Social Conflict Resolution Research Articles

Philosophical foundations of Ancient China law

The history of China originates from the 5th millennium B.C. Written sources relating to the beginning of the period of the seven strongest states “Chuntsu” (Spring and Autumn period) originated in the 7th century B.C. The first elements of the philosophical teachings of China originated in the 5th century B.C., the most significant being Taoism, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, the School of In-Yang, and Nominalism. The thorough analysis of the abovementioned teachings provides an insight into a contemptuous attitude to the law as a means of regulating social relations and conflict resolution, as well as the faith in the harmony of human relationships and justice, and the need for a search for consensus and agreement. These teachings demonstrate a vivid confrontation between the humanist (Confucian and partly the doctrine of Mohism) and anti-humanistic (Legalist) doctrine, morality and law. It was also common to the European tradition. They had significant influence on the nature of ancient Chinese law, although it was also based on customary law, as well as on the traditions of Eastern despotism, which held the sacramentality of the ruler’s figure (him and his power, as well as the laws that emanated from him, deified), the political arbitrariness, qualitatively different from the European view of the relationship between the state and the individual on the basis of blind submission, the absolute dominance of the state over society, the lack of democratic traditions of the formation of state authorities and governance, the lack of controlling authorities based directly on force, and the lack of guarantees of individual rights as its grounding features. The ancient Chinese law of the period had a very obscure caste character. The status of a person depended on the social situation this person was in, and not on his/her origin. Therefore, the linchpin here was occupied by the representatives of the ruling dynasty, as well as representatives of the state power apparatus, whose status was derived from the ruler. The second grade was occupied by regular persons (scientists, landowners, artisans, and merchants) who entirely depended on the will of the ruler and his officials. As for certain categories of persons, the extent of their eligibility was different. The following categories were personally free (Lyangen, Zhuzhen, Pingmin) and personally unfriendly, “Underworld” (Jian-jen), in addition to landowners and tenants. There also existed different statuses of father and son, spouses, separate categories of children, age categories of persons in criminal law (in particular, persons under 10 and over 80 were not held liable). The law was also featured by collective responsibility for committing crimes (the perpetrators of the crime could be punished by relatives of the offender to the third degree), a combination of functions of administration and justice (the ruler belonged to the supreme judicial authority), as well as extremely cruel sanctions for committing crimes. Court proceedings had an inquisitive character, where the person completely depended on the discretion of the authorities. Civil-law relations had the features of the lack of economic freedom and the existence of contractual relations in a rather limited framework not accompanied by clear legal guarantees. Article received 14.03.2019

Adult attachment, filial piety, and interpersonal functioning of Chinese young adults

ABSTRACT This study examined the unique and interaction effects of adult attachment and filial piety among Chinese young adults on three selected interpersonal functioning variables (i.e. social self-efficacy, constructive conflict resolution, and interpersonal difficulties). Findings from a sample of 231 university students recruited from Beijing, China indicated that both attachment avoidance and anxiety were negatively associated with social self-efficacy and constructive conflict resolution and positively associated with interpersonal problems. Reciprocal filial piety was found to not only contribute to significant increment above and beyond what was explained by adult attachment variables but also be a significant moderator for the attachment avoidance-constructive conflict resolution and attachment avoidance-social self-efficacy links. Implications of the findings are discussed from the attachment perspective and Chinese cultural contexts.

And yet, non-equity cooperative entries do improve international performance: uncovering the role of networks’ social capital

Drawing on social capital theory, this study analyses the moderating role of social networks in the relation between international new ventures’ choice of non-equity cooperative entries and international performance. The research adopts an alternative point of view that considers that the development of social capital is dependent upon what actions an individual or group of people carry out to build and maintain social capital. Three relational norms have been associated with effective interaction among network partners, namely, informational exchange, organizational coordination and social conflict resolution. Through these relational norms, firms can co-create the structure of the social network and define what the network benefits and social capital are. Data gathered from a sample of international ventures operating in several industries support the idea that networks’ social capital endows international new ventures with informational advantages and experiential knowledge, which are important to reduce the problems associated with the non-equity entry mode choice when partners do not come from their networks. The results point to the need for INVs’ entrepreneurs to engage in establishing routines that enable them to develop management activities in coordination with their network members. The findings provide entrepreneurs of INVs with contextual evidence for making successful foreign market entry decisions.

