characterization of bacterial flora from the respiratory tract of apparently healthy sheep

Sheep is the common name for a group of grazing mammals that may be either wild or domesticated; the domesticated varieties are amongst the most widely distributed types of domestic animal, found in nearly all countries. Bangladesh is a densely populated developing country and its economy is primarily based on agriculture. The current study was designed for isolation, identification and characterization of bacterial flora from the upper respiratory tract of sheep. Thirty (30) apparently healthy sheep were selected at the adjacent areas of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) for this experiment. Swab samples were collected from nasal swabs (10), lung swabs (10) and tracheal swabs (10). All samples were subjected into inoculated on to bacteriological media (nutrient broth, nutrient agar, Salmonella-Shigella agar, MacConkey agar, blood agar, brilliant green agar). Furthermore, all of the bacterial isolates were characterized by Gram’s staining, biochemical tests (sugar fermentation tests, catalase test, coagulase test, indole test, MR-VP test), antibiotics sensitivity tests and pathogenicity tests. None of the isolated Bacillus, E. coli and Staphylococcus spp. was found to be pathogenic. Isolated Pasteurella spp. were found to be pathogenic as observed in different experimental models and showed a degree of variation in antibiotic drug sensitivity test. Ciprofloxacillin was sensitive to all of the isolated bacteria. Through the bacteria that were isolated from various organs of apparently healthy sheep is normal micro flora, however these may act as primary pathogen and may produce diseases when the sheep are immunologically suppressed due to severe stress conditions.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 677-685

Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Aerobic Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Respiratory Tract of Sheep in Ethiopia.

Respiratory tract diseases, mainly of bacterial origin, have been identified as important problems accounting for up to 54% of the overall mortality of sheep in the central highlands of Ethiopia. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on sheep reared at Debre Berhan Agricultural Research Centre. It is aimed at establishing the prevalence of bacterial respiratory tract infections in sheep and their susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobials. Bacteria isolated from lung samples were identified using standard procedures and subjected to in vitro susceptibility test using disc diffusion method. Out of 80 samples 70 (87.50%) yielded bacteria of which 38 (54.30%) indicated mixed infections. The most commonly isolated bacteria is Staphylococcus epidermidis (13.16%) followed by Escherichia coli (11.41%) and Staphylococcus aureus (9.65%). Antimicrobial sensitivity test revealed that Streptococcus pyogenes, S. epidermidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae were strongly sensitive to seven of the eight antimicrobials tested. Conversely, 54.55% and 50.00% of the isolates were resistant to clindamycin and penicillin G, respectively. The highest resistance was observed in Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus uberis. This study indicated high level of resistance to some of the commonly used antimicrobials both in human and veterinary practice. Therefore, rational use of antimicrobials should be instituted to minimize further development of resistance.Key words: respiratory tract diseases, cross-sectional study, sheep, bacterial identification, antimicrobials susceptibility

The expression of intelectin in sheep goblet cells and upregulation by interleukin-4

Upregulation of intelectin (ITLN) transcript and protein has previously been shown in intestinal nematode infections of resistant mice strains with immunolocalisation of protein to goblet cells and paneth cells. In man, intelectin expression has been shown in respiratory tract epithelium, with upregulation occurring in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic individuals. This study describes the expression of intelectin in the respiratory tract of sheep and the immunolocalisation to goblet cells using a novel affinity-purified chicken anti-intelectin peptide antibody. Furthermore we show that when sheep tracheal explants were cultured for 48 h± recombinant sheep IL-4, sheep ITLN transcripts were upregulated compared with controls. Putative roles for intelectin have included an antibacterial role and an alteration of the character of mucus. Our data suggest ITLNs may play an important role in the mucosal response in allergy and parasitic infections.

Comparative analyses of Pasteurella multocida strains associated with the ovine respiratory and vaginal tracts

Thirty-five isolates of Pasteurella multocida from the vagina and respiratory tract of sheep were compared by analysing their capsular polysaccharide types and outer membrane protein profiles. The phylogenetic relationships of...

Salmonella arizonae infection and colonisation of the upper respiratory tract of sheep.

Salmonella arizonae infection and colonisation of the upper respiratory tract of sheep.

Vaccination against ovine pneumonia: a progress report

The results of three field trials of a live, cold-adapted, parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine supported the hypothesis that infection with this virus initiates some ovine pneumonias. The serological response following vaccination was poor and only 22-44% of vaccinates developed a serum antibody response by two weeks after vaccination. Nevertheless, the prevalence of pneumonia was lower in vaccinated lambs in all three trials at the time that natural infection with PI3 was detected in the non-vaccinated lambs hut the differences were significant in only one trial. In some of the trials the number of deaths and the number of carcases downgraded or condemned because of severe pleural lesions were also lower and growth rates were higher in vaccinated lambs. The vaccine was specific for PI3; thus there was little effect on the prevalence of pneumonias occurring at other times in the absence of new PI3 infections. Nevertheless, this is the first direct evidence that any virus has a role in naturally occurring ovine pneumonias and the first indication that the prevalence of the naturally occurring disease may be reduced by vaccination.

