Parental Resources Research Articles

Getting Wheels: development and evaluation of a psychoeducational resource for parents of children with a neuromuscular condition following recommendation of wheelchair equipment

Purpose Access to credible information can facilitate parental engagement in wheelchair prescription for their child with a neuromuscular condition (NMC). In this study, we developed and evaluated acceptability, perceived usefulness and emotional responses to a psychoeducational booklet for parents of children with a NMC. Methods Australian parents of children who had been recommended a wheelchair and clinicians caring for children with NMCs were invited to evaluate the booklet, Getting Wheels. The booklet included 11 chapters, each covering distinct aspects of wheelchair prescription and supportive care. Participants completed one online survey including validated and study-specific measures. Results Twenty-seven parents (71% response rate, 78% mothers) and nine clinicians (90% response rate, 89% women) participated. All parents endorsed the booklet as addressing their information and support needs, and 93% agreed it would help parents engage in the wheelchair prescription process. All clinicians endorsed the booklet as addressing parents’ information and support needs and agreed they could use the booklet in clinical practice. Conclusions Parents and clinicians rate Getting Wheels as acceptable for use in the context of wheelchair recommendation for children with a neuromuscular condition. Next steps include prospective examination of booklet use in clinical practice and adaptation to culturally and linguistically diverse populations. Implications for rehabilitation The co-designed “Getting Wheels” booklet provides tailored information for use in the context of wheelchair recommendation for children with a neuromuscular condition. The emotions elicited throughout wheelchair prescription endorse the need for integrated psychosocial multidisciplinary care to improve access and support the ongoing emotional needs of this population. Parents of children who receive wheelchair recommendation between zero and two years require greater support from clinicians regarding their thoughts and feelings about wheelchair prescription. Parents of children with a neuromuscular condition and treating clinicians support provision of a tailored psychoeducational resource when a child is recommended a wheelchair.

Sleep Quality and Evening Salivary Cortisol Levels in Association with the Psychological Resources of Parents of Children with Developmental Disorders and Type 1 Diabetes.

Sleep deprivation can decrease parental well-being and degrade mental and physical health in parents of children with chronic illness. The aim of this study was to explore the associations of sleep quality, psychological stress perception, and evening salivary cortisol concentration with self-esteem, optimism and happiness in parents of children with type 1 diabetes and developmental disorders compared to parents of healthy, typically developing children. We studied 196 parents of children with chronic conditions, including autistic spectrum disorder (N = 33), cerebral palsy (N = 18), Down syndrome (N = 33), and diabetes mellitus type 1 (N = 40) and parents of healthy children (N = 72). We evaluated parental sleep quality, evening salivary cortisol levels, self-esteem, optimism and happiness. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess associations between variables. Compared with those of the control group, the parents of children with autistic spectrum disorders had higher evening cortisol concentrations (β = 0.17; p = 0.038) and lower perceptions of happiness (β=-0.17; p = 0.017), while parents of children with type 1 diabetes had disrupted sleep quality (β = 0.25; p = 0.003). Optimism was negatively associated with the evening cortisol concentration (β=-0.18; p = 0.023) and sleep quality index (β=-0.20; p = 0.012). Public health programs aimed at lifestyle habit improvement, respite care, and relaxation for parents of children with chronic conditions would be useful for improving parental sleep quality, self-esteem, optimism and happiness.

Combined nutrition and psychosocial stimulation intervention for child development in rural China: the role of parental resources

Early childhood interventions played a critical role in improving child development in impoverished contexts. Combined nutrition and psychosocial stimulation interventions (CNPSI) have shown more benefits than stand-alone supplemental nutrition interventions (SNI) in many developing countries. Based on a cluster randomized controlled trial in rural northwestern China, this study tested alternative theory-driven hypotheses regarding how primary caregiver’s education and family income may moderate the CNPSI’s effects on child growth environment and developmental delay risk. The trial cluster randomized 1,566 children aged 7–33 months from 111 villages (clusters) in Huachi County, Gansu Province, into an SNI group (N = 852) and a CNPSI group (N = 714). Multilevel regression models suggested that the CNPSI group had better home growth environment (p < 0·001) and lower risk of developmental delay (p < 0·001) than the SNI group. The CNPSI’s impacts on home growth environment and development delay were weaker for parents with higher education levels. However, household income did not significantly moderate the CNPSI effect for either outcome. Future interventions need to attend to the educational disparities in the resource-poor context.