RESOLUSI KONFLIK PASCA PEMILIHAN KEPALA WEDEROK MELALUI MODAL SOSIAL

The post-Pilkades conflict in Wederok Village, Weliman Sub-District, Malaka Regency is still ongoing. conflict resolution through formal institutions leaves a new problem. The purpose of this study is to offer a social capital-based conflict resolution. The research method used is descriptive. The results of the study indicate that the mediation efforts undertaken have not touched the essence of the source of conflict. The recommended conflict resolution effort is the Deliberative conflict resolution model "Maun-Alin". The purpose of this concept is to resolve the conflict by using the Deliberative model, where every citizen without the intervention of the government or customary institutions conveys the contents of his conscience, through the spirit of public space discourse.

Institutions of the Civil Society in Solving Social Conflicts (Disputes)

The article is devoted to the research of civil society institutions in the aspect of resolving social conflicts. The Constitution of Ukraine, other legislative acts that laid the legal basis for the formation and development of civil society and its institutions are considered. Scientists’ positions regarding understanding of such social phenomena are investigated. The peculiarities of the creation of civil society institutions, their nature and the fact that they can take different forms (associations, unions, organizations, etc.) have been determined. The place and designation of civil society institutions in society are determined. It is revealed that the unification of individuals in public organizations not only unites them to solve pressing social problems, but also, especially important, strengthens their social and legal status in public relations with highly organized entities, makes them able to withstand the arbitrariness of the state. It has been found out that the stability and sustainable development of society, the state of human and citizen’s rights and freedoms depend on the level of social and legal activity of individuals, the ability of public organizations created by them to manage social conflicts timely and effectively. It is established that the institutions of civil society are mediators between citizens and the state, interact with the state’s institutions, other legal entities and are the key element of an autonomous mechanism of selfregulation, resolution of social conflicts. Signs of belonging of the public form of conflict resolution to the sphere of civil society are revealed. It is determined that the most optimal in solving social conflicts, at the stage of civil society formation and becoming a democratic, rule of law, social state, is the combination of self-regulatory action of civil society institutions with the active assistance of state institutions, without interference of the latter directly in the relations between the parties themselves. Criteria for participation of civil society institutions in solving social conflicts have been established.

Medical disputes and mediation in China: Government and responsibility shifting

Because of the heavy burden that the resolution of social conflicts imposes on the Chinese government, the government is motivated to delegate or shift its conflict resolution responsibilities to specialized institutions, including social organizations. However, the effectiveness of responsibility shifting is conditional on the types of conflict and social contexts. Focusing on the resolution of medical disputes in China, this article examines the conditions under which the government can avoid direct and heavy involvement in dispute resolution. The government can effectively delegate the responsibility for resolving conflicts when the disputing parties perceive the mediation agencies as impartial. Having effective institutions thus limits government intervention to only a small number of disputes. This study is based on an analysis of 1351 medical disputes and about 80 interviews with parties involved in dispute resolution.

Sociology of Dakwah: Scientific Alternative Social Conflict Resolution Religious

History records since 1789 which lasted throughout the 19th century - were confronted by an important event full of chaos, the French Revolution - became the forerunner of human social distortions in dunua at that time. One side of the revolution demonstrate positive change and social order on the other side is going through a critical phase to be part concerns some scientists. However, who would have thought excessive attention and seriousness of the leading scientists cultivated by August Comte and Emile Durkheim. Ultimately leading trigger of Sociology and the validity of the methodology laid Sociology as a science. Who would have thought from then until now, to contribute to the presence of study Sociology 'partnership' as; Political Sociology, Economic Sociology, Sociology of Law, Sociology of Religion, Sociology of Communication and so on. Not without reason that 'partnership' Sociology is a solution of the situation and condition of polemics, discrimination, marginalized, alienation had stripped many aspects of life. Even for a man as the main mission of peace and compassion presenters also increasingly disoriented. It would need to design an alternative social science that is Sociology Propagation, scientific consists of scientific foundation; Sociology itself, the science of Communications and Propagation Studies.

CONFLICT RESOLUTION: THE DYNAMICS OF AGRARIAN CONFLICT SOLUTION BETWEEN HARJOKUNCARAN VILLAGERS AND TNI-AD (ARMY) IN MALANG

Indonesia as state law has several problems which related to the various sector. Land is a sector where the conflict often occurs, so this problem had a very close relationship with the law. The land problems in Harjokuncaran village is not apart with farmer community life who fight for their land right.One form of resistance in Harjokuncaran village was the agrarian conflict that causing physical violence between TNI-AD (Army) and Harjokuncaran villagers. This study using social movement theory and conflict resolution, this theory was chosen to review about how to form farmers movement stage until its conflict resolution. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method as the data analysis form obtained in the field. The process to collect the data using: observation, literature study, interview, and documentation. The result showed that how the most important potential to bring up the movement as the result of complaint and disappointment faced by Harjokuncaran villagers. After the social movement occurred through this resistance, their existence had been recognized by Magelang Regency Government, therefore the government had tried as much as possible to give the best solution in order to create a peaceful life. In another word, there is a conflict resolution for this problem.

