Resin Matrix Research Articles

This study explores enhancing the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites using a biomimetic approach inspired by nacre. Composites were fabricated with hexagonal glass fiber platelets cut via high-precision laser, embedded in a polyester resin matrix. Ten specimens were produced with varying platelet sizes (10–30 mm) and interplatelet gaps (2–6 mm), arranged in three laminate layers with a 0°/45°/90° stacking sequence. Mechanical testing revealed that larger platelets improved tensile strength, hardness, and density, while wider interplatelet gaps reduced performance. The optimal configuration, with 25 mm platelets, showed an 18% increase in impact strength (1.9 J/m → 2.3 J/m) and a 115% increase in flexural strength (59 MPa → 127 MPa) compared to monolithic laminates. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated variations in resin curing and fiber–matrix interactions, and X-ray diffraction patterns showed changes in crystallinity and residual stress. Scanning electron microscopy imaging confirmed reduced delamination and enhanced crack resistance in biomimetic laminates. These findings demonstrate that nacre-inspired glass fiber composites exhibit significantly improved mechanical behavior, highlighting their potential for engineering applications, including automotive crash components and protective headgear.

The advancement of novel anti-corrosion coatings is essential for the preservation and maintenance of stone materials in heritage structures. This research investigates the synergistic effects of graphene and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in enhancing the corrosion resistance of epoxy coatings. Molecular dynamics simulations were utilized to construct models of pure epoxy resin (PR), graphene-reinforced epoxy resin (G/PR), and epoxy resin co-modified with graphene and PTFE (G/PTFE/PR), with the aim of assessing their corrosion resistance and mechanical performance. Findings indicate that the incorporation of graphene and PTFE markedly reduced the porosity within the epoxy resin matrix. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficients of water molecules and epoxy resin molecules in the G/PTFE/PR system decreased by 47% and 52%, respectively. The formation of hydrogen bonds between oxygen atoms in water molecules and hydrogen atoms in epoxy resin molecules was found to impede water molecule diffusion. Mechanical analysis via stress-strain curves revealed that the modified epoxy resin exhibited superior tensile strength. These results offer valuable insights for the development of advanced anti-corrosion coatings applicable to the conservation of historic buildings. The molecular dynamics simulation software LAMMPS was employed to investigate the penetration process of a corrosive solution. To ensure the accuracy of the results, the appropriate empirical force field for polymers, known as PCFF, was utilized.

ABSTRACT This study examined the degradation of GFRP bars and their bond behavior with concrete under alkaline conditions. Two specimen types were prepared: a damaged group preloaded to 25% of the ultimate bond load and an undamaged group. Both were exposed to alkaline environments via static immersion and wet‐dry cycling. Macroscopic mechanical properties and interfacial micro‐morphology were evaluated after 30, 90, 150 days of aging. Results show that after 150 days, compared to non‐immersed specimens, the tensile strength of GFRP bars decreased by 20.44%–25.76% in the undamaged group and by 28.17%–29.83% in the damaged group. Bond strength was most significantly influenced by immersion duration, decreasing by up to 62.67% and 44.3% for the damaged and undamaged groups, respectively, compared to non‐corroded specimens. Microscopic analysis revealed that prolonged immersion loosened the bar‐concrete interface, accelerating OH − penetration. This promoted resin matrix hydrolysis (N content decreased from 14.84% to 0%) and fiber damage (Si content increased from 1.81% to 21.10%), resulting in continuous bond deterioration. Based on the results, a bond strength prediction model was developed using a 16 mm bar diameter threshold; a time‐dependent bond strength model under natural exposure in an alkaline environment was developed using cumulative heat, and a single‐logarithmic model.