Assessing Camp Provider Needs Related to the Mental, Emotional, and Social Health of Youth and Staff: Implications for Parent Communication, Human Resources, and Transition of Care

Children, adolescents, and young adults are experiencing increases in mental, emotional, and social health (MESH) challenges including anxiety and depression. Out-of-school time (OST) program providers such as summer camps rely on effective communication with parents and other stakeholders to provide for these MESH needs, and the development of before and after program communication processes are viewed as a promising strategy for MESH response across youth program settings. In addition, OST program providers seek human and educational resources for meeting the MESH needs of program participants, and they also try to match available MESH resources to the work demands of their frontline staff who are tasked with responding to youth MESH needs when they arise. The importance of these topics is not reflected in available research informing recommended OST provider practices. Thus, this study examined program provider communications with parents about their youth’s MESH needs as well as program provider MESH resource utilization. Our three research questions were as follows: (1) What parent communication approaches do camp providers use to support youth MESH needs?; (2) What information is communicated to parents, teachers, or healthcare providers regarding youth MESH before and after camp?; and (3) What supports and resources do camp providers need to better manage MESH issues? Findings from this research highlight camp provider MESH-related parent communications and resource utilization. Notably, while respondents indicated requesting general MESH information on the health history form, further assessment and documentation of these identified MESH issues within- and across-camp seasons was lacking. Respondents also indicated camp nurses as the most prevalent human resource. Collectively, these results indicate that camp providers and out-of-camp stakeholders acknowledge the benefit of health history reporting and communication with regard to MESH challenges as well as providing MESH resources to meet employee job demands.

120. Design, Implementation, and Preliminary Effectiveness of the Pharmacist-Led E-Cigarette and Vaping Educational Resource (Ph-EVER) for Adolescents and Parents

120. Design, Implementation, and Preliminary Effectiveness of the Pharmacist-Led E-Cigarette and Vaping Educational Resource (Ph-EVER) for Adolescents and Parents

IMPACT OF DEMONSTRATIVE TEETH BRUSHING METHOD ON STUDENT BEHAVIOR AND DENTAL HYGIENE

Introduction: The mastery of proper tooth-brushing techniques plays a pivotal role in upholding oral health standards. This research underscores the impact of demonstrative teeth brushing method on student behavior and dental hygiene among fourth-grade students at SDN 2 Lamcot in Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Methods: Employing a quasi-experimental design with an equivalent control group, the study conducted pre-test and post-test evaluations.The research incorporated a total of 60 children, distributed into an intervention group and a control group. Quantitative data analysis was conducted through paired samples t-test and Independent T-test. Results:The results exhibited statistically significant disparities (p &lt;0.05) in mean values of knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) scores immediately post-intervention and one month later between the treatment and control groups. Conclusion: Emphasizing the importance of parental involvement in dental health education programs, the study stresses the need for parental knowledge and resources to reinforce and monitor children's dental health practices at home.

Bedouin mothers' sense of authentic inner compass as a parenting resource: Relations with autonomy-supportive parenting and adolescents' well-being.

Sense of authentic inner compass (AIC) is the feeling that one knows what is important to oneself because one has values, aspirations, and goals with which one deeply identifies. Past research demonstrated the benefits of AIC, but there is no published research on parental dispositions promoting youth AIC. To increase knowledge of this issue, we examined whether mothers' sense of AIC is associated with a corresponding sense of AIC in their children, and explored autonomy-supportive child-rearing practices that may serve as pathways linking mothers' AIC with adolescents' AIC and subsequent well-being. We examined a Bedouin Israeli sample because it represents a fairly patriarchal, autonomy-eschewing, context, where the benefits of mothers' authenticity and autonomy-support are not obvious. One hundred and thirty-six mothers (Mean age = 44.33, SD = 5.22) and their children (Mean age = 13.79, SD = 0.45; 60% females) participated in a study conducted in June 2019. SEM analyses supported a model where mothers' sense of firm AIC was linked with adolescents' sense of firm AIC via adolescents' experience of their mothers as using the practices of inherent value demonstration and fostering inner valuing. Adolescent reported AIC in turn was associated with adolescents reported vitality and low levels of depressive symptoms. Mothers' AIC was associated with minimal use of conditional regard, which was negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Results suggest that mothers' AIC may be an important parenting resource, enabling mothers to convincingly demonstrate their values, as well as foster children's attunement to their authentic preferences, even in patriarchal-hierarchical contexts.