Deliberative multi-actor dialogues as opportunities for transformative social learning and conflict resolution in international environmental negotiations

The format for formal international negotiations on environment and development sometimes prevents negotiators from truly listening to each other and adapt pre-existing positions to realize constructive conflict resolution. In this paper we present and analyse “Multi-Actor Dialogue Seminars” (MADS) as an approach to contribute to transformative social learning and conflict resolution, and the contribution to tangible and intangible outcomes in formal negotiations. Unlike negotiations, the objective of MADS is not to agree on a text, but to identify areas of agreement and disagreement, build trust and understanding and identify policy options that are tailored to different cultural-political and value systems. As a case study we use the breakdown of the negotiations at the formal Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Conference in 2010 regarding “innovative financial mechanisms,” and subsequent two international Quito Dialogues using the MADS approach. Through a composite of methods this article reveals the effects of the Quito Dialogues on formal CBD negotiations. The Quito Dialogues contributed to bringing actors out of their deadlock and thereby paving the way for constructive results in the formal CBD negotiations, evident by references in CBD Decisions adopted by 196 CBD Parties. We discuss key design and implementation factors which were decisive for these effects including the importance of a bridging organization, trust building, exploration of both convergences and divergences, involvement of participants with diverse and conflicting views early in the planning, promotion of active listening and addressing diverse knowledge systems and power asymmetries.

Issues and Challenges for the Resolution of Social Conflicts Surrounding Nuclear Energy Policy Focusing on the Evaluation of Public Discourse on Shingori 5 and 6

Issues and Challenges for the Resolution of Social Conflicts Surrounding Nuclear Energy Policy Focusing on the Evaluation of Public Discourse on Shingori 5 and 6

Korean Language Education Policy for Foreign Workers

이 연구는 국내 체류하는 외국인 노동자들을 대상으로 현재 정부 부처에서 실시하는 한국어 및 한국문화교육의 현황 및 정책을 비판적으로 고찰하여, 향후 올바로 나아가야 할 교육의 정책적 방향을 조언 및 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 외국인 노동자에게 있어서 한국어 능력은 이들이 생존에 필요한 기본적인 요건이 되고 한 사회의 구성원으로서의 책임과 나아가 노동 생산성의 향상을 제공할 수 있는 도구이다. 따라서 외국인 노동자에게는 한국어교육의 중요성을 간과해서는 안 된다. 궁극적으로 사회 갈등 해결과 함께 경쟁력에 큰 영향을 끼치기 때문이다. 그러므로 이들에 대한 정부 및 지자체의 대안 및 대책이 올바로 이루어져야 한다. 이를 위해 본고에서는 크게 세 가지 방안을 제시하였다. 첫째, 한국어교육에 대한 체계적이고 집중 관리할 수 있는 시스템 구축을 해야 한다. 둘째, 한국어교육에 대한 정부의 지원과 부처 간에 협력을 해야 한다. 셋째, 한국어 교육기관의 확대와 전문성이 확보되어야 한다. 이를 통하여 외국인 노동자들의 한국어교육이 점차 확대되고 질적인 언어능력의 향상을 꾀할 수 있다. 이와 같은 외국인 노동자에 대한 한국어교육 정책이 현재 시행되고 있는 교육제도에 재고될 경우 이들의 원활한 의사소통으로 한국사회에 안정적인 정착이 이루어질 수 있고, 오해, 편견으로부터 오는 사회적 갈등이 해소될 것이며 경제적인 면에서도 긍정적인 영향을 끼칠 수 있다.In this paper will critically examine the status and policies of Korean and Korean culture education, which are among the largest number of foreign workers in Korea. The purpose of this study is to suggest policy directions and plans for Korean language education in the future. Korean ability for foreign workers is a basic requirement for their survival. It is also a tool that can provide responsibility as a member of society and improve labor productivity. Therefore, the importance of Korean language education should not be overlooked by foreign workers. Ultimately, it will have a great impact on competitiveness as well as social conflict resolution. Alternatives and countermeasures of the government and local governments to foreign workers should be done properly. In this paper, three approaches are proposed. First, it is a systematic and concentrated management system for Korean language education. Second, government support for Korean language education and cooperation among ministries. Third, expansion of Korean language education institutions and securing of professionalism. Through this, it is possible to expand the Korean language education of foreign workers and improve the qualitative language ability. If the policy on Korean education for foreign workers is improved, smooth communication will be achieved. Through this, a stable settlement will be achieved in Korean society. In addition, social problems can be solved by misunderstanding and discrimination.