Further evidence for a retrovirus as the aetiological agent of sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (jaagsiekte)

The infective agent of jaagsiekte was shown to be present in the fluid which accumulates in the respiratory tract of sheep during the terminal stages of the disease. The fluid also contained reverse transcriptase (RT) activity which showed a clear preference for a ribonucleic acid synthetic template over the corresponding deoxyribonucleic acid template and which utilised the RT specific template/primer poly (2′-0-methylcytidylate) oligodeoxyguanylate. This enzyme activity was associated with a particle which had typical retroviral buoyant densities in a range of gradient media.

The distribution of immunoglobulin in the respiratory tract of sheep.

IgM was the main immunoglobulin seen by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques in the nasal and bronchial glands of lambs before suckling. After suckling IgG was found in tissues at all levels of the respiratory tract. Some IgA also was found after suckling but there was little evidence of transport into secretion. In adult sheep IgA -and IgG-containing cells were found in nearly equal numbers in the nasal mucosa but IgA cells exceeded by 2.5:1 in the bronchial mucosa and by 2:1 in the lung. IgA cells usually outnumbered IgM cells by more than 3:1 in all tissues. The numbers of all three classes of immunoglobulin-containing cells increased in sheep with chronic respiratory disease and, although the IgA;IgG ration was reduced, IgA remained the major locally secreted immunoglobulin. Cytoplasmic staining of epithelial cells for IgA and IgM was seen most frequently in proliferating areas which suggested that immature cells were engaged actively in immunoglobulin transport.

Mucosal Immunity in the Respiratory Tract of Sheep

Mucosal Immunity in the Respiratory Tract of Sheep

Isolation of Reovirus type 2 from respiratory tract of sheep.

A virus isolated from a nasal swab taken from a healthy lamb was identified as a reovirus on the basis of morphology and physicochemical characteristics. This virus agglutinated human 0 erythrocytes and was shown by haemagglutination tests to be a type 2 reovirus. Serological evidence indicated infection of other healthy lambs in the same group.

In vitrosensitivity of New Zealand strains ofMycoplasma ovipneumoniaeto some antibiotics

Abstract Extract Carmichael et al. (1972 Carmichael, L. E., St. George, T. D., Sullivan, N. D. and Horsfall, N. 1972. Isolation, propagation and characterization studies of an ovine mycoplasma responsible for proliferative interstitial pneumonia. Cornell Vet., 62: 654–679. [Google Scholar]) concluded that Mycoplasmal ovipneumoniae plays a role in the development of proliferative interstitial pneumonia in sheep in Australia. The apparent similarity of the Australian disease to the chronic pneumonia which is widespread in New Zealand sheep prompted the investigations by Alley et al. (1975 Alley, M. R., Quinlan, Janet R. and Clarke, J. K. 1975. A survey of the prevalence of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Mycoplasma arginini in the respiratory tract of sheep in New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 23: 137–141. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) which showed M. ovipneumoniae is prevalent in the sheep population and is present in a relatively high concentration in the lungs of affected animals. Because of the possible economic significance of the disease, a survey of the sensitivities of 40 isolates of M. ovipneumoniae to antibiotics; was undertaken and the results are reported here. This investigation is confined to in vitro studies and was undertaken to obtain data which may be relevant when choosing antibiotics to test in any subsequent in vivo study.

The prevalence of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Mycoplasma arginini in the respiratory tract of sheep.

Abstract Extract In an initial study of mycoplasmas of the respiratory tract of New Zealand sheep a number of strains of mycoplasma were recovered and identified as either M. ovipneumoniae or M. arginini (Clarke et al., 1974 Clarke, J. K., Brown, V. G. and Alley, M. R. 1974. Isolation and identification of mycoplasmas from the respiratory tract of sheep in New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 22: 117–121. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). Investigations in Australia have produced evidence that M. ovipneumoniae is associated with a proliferative interstitial pneumonia in Queensland sheep (Sullivan et al., 1973 Sullivan, N. D., St. George, T. D. and Horsfall, N. 1973. A proliferative interstitial pneumonia of sheep associated with mycoplasma infection. I. Natural history of the disease in a flock. Aust. vet. J., 49: 57–62. [Google Scholar]) and for this reason the present survey was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of mycoplasmas in the respiratory tract of sheepin New Zealand.

Isolation and identification of mycoplasmas from the respiratory tract of sheep in New Zealand.

Abstract Extract Chronic pneiamonia is one of the most prevalent diseases of sheep in New Zealand and it is generally believed to be of considerable economic importance although its aetiology is uncertain. In an Australian study of ovine pneumonia St. George et al. (1971) described the transmission of this disease using a mycoplasma recovered from sheep lung, and subsequently Carmichael et al. (1972) suggested the name Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae for the organism involved. Although it cannot be assumed that the disease transmitted to Australian sheep is the same as the natural disease in New Zealand sheep, it is, nevertheless, import ant to know if mycoplasmas are commonly present in the respiratory tract of sheep in New Zealand.

Isolation and properties of Mycoplasma from the respiratory tract of sheep with jaagsiekte in Kenya

Sixteen isolates of Mycoplasma were recovered from 10 out of 14 sheep suffering from jaagsiekte. They were classified into three serological groups. The first consisted of fast growing non-fermenters, the second fastidious organisms partly fermenting glucose and other sugars and the third saprophytic Mycoplasma of the Laidlawii type. The type of colony formation on agar was a property of individual isolates and not of a serological group. The Mycoplasma recovered differed from a bovine pleuropneumonia vaccine strain and a strain of caprine pleuropneumonia used for comparison.