Understanding the needs of foster parents of youth with special health care needs: Perceptions, barriers, and recommendations

IntroductionYouth with special health care needs (SHCN) experience more placement disruptions in foster care than their typically developing peers. This study, conducted by a research-community partnership, used a mixed-methods approach to understand the needs and barriers of current, past, and prospective foster parents to provide care for youth with SHCN. MethodsOne hundred twenty-six participants completed a survey regarding their youth’s care needs, anticipated and experienced barriers of concern when caring for youth with SHCN, support they believe should be provided at the beginning of placements, and information they believe would be helpful to know when deciding to foster a youth with SHCN. ResultsCurrent and past foster parents of youth with SHCN most commonly reported caring for youth with behavioral issues, developmental disabilities, and medical conditions requiring frequent monitoring and intervention. The biggest barriers reported by current and past foster parents were SHCN-specific training, transparency regarding youths’ needs, and assistance finding providers. In contrast, prospective foster parents reported not receiving enough information about youths’ specific needs and getting physical home modifications as the biggest anticipated barriers. Prospective foster parents reported they would like to receive clear information on youth’s needs, care goals, and medical history to guide their decision to foster youth with SHCN. DiscussionThe findings from this study highlight that current, past, and prospective foster parents of youth with SHCN feel a critical need exists for additional capacity-building and resources for foster parents to be able to successfully care for youth with SHCN. Furthermore, prospective foster parents require tailored guidance and training to ensure they are fully prepared for the practical considerations to care for a youth with SHCN. ConclusionsFoster parents who care for youth with SHCN require additional support to manage the complex medical and behavioral needs of the youth in their care, transparency on youth’s medical history and care needs, and clarity on resources and services available. By identif ying opportunities to better support, recruit, and prepare foster parents caring for youth with SHCN, the child welfare system can reduce gaps in wellbeing, promote placement stability, and improve outcomes for children and youth with SHCN.

Assessing service usage and protective factors in a pediatric psychiatry clinic during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Youth with developmental and pre-existing mental health conditions have been particularly vulnerable to declines in psychological functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to first, analyze service usage within an outpatient child and adolescent psychiatry clinic in the months preceding and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and second, to examine associations with potential protective factors against mental health concerns in a treatment-engaged sample. Service usage was examined using clinic billing data, and reports on protective factors were gathered via parent survey of 81 children ages 6-17 years who received mental health treatment in an outpatient psychiatry clinic during the pandemic. Protective factors were assessed at the individual, family, and community levels, and included children's use of coping strategies, parental resilience, and parents' perceived social supports. Study outcomes, including mental health concerns, mental health emergencies, pandemic-related distress, and social impact of the pandemic, were analyzed via Pearson correlations and simultaneous multiple linear regressions. Findings suggest increased service usage and child coping, parental resilience, and social connectedness as factors associated with fewer mental health concerns in youth with psychiatric concerns during the pandemic. This study lends support for expanding psychiatric services with continued use of telemedicine platforms. Further, findings suggest a mental health benefit to optimizing individual, parental, and community-based resources to enhance children's psychological functioning, particularly for youth with pre-existing mental health conditions.

Parent Mediated Interventions for Children with Autism across India: A Qualitative Study

Background: Lifelong intervention is the mainstay of rehabilitation for individuals on the autism spectrum. The Lancet Commission on care and clinical research on autism has noted the prohibitive cost of intervention services in Low Middle Income Countries and has recommended active involvement of parents in the intervention process. However, there appear to be limited resources for parents to train themselves. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the state of Parent Mediated Interventions across India. Method: The study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, professionals from centers across India were interviewed to understand the methods followed in their centers. In the second phase, focus group discussions were conducted with parents of children on the autism spectrum to understand their needs and challenges in working with their children. The findings from these two phases were then presented to an experienced professionals to corroborate the results. Results: Parent-mediated interventions were found to be limited and relying on manuals published in the West. Parents of children above the age of six continued to face challenges in teaching communication and managing difficult behaviors. Conclusion: Empowering parents by educating them right from the time of diagnosis of the child will ensure better adult outcomes among individuals with autism spectrum disorders.