Los distritos urbanos gastronómico-turísticos, conflictos y problemas de gestión pública. Guadalajara, México

The transformation of residential central areas into urban tourist and gastronomic destinations, is part of a larger process which poses important challenges for urban management and social conflict resolution. To be competitive, cities stage urban space as a place where tourists may co-produce travel experiences. Urban tourist destinations represented as safe spaces, open to investment and to product and service innovation. This essay analyzes the emergence of Gastronomy-Tourism Urban Districts (DUGTs) as a common process in large scale cities. It looks at the transformation of two residential areas in the city of Guadalajara, Jalisco, as spaces for conflicts of interests among high income groups, which are similar to those associated with gentrification. The paper identifies challenges for public policy and for negotiation processes aimed at solving controversies associated to the search for a better position for cities in the global economic map.

프랑스의 피임 자유화에 대한 보수와 진보의 사회갈등과 해소(1956-1974)

프랑스의 피임 자유화에 대한 보수와 진보의 사회갈등과 해소(1956-1974)

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Development trend of sharing economy in big data era based on duplication dynamic evolution game theory

Since the 1990s, with the perfection and infiltration of Internet infrastructure and the vigorous development of a new generation of information technology industry, the contemporary sharing economy supported by big data has emerged. On the surface, sharing economy has indeed formed a brand new economic model that is different from the past. However, when we analyze the contradictory vision of supply and demand determined by the inclusion of the sharing economy in the basic social system, we can see that the essence of the contemporary sharing economy is from two dimensions influence rather than change the development mode of this contradictory paradigm: one is the anarchy state of social production is improved through communication of big data based on the Internet; the other is the reduced demand for workers having ability to pay is alleviated through collaborative consumption. Therefore, the sharing economy as a commercial operation mode still can not escape the contradiction between production and consumption. From the perspective of social conflict resolution, the real sharing comes from the improvement of fairness and justice and from the reformation of the sharing system. Such reformation is from the reuse of private resource to the collaborative sharing of public resource, that is, the commonweal development of sharing economy. Through the duplication dynamic evolution game theory model of sharing economy, it can be found that the degree of public benefit of sharing economy depends on the degree of benefit of imitation object and the number of imitators. How countries can promote the development direction of sharing economy towards public sphere and public welfare through conscious policy guidance will be an important indicator for testing the government’s ability to respond to emerging policy issues.

КОНФЛИКТОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАМОТНОСТЬ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РЕГИОНА

The article analyses conflictological literacy among the Region’s Population in the Altai Krai, one of the major regions of Siberia, and argues for the need for regional conflict management. The author presents data from empirical research conducted in the Altai Krai. The survey showed a high degree of civic illiteracy in the field of conflict resolution: the majority of the respondents were insufficiently informed about the methods of conflict resolution, and did not believe in the possibility of constructive conflict management. The author carried out sociological analysis of conflict phobia in Russian society and investigates its main reasons, as well as solutions to the problem. The author formulates topical problems that must be addressed for the effective resolution of social conflicts in modern Russian society, including conflicts at the regional level.

Evolution of flexibility and rigidity in retaliatory punishment

Natural selection designs some social behaviors to depend on flexible learning processes, whereas others are relatively rigid or reflexive. What determines the balance between these two approaches? We offer a detailed case study in the context of a two-player game with antisocial behavior and retaliatory punishment. We show that each player in this game-a "thief" and a "victim"-must balance two competing strategic interests. Flexibility is valuable because it allows adaptive differentiation in the face of diverse opponents. However, it is also risky because, in competitive games, it can produce systematically suboptimal behaviors. Using a combination of evolutionary analysis, reinforcement learning simulations, and behavioral experimentation, we show that the resolution to this tension-and the adaptation of social behavior in this game-hinges on the game's learning dynamics. Our findings clarify punishment's adaptive basis, offer a case study of the evolution of social preferences, and highlight an important connection between natural selection and learning in the resolution of social conflicts.