This study investigates the structural and mechanical behavior of advanced metal-polymer composite laminates, obtained by combining of aluminum alloy sheets, aramid-reinforced epoxy matrices, and functional metallic fillers. Two complementary approaches are explored: one focusing on the impact response under localized low-velocity shock energy, and the other on structural enhancements achieved through incorporation of high-entropy alloy (HEA) nano-powders. The research process of fabrication the covers of fiber-metal laminates (FMLs) using aluminum alloy layers, aramid fabric with varying surface densities (200 g/m² and 350 g/m²), and an epoxy resin matrix. In one experimental setup, 16 layers of aramid fabric were arranged in a ∅ 70 mm, 4 mm-thick disc, interleaved with three aluminum sheets to create a balanced laminate structure. These specimens underwent low-velocity impact testing (

Objective: Studying the clinical adaptation of the crown in relation to the finished line of the prepared abutment and assessing the fit and precision of single unit fixed dental prosthesis made on digitally printed positive replica casts that created by printers depending on digital intra oral scanning by using filament material of resin material were the goals of this in vitro investigation. Materials and Methods: After acquiring digital virtual casts through intraoral scanning of the prepared teeth using a 3Shape trios 4 intraoral scanners, ten digitally printed positive replica casts were created using a3D printers depending on digital intra oral scanning. The master model was created from filament material of resin material. Ten Conventional type 3Stone were used to from conventional stone cast (CS), final impression was made from dual viscosity impressions material. Every fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) was made using a Dentium 5-axis milling machine. A two-way ANOVA was conducted to characterize the whether the deference between groups was significant or not, 3D analysis software was used to superimpose the milled FDPs' intaglio surface and master model. Also post hoc analysis, and Tukey honestly significant difference test was employed. Results: The internal and marginal root mean square (RMS) values of the two groups (three dimensional printed and conventional stone cast) were significantly differed, according to a two-way ANOVA.

Background: Fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) have emerged as transformative materials in restorative dentistry, particularly for managing partial edentulism through fixed partial dentures (FPDs). Their superior aesthetic, mechanical, and adhesive properties offer a minimally invasive alternative to traditional metal–ceramic restorations. Objective: This review aims to evaluate the historical evolution, clinical applications, technological advancements, and prospects of FRCs in prosthodontics, emphasizing their potential to deliver durable, aesthetic, and cost-effective treatment solutions. Methods: This narrative review follows the SANRA guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for studies published between January 1995 and January 2025. Search terms included “fiber-reinforced composite”, “fixed prosthodontics”, “fixed partial dentures”, “adhesive restorations”, and “implant-supported restorations”. Only English-language studies addressing the clinical applications, mechanical properties, technological innovations, or survival outcomes of FRCs were included. Data were extracted from original research papers, systematic reviews, and narrative reviews. Results: Advancements in fiber architecture, resin matrices, and polymerization techniques have enhanced the strength, aesthetics, and longevity of FRC-based FPDs. Their high flexural strength, fatigue resistance, and compatibility with adhesive restorative techniques provide clinicians with versatile treatment options. Clinical studies demonstrate favorable survival rates and long-term success, positioning FRC FDPs as reliable alternatives to conventional restorations. Emerging technologies such as CAD/CAM and 3D printing further broaden their scope and precision. Conclusions: FRC FPDs have evolved from interim solutions to predictable, long-term restorations. With ongoing technological innovations and clinical validation, they are poised to become a mainstream treatment choice in prosthodontics. FRC FPDs offer a durable, aesthetic, and cost-effective solution aligned with minimally invasive dentistry, reducing tooth preparation while improving patient-centered outcomes.

ABSTRACT Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) have gained attention in aerospace and automotive applications because of their high stiffness, strength, and impact resistance. Traditional glass‐fiber/epoxy laminates, however, show limited toughness. Basalt fibers, with better thermal stability and corrosion resistance, offer a promising alternative. Combining glass and basalt fibers in an epoxy resin matrix within aluminum‐based laminates provides a practical way to balance strength and toughness. This study examined aluminum‐based glass/basalt fiber hybrid laminates with an epoxy resin matrix under different hybridization ratios. Five configurations were prepared by adjusting the basalt‐to‐glass ply ratios in the composite layer. Tensile and three‐point flexural tests (ASTM D3039 and ASTM D7264) were conducted to evaluate mechanical properties. Fracture morphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a two‐parameter Weibull statistical model was applied to assess the reliability of flexural strength. The results show that the hybridization ratio has a strong influence on both tensile and flexural responses. The best performance occurred at a basalt‐to‐glass ratio of 6:2, where tensile and flexural strengths increased by 70.8% and 74.6% compared with the pure glass/epoxy laminate. Microscopic analysis revealed failure mechanisms such as fiber fracture, matrix cracking, fiber/matrix debonding, and delamination. Predictions from the Weibull model matched the experimental results closely, with errors below 5%. These findings highlight the role of hybrid design in improving material performance. Properly tailoring the glass/basalt ratio in epoxy‐based fiber‐metal laminates can significantly enhance mechanical reliability, offering valuable guidance for structural applications in aerospace and automotive engineering.