The Impact of the Level and Timing of Parental Resources on Child Development and Intergenerational Mobility

The Impact of the Level and Timing of Parental Resources on Child Development and Intergenerational Mobility

Sustainable Parental Resources of Organic Urban Teaching (SPROUT): An Innovation to Upgrade 4Ps Parents’ Livelihood Sustainability

Parental involvement in education has long been recognized as a crucial factor in determining a child’s academic success and overall well-being (Hill et al., 2004). In many developing countries, such as the Philippines, government programs like the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) have been implemented to provide conditional cash transfers to low-income families, with the aim of improving their livelihood sustainability (Adhikari et al., 2017). However, sustainability also entails long-term empowerment and the development of skills for parents to become self-reliant. This action research study introduces the Sustainable Parental Resources of Organic Urban Teaching (SPROUT) innovation as a means to upgrade the livelihood sustainability of 4Ps parents. SPROUT, founded on the principles of sustainable development and organic urban teaching, aims to provide 4Ps parents with the necessary resources and knowledge to enhance their self-reliance and livelihood opportunities. By incorporating sustainable agriculture practices and urban gardening techniques, SPROUT offers parents the chance to grow their own organic produce, both for personal consumption and potential income generation (FAO, 2013). This approach not only enhances the nutritional status of families but also promotes environmental stewardship and encourages a shift towards healthier and sustainable lifestyle choices. The empowerment of parents through sustainable practices has yielded positive outcomes in various contexts. A study conducted by Hirai and Fujii (2019) found that engagement in sustainable livelihood activities led to increased self-confidence and a sense of agency among participants. Additionally, Oyelaran-Oyeyinka and Sanni (2020) demonstrated that sustainable livelihood initiatives can contribute to poverty reduction and improved standard of living in rural communities. By adapting and applying these concepts to the urban setting and specifically targeting 4Ps parents, the SPROUT innovation has the potential to significantly uplift the livelihood sustainability of this vulnerable population. Furthermore, the incorporation of organic urban teaching methodologies aligns with the growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly practices within the global educational landscape (ITO, 2014). This approach not only equips parents with important agricultural skills but also fosters a sense of pride and cultural heritage. By tapping into traditional and indigenous knowledge systems, SPROUT emphasizes the importance of intergenerational knowledge transfer and community engagement, offering a holistic approach to sustainable parental resources. The SPROUT innovation holds immense promise as a means to upgrade the livelihood sustainability of 4Ps parents. By combining sustainable agriculture practices and organic urban teaching methodologies, SPROUT seeks to empower parents, enhance their self-reliance, and contribute to poverty reduction. This action research study will explore the implementation, impact, and potential challenges of the SPROUT intervention, aiming to provide valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and communities seeking innovative approaches to uplift the lives of vulnerable populations.

Exploring Islamic Character Values in Nussa The Movie: Relevance and Implementation in Islamic Education

This research delves into depicting Islamic character values in 'Nussa The Movie,' examining its relevance and application in Islamic education. Employing a qualitative methodology with descriptive content analysis, the study scrutinizes the movie's narrative, dialogues, and visual elements. Seven key Islamic character values identified include good role modeling, wisdom, generosity, patience, honesty, justice, and sincerity. The findings suggest that 'Nussa The Movie' transcends mere entertainment, emerging as a potent tool for imparting Islamic character education to children. These values are intricately interwoven with the movie’s narrative, offering viewers examples of character traits aligned with Islamic teachings. Despite its educational potential, the study acknowledges limitations and encourages further research on long-term impacts and cultural variations in character education through animated media. This research emphasizes the importance of this film as a resource for educators and parents in instilling Islamic values, thus contributing to a broader discussion on the integration of entertainment and education in character development.

Learning Process of Parents with Children of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Reception

Ideally, every parent wants a child who is physically and psychologically healthy. However, the reality on the ground shows that there are children who are born or grow up in abnormal conditions and require special attention. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder that is related to a person's neurology. Out of school education is a realm of education that intersects with several elements, one of which is parents. Thus, this research refers to the learning process of parents with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (GPPH) in self-acceptance and learning. The research that will be carried out uses qualitative research methods with a case study approach and aims to describe the social problems faced, the learning process in acceptance, and learning resources for parents in the @temanadhd parent community. Based on the research that has been conducted, it can be seen that parents experience social problems related to their children's conditions. Parents overcome this problem by joining and learning in the @temanadhd community which acts as a forum for facilitating parents' learning. The learning processes and resources used by parents are information from various sources, training and seminars on parenting and self-acceptance.