Archetypal Model of Emergence, Escalation and Resolution of Social Conflicts

The article presents the archetypal model of emergence, escalation and resolution of social conflicts created to determine the conditions for stopping the destructive process of fragmentation of the political organisations of Ukrainian elite groups. Within the established model, the archetypal mechanisms of conflict development were revealed, the factors that make the participants of competitive interaction clash in confrontation were identified, and the conditions of its transformation into cooperation were outlined. The role of the biological mechanisms of activation of conflict participants was demonstrated. When analysing the developed model, the connection between the fragmentation of Ukrainian elite groups and imbalance of the differentiating and integrating functions in internal organisational conflicts was revealed. This made it possible to suggest that this imbalance is due to contradictions between habitual (network) and current (hierarchical) components inherent in the organisational culture of Ukrainian society. The habitual component, due to activation of the corresponding groups of archetypes of the unconscious, blocks the process of sacralisation of leaders as part of realisation of the current component, which makes it impossible for them to perform the integrating function in political organisations under conditions where the differentiating function of internal organisational conflicts is realised without hindrance. This causes the continuous fragmentation of the political organisations of Ukrainian elite groups, which leads to their degradation, atomisation and, as a result, their failure to exercise its power functions. It is concluded that the destructive fragmentation process of the political organisations of Ukrainian elite groups as a result of the unbalanced differentiating function of internal organisational conflicts can be stopped only after their restructuring into a multi-intelligent social model system. It can be implemented through appropriate algorithms of interaction among members and units of political organisations, which together will constitute a variable organisational structure that will provide a synergistic effect due to the simultaneous mutually reinforcing reproduction of the habitual and current components inherent in the organisational culture of Ukrainian society.

Social motivation and conflict resolution tactics as potential building blocks of sociality in cichlid fishes

Even closely related and ecologically similar cichlid species of Lake Tanganyika exhibit an impressive diversity of social systems, and therefore these fishes offer an excellent opportunity to examine the evolution of social behaviour. Sophisticated social relationships are thought to have evolved via a building block design where more fundamental social behaviours and cognitive processes have been combined, incrementally modified, and elaborated over time. Here, we studied two of these putative social building blocks in two closely related species of cichlids: Neolamprologus pulcher, a group-living species, and Telmatochromis temporalis, a non-grouping species. Otherwise well matched in ecology, this pair of species provide an excellent comparison point to understand how behavioural processes may have been modified in relation to the evolution of sociality. Using social assays in both the laboratory and in the field, we explored each species’ motivation to interact with conspecifics, and each species’ conflict resolution tactics. We found that individuals of the group living species, N. pulcher, displayed higher social motivation and were more likely to produce submission displays than were individuals of the non-grouping species, T. temporalis. We argue that the motivation to interact with conspecifics is a necessary prerequisite for the emergence of group living, and that the use of submission reduces the costs of conflict and facilitates the maintenance of close social proximity. These results suggest that social motivation and conflict resolution tactics are associated with social complexity, and that these behavioural traits may be functionally significant in the evolution and maintenance of sociality.

Marketing as a Means to Transformative Social Conflict Resolution: Lessons from Transitioning War Economies and the Colombian Coffee Marketing System

Social conflicts are ubiquitous to the human condition and occur throughout markets, marketing processes, and marketing systems. When unchecked or unmitigated, social conflict can have devastating consequences for consumers, marketers, and societies, especially when conflict escalates to war. In this article, the authors offer a systemic analysis of the Colombian war economy, with its conflicted shadow and coping markets, to show how a growing network of fair-trade coffee actors has played a key role in transitioning the country's war economy into a peace economy. They particularly draw attention to the sources of conflict in this market and highlight four transition mechanisms—empowerment, communication, community building, and regulation—through which marketers can contribute to peacemaking and thus produce mutually beneficial outcomes for consumers and society. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for marketing theory, practice, and public policy.

Gender Differences in Empathic Sadness towards Persons of the Same- versus Other-sex during Adolescence.

Although gender differences in affective empathy are well established, evidence of gender differences in the development of affective empathy is inconsistent. Consideration of same-sex versus other-sex affective empathy may assist in elucidating these inconsistencies. Gender differences were investigated in the experience of empathic sadness towards same- versus other-sex targets. The relationships were studied cross-sectionally (N = 730) and longitudinally (N = 318) with Dutch adolescents using the empathic sadness scale of the Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents (IECA; Bryant 1982). In both studies, female adolescents reported more empathic sadness than did male adolescents. Female targets also received more affective empathy than did male targets, and, more importantly, gender differences were observed in same-sex versus other-sex affective empathy. Specifically, in both studies male adolescents reported less empathic sadness towards same-sex than towards other-sex targets. In contrast, female adolescents reported more empathic sadness towards same-sex than towards other-sex targets in the cross-sectional study, and equal levels of empathic sadness towards both types of targets in the longitudinal study. Findings highlight the importance of considering same-sex versus other-sex affective empathy. Gender differences in same-sex and other-sex affective empathy have implications for assisting adolescents in social conflict resolution and interventions for bullying and aggressive behaviour in adolescence using empathy training.