Objective To investigate the wear resistance of three resin composites in artificial saliva at varying pH levels. Methods Three resin materials—Coltene BRILLIANT™NG, 3M ESPE™Filtek™P60, and Kerr Sonicfill™2—were selected and subjected to reciprocating friction tests in artificial saliva with pH values of 2, 6.8, and 8. Wear volume was measured using a three-dimensional profilometer, and statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA to compare differences in material loss among the resin groups and natural tooth enamel, considering both material type and pH as factors. Surface morphology of worn samples was analyzed via SEM. Results Wear scar analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in wear volume among groups under pH 6.8 artificial saliva. In pH 2 artificial saliva, Group A (P60 resin) exhibited the highest wear volume, while Group B (Kerr SonicFill resin) showed the lowest wear volume, closely resembling that of natural enamel. Under pH 8 conditions, Group A again demonstrated the highest wear volume, whereas Group C (Coltene resin) exhibited the lowest. Group B (Kerr SonicFill) displayed wear volumes comparable to natural enamel (Group D). P60 resin showed significantly greater wear volume in pH 2 and pH 8 compared to pH 6.8. Kerr SonicFill resin exhibited lower wear volume in pH 2 than in pH 6.8 and pH 8, with no significant difference between pH 6.8 and pH 8. Coltene resin displayed higher wear volume in pH 2 and pH 6.8 compared to pH 8, but no significant difference was observed between pH 2 and pH 6.8. Natural enamel showed significantly greater volume loss at pH 8 compared to pH 6.8. Conclusion Under the tested * in vitro * conditions, Kerr SonicFill resin demonstrated wear behavior most comparable to natural enamel across varying pH environments, showing stable performance. This suggests it could be a suitable choice for dental restorations requiring durability under varying pH conditions, though direct extrapolation to clinical performance requires caution. The increased wear of natural enamel at alkaline pH was an interesting finding warranting further study.

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the repair bond strength of composite resin to two 3D-printed permanent resin materials using different universal adhesive systems—light-cure, self-cure, and dual-cure—following a standardized air abrasion.MethodsSeventy-two disc-shaped specimens (n = 12 per group) were fabricated using two different commercial 3D-printed materials: Saremco Crowntec and Bego VarseoSmile Crown Plus. After post-processing, all specimens were thermocycled for 5,000 cycles to simulate aging. The bonding surfaces were then subjected to air abrasion, followed by the application of one of three universal adhesive systems: light-cure (G-Premio Bond), self-cure (Tokuyama Universal Bond II), or dual-cure (Futurabond U). A composite resin (Filtek Z250) cylinder was then bonded and light-cured. Shear bond strength (SBS) was measured, and fracture modes were examined under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD tests (p < 0.05).ResultsSelf-cure universal adhesives exhibited the highest SBS values, especially in the Bego material group (19.20 ± 2.11 MPa), while the lowest bond strength was observed in the Saremco + light-cure group (14.28 ± 1.23 MPa). Both the adhesive system (p < 0.001) and material type (p = 0.002) significantly affected SBS. Failure mode analysis revealed predominantly adhesive failures in the light-cure groups, and more mixed/cohesive failures in the self-cure and dual-cure groups.ConclusionsBond strength of repaired 3D-printed permanent resins is significantly influenced by the adhesive systems and material type. Self-cure universal adhesives provided the most effective bonding performance, particularly when combined with Bego VarseoSmile Crown Plus.

Surviving nanoscale interfacial stability in extreme thermal expansion contrast Zn(CN)<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si1.svg" display="inline" id="d1e95"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>-epoxy resin matrix composites

Multichannel hollow carbon fiber reinforcement in an epoxy resin matrix for direct ink writing of high-performance composites

Effect of matrix resin types on R-curves and microscopic failure processes during transverse cracking in CFRP laminates

Resin materials for 3D-printing and milling of indirect restorations - Composition and leachables using an artificial saliva model.