Development and user evaluation of an online caregiver education resource for Malaysian parents of children with leukemia or lymphoma

ObjectiveMalaysian parents of children diagnosed with leukemia or lymphoma stand to benefit from a comprehensive Malay-language online resource, complementing existing caregiver education practices. This study aimed to develop and assess the efficacy of e-Hematological Oncology Parents Education (e-HOPE), an online caregiver education resource in Malay, designed to enhance the knowledge of parents with children diagnosed with leukemia or lymphoma in Malaysia. MethodsA user profile and topic list were established based on previous needs analysis studies. Content was developed for each identified topic. An expert panel assessed the content validity of both informational content and activity sections. Subsequently, the contents were presented via a learning management system to parents of children newly diagnosed with leukemia or lymphoma. Parents evaluated the quality of e-HOPE using the Website Evaluation Questionnaire (WEQ) after an 8-week period. ResultsThe scale content validity index (S-CVI/Ave) achieved 0.996 for informational content and 0.991 for the activity section. Sixteen parents provided evaluations of e-HOPE after an 8-week usage period. Mean WEQ scores for various dimensions ranged from 4.23 for completeness to 4.88 for relevance. ConclusionsE-HOPE was meticulously designed and developed to offer Malaysian parents a Malay-language resource complementing current caregiver education practices. It exhibited strong content validity and received positive user ratings for quality. Further assessment is warranted to evaluate its effectiveness in supporting parents of children with leukemia or lymphoma. The resource is anticipated to enhance information accessibility and support for Malaysian parents facing hematological cancers in their children. Trial registrationClinicaltrials.govNCT05455268.

We’re here too: child health information-seeking experiences and preferences of Red River Métis families – a qualitative study

BackgroundRed River Métis families need access to meaningful and appropriate resources when their children are sick. At the invitation of the Manitoba Métis Federation (MMF) to partner in this research, our aim was to understand Red River Métis parents’ experiences and preferences for seeking child health information when their child is acutely ill, to inform the adaptation of existing parent resources.MethodsA qualitative descriptive approach underpinned by a participatory paradigm guided this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 Red River Métis parents and Elders via Zoom or telephone. An inductive thematic analysis approach was used to explore patterns and themes across the data.ResultsAnalysis generated four themes: (1) We’re here too; (2) We are not all the same; (3) Finding trustworthy information; and (4) Information needs to be widely available. Red River Métis pride was prominent in the results. Parents provided tangible ways to modify existing parent resources, including adding information on how to access Elders, healers and/or traditional medicines and showing different family structures, transport, living situations, Métis names, and incorporating Métis languages. While most parents reported looking for child health information online, they also stressed the need to provide multiple options, including information sheets, recognizing that parents seek information in different contexts. Parents also emphasized the importance of accessible, safe spaces to find child health information, including local schools, community centres, healthcare organizations and the MMF.ConclusionThere is a lack of child health information created specifically for Red River Métis families. The development of this information can support their information needs and preferences and the ongoing efforts to revitalize Red River Métis culture and language. Study findings will inform the adaptation and dissemination of existing child health resources to ensure they reflect Red River Métis parents’ information needs and preferences. This research is a critical step in addressing an identified need for Red River Métis families to have culturally relevant and meaningful child health resources, and in the pursuit of equitable care for all children in Canada.Trial RegistrationN/A.

"God gave you a special child because you are special": difficulties, coping strategies, and parental burnout of Jewish mothers - a qualitative study.