ABSTRACT Electromagnetic interference is a persistent challenge for modern electronic systems, as it deteriorates signal reliability and complicates compliance with electromagnetic compatibility standards, especially in compact devices. Conventional shielding materials, although functional, often display shortcomings such as excessive mass, tendency to oxidize, rigidity, high manufacturing cost, and poor environmental adaptability. To overcome these issues, a sustainable and lightweight composite was engineered using chemically treated Moringa oleifera fibers as reinforcement combined with reduced graphene oxide dispersed in a resin matrix, referred to as rGEPMF. Structural and thermal analyses confirmed strong bonding between phases and uniform distribution of nanofillers. The numerous interfaces created within the hybrid structure intensified interfacial polarization, promoting additional scattering and absorption of incoming electromagnetic waves. Tests performed in the gigahertz range with a vector network analyzer revealed shielding effectiveness close to 20 dB, arising from a balance of absorption and reflection mechanisms. The material also exhibited electrical conductivity of 0.60 S/m, attenuation coefficient of 50 dB/m, skin depth of 0.0064 mm and improved impedance compatibility compared to the variant without rGO. These enhancements are mainly due to the establishment of a conductive network and efficient interface-driven polarization, enabling significant dissipation of electromagnetic energy through dielectric and conductive losses.

Nowadays, composite materials have been widely used in modern engineering applications such as automotive, aerospace, structure, buildings, and architecture. The larger usage was based on their good durability, remarkable strength-to-weight ratio, and lightweight nature. For selection appropriate material and design is needed to be analysis the mechanical and physical properties. Our research work will be focused on review of the relationships between these parameters resin content, density, and matrix–filler ratio and important mechanical properties particularly tensile strength and elastic modulus. Tensile strength and elastic modulus have been closely linked due to their relationship called stiffness–strength coupling. Additionally, to enhance tensile performance, the study identifies optimal parameter ranges like a matrix–filler ratio of about 1.8 and a resin content around 150 g/m². These insights are crucial for engineering, as they aid in material optimization, performance forecasting, and ensuring structural reliability. However, concerns linger regarding the long-term durability of composites when faced with environmental stresses like temperature fluctuations, moisture, and chemical exposure, which can lead to issues like fatigue and creep. Early damage detection in many materials remains a challenge, highlighting the need for advanced structural health monitoring tools. Furthermore, there are still gaps in optimization methods, standardization processes, and predictive modeling where all of them are essential for maintaining consistent performance and safety.

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the surface roughness and Streptococcus mutans adhesion on two different composite resin materials following the application of various polishing systems.MethodsEighty disk-shaped specimens (8 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness) were fabricated using nanohybrid (Charisma Topaz) and nanofilled (Tokuyama Estelite Asteria) composite resins (n = 40 each). Each material group was further divided into four groups (n = 10) according to the polishing system used: Mylar strip (control), Sof-Lex™, Clearfil™ Twist Dia, and Opti1Step™. After measuring the surface roughness, the sterilized samples were divided into two subgroups as, “artificial saliva-treated samples” and “non-treated samples.” For each subgroup, solutions containing S. mutans were added, and the samples were incubated at 35–37 °C for 24 h. Determination of adhered bacteria on surfaces depended upon colony counts obtained after incubation, which was presented as CFU/mL. Statistical analyses included two-way ANOVA for surface roughness and three-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test for bacterial adhesion.ResultsSR values ranged from 0.07 ± 0.01 μm to 0.09 ± 0.03 μm across all groups, remaining well below the clinical threshold of 0.2 μm, highlighting that the minor surface variations observed are unlikely to have clinical significance regarding plaque retention. (p > 0.05). S. mutans adhesion values ranged between 2.83 ± 0.25 log CFU/mL and 3.57 ± 0.32 log CFU/mL. No statistically significant differences were found between polishing methods or saliva conditions (p > 0.05). The three-way ANOVA revealed a statistically significant main effect of composite resin material on S. mutans adhesion (F = 29.895, p < 0.001, partial η² = 0.322), indicating that bacterial colonization varied according to the resin material used.ConclusionWhile different polishing systems did not significantly affect surface roughness or bacterial adhesion, the composite resin type appears to play a crucial role in S. mutans colonization.