"Parental Burnout" is a specific syndrome resulting from an imbalance between continuous exposure to chronic parenting stress and available protective resources. Mothers of children with special needs have an increased risk of Parental Burnout due to dealing with various difficulties from carrying out long-term childcare. To examine difficulties, coping strategies, and PB (risk factors and protective resources), among ultra-Orthodox and non-Orthodox Jewish mothers of children with special needs with high or low levels of Parental Burnout. A qualitative study. Twelve mothers of children with special needs identified with high or low Parental Burnout via a quantitative study were interviewed. The constant-comparative analysis method was used to analyze the findings. Three themes and twelve categories emerged: 1. Difficulties involved in motherhood with six categories: (a) caregiver burden, (b) task overload, (c) physical and mental self-neglect, (d) environmental, couple-hood, family and social neglect, (e) recognizing the gap between their child with special needs and other children of the same age, (f) the environment's contradictory expectations from the mother; 2. Coping strategies with four categories: (a) practical, (b) spiritual, (c) social and (d) emotional; and 3. Parental Burnout, consequences and coping with two categories: (a) personal and environmental risk factors (e.g., fear of the future, difficulty in trusting others in taking care of their child), and (b) personal and environmental protective resources (e.g., sharing similar circumstances with other mothers, a belief in God). The findings contribute to understanding the unique difficulties, coping strategies and differences in risk factors and protective resources of Parental Burnout among ultra-Orthodox and non-Orthodox Jewish mothers of children with special needs. In order to alleviate the difficulties experienced by mothers and thus also reduce Parental Burnout risk factors and provide effective protective resources, it is recommended to develop empirically based professional guidance for policymakers, child development specialists, nurses, physiotherapists, and informal caregivers.

The influence of home-country resources and state ownership on subsidiary’s performance: a multilevel perspective

PurposeAlthough emerging markets are distinctly known for the rapid growth and international expansion of their state-owned enterprises, little is known about the influence of parent resource advantages and mixed state ownership on a subsidiary’s performance. Using the resource-based view, this study aims to investigate how resource advantages from the parent company and state ownership influence the performance of subsidiaries.Design/methodology/approachThis study included a unique data set of 207 subsidiaries from 33 large Brazilian multinationals located in 32 countries from 2000 to 2015. The authors used a hierarchical linear modeling and a multilevel structure based on data at different levels to analyze the influence of home-country parent resource advantages and state ownership on host-country subsidiary’s performance.FindingsThis study illustrates that state ownership can alleviate the resource advantages of parent companies. Evidence is presented, indicating that low and medium degrees of state ownership have a negative impact on the resource advantages of the parent company, consequently reducing the subsidiary’s performance. Moreover, this study highlights that low and medium degrees of state ownership lead to conflicting interests between state ownership and parent resource advantages, resulting in an overall decline in subsidiary performance.Originality/valueThis research contributes new evidence regarding state ownership and resource advantages to the field of international business studies and the domain of Latin American multinational enterprises, Multilatinas. The results suggest that low and medium levels of state ownership diminish the influx of resources from parent companies, thereby restricting the subsidiary’s performance.

Baby on the web 3.0: why pre-school children in Poland abuse screen devices – a parent’s perspective. Information about the research project

Preschool children in Poland use mobile screen devices contrary to the recommendations of paediatric societies and the WHO and most often in situations when parents need to perform other tasks, rest, when they lack energy to take care of their child or when they want to occupy a bored child with something (according to the results from the project “Baby on the Web 2.0” study). The aim of the project “baby on the Web 3.0” is an attempt to understand what mechanisms underlie this phenomenon. There are three hypotheses stated in the project: the first one assumes a lack of knowledge about recommendations; the second one assumes parental stress and the role screen devices play in reducing this stress and regenerating parental resources; and the third assumes the parents’ incorrect beliefs about the prevalence of a given phenomenon and its desirable nature. The study will be conducted on a sample of at least 1,000 parents of preschool children who use and do not use screen devices. The obtained results will allow to understand why parents do not follow the recommendations regarding the use of mobile screen devices by preschool children, and will also be used to develop recommendations in the area of health promotion and prevention.

Examination of AI Algorithms for Image and MRI-based Autism Detection

Precise identification of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a challenging task due to the heterogeneity of ASD. Early diagnosis and interventions have positive effects on treatment and later skills development. Hence, it is necessary to provide families and communities with the resources, training, and tools required to diagnose and help patients. Recent work has shown that artificial intelligence-based methods are suitable for the identification of ASD. AI-based tools can be good resources for parents for early detection of ASD in their kids. Even AI-based advanced tools are helpful for health workers and physicians to detect ASD. Facial images and MRI are the best sources to understand ASD symptoms, hence are input required in AI-based model training. The trained models are used for the classification of ASD patients and normal kids. The deep learning models are found to be very accurate in ASD detection. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of AI techniques like machine learning, image processing, and deep learning, and their accuracy when these techniques are used on facial and MRI images of ASD and normally developed kids.