BackgroundRecently introduced novel additively manufactured interim resins require in vitro investigation of their mechanical properties. The objective of the study is to assess the wear rates of four different interim resin materials using a chewing simulator for 1.5 months of dynamic loading.MethodsFour interim resin materials were assessed: (1) Liquid crystal displays (LCD) 3D printed (n = 8), (2) Digital light processing (DLP) 3D printed (n = 8) (3) Conventional autopolymerizing bis-acrylic (n = 8), (4) CAD/CAM milled interim resin materials. The specimens underwent 30,000 cycles, approximately equivalent to 1.5 months of chewing simulation. The volumetric loss (mm3) and wear depth (mm) of each specimen was calculated. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify intergroup differences (α = 0.05).ResultsThe mean ± SD wear volume losses (mm3) following chewing simulation were 0.1394 ± 0.0810 for conventional resin, 0.1099 ± 0.0873 for milled resin, 0.0980 ± 0.1021 for DLP resin, and 0.0934 ± 0.0788 for LCD resin. Wear volume loss was not significantly different amongst interim materials (P > 0.05). The mean ± SD wear depths (mm) following chewing simulation were 0.4084 ± 0.01440 for conventional resin, 0.4343 ± 0.1115 for milled resin, 0.4546 ± 0.0349 for DLP resin, and 0.3954 ± 0.1051 for LCD resin. Wear depths were not significantly different amongst interim materials (P > 0.05).Conclusions3D printed and CAD/CAM milled resins had wear resistance comparable to conventional resin. Wear resistance after chewing simulation offers 3D printed resin a suitable interim restorative material for clinical use.

Comparison of anion-exchange chromatography matrices for purification of linear and supercoiled plasmid in a direct lysate workflow.

PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of post-processing washing time on the mechanical properties (flexural strength, Vickers hardness) and chemical properties (water sorption, water solubility, degree of conversion, and elution of residual monomers) of different 3D printable resin materials.Materials and methodsTwo different 3D printable resin materials were used: Formlabs 3D Permanent Crown (F) and Saremco Print Crowntech (S). Washing procedures were applied to the control groups according to each manufacturer’s instructions and to the experimental groups with increasing washing times (T1 = 2 × 3 min, T2 = 2 × 5 min, and T3 = 2 × 10 min). A total of 296 specimens were evaluated for flexural strength (FS), Vickers hardness (VH), water sorption (Wsp), water solubility (Wsl), degree of conversion (DC), elution of residual monomers (RM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used for element analysis and surface characterization. Two-way ANOVA test was used for analyses, and Tukey test was used for post-hoc.ResultsNo significant differences were found in pairwise comparisons of FS values. (p > 0.05). VH values were significantly higher in the F resin material than in the S resin material at all washing times (p < 0.001). No significant interaction was found between resin type and washing time (p = 0.255), and Wsp values were not significantly different between materials (p = 0.639). A significant interaction was found between resin type and washing time for Wsl (p < 0.001), indicating material-dependent effects. No significant differences in DC values were observed between materials or washing times (p > 0.05). Residual monomer release was significantly influenced by both the resin type and the washing duration, especially for BPA, TEGDMA, UDMA, and Bis-GMA (p < 0.05).ConclusionsWashing time and resin type influenced specific physical and chemical properties of the materials. A 2 × 5 min (T2) washing protocol appears optimal for the F resin material, balancing mechanical integrity with reduced monomer release, while longer washing time for S resin material did not provide additional benefits.

In this study, we develop a conditional diffusion model that proposes the optimal process parameters and predicts the microstructure for the desired mechanical properties. In materials development, it is costly to try many samples with different parameters in experiments and numerical simulations. The use of data-driven inverse design method can reduce the cost of materials development. This study develops an inverse analysis model that predicts process parameters and microstructures. This method can be used for any material, but in this study it is applied to polymeric material, which is the matrix resin of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics as an example. Matrix resins contain a mixture of dendrites, which are crystalline phases, and amorphous phases even after crystal growth is complete, and it is important to consider the microstructures consisting of the crystalline structure and the remaining amorphous phase to achieve the desired mechanical properties. Typically, the temperature during forming affects the microstructures, which in turn affect the macroscopic mechanical properties. The trained diffusion model can propose not only the processing temperature but also the microstructure when Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio are given. The capability of our conditional diffusion model to represent complex dendrites is also noteworthy. This model can be applied to other process parameters and mechanical properties. Furthermore, multiple process parameters and mechanical properties can be handled together.