Resilient Solutions Research Articles

BIM-based approach to conduct Life Cycle Cost Analysis of resilient buildings at the conceptual stage

All costs within the life cycle of a building are known as its life cycle cost (LCC). In the design process of a building, the use of a lower initial cost index to select an option among others with similar performance may not lead to an economically optimal alternative during the life cycle. Hence, today, building designers and investors require a tool to estimate life cycle cost at the conceptual design stage to select an economically efficient option. Resilient solutions generally lead to a higher level of complexity and upfront costs and carry additional embodied environmental impact as well. This study aims to support the design of resilient buildings using a sound LCC methodology in the preliminary design stage. The research aims to integrate LCC capabilities directly into a Building Information Model (BIM) and increase the economical relevance and scientific robustness of LCC indicators towards better LCC cost optimization. The plugin, which is developed in the BIM tool is represented to use cost and resiliency factors to predict the whole process cost of building projects to assist designers in selecting a cost-efficient and resilient design option. The LCC of a building includes its initial cost, repair and maintenance cost, operating cost and salvage value at the end of the building's useful life, and all of which were considered in the estimation. The earthquake expected failure and human fatality cost are calculated to consider the resiliency index in building design. The application of the proposed framework to design a residential building is developed and validated on two design options. The application of the actual building project illustrates that by increasing the initial cost in the second alternative by 4.6%, its annual expected failure cost is decreased by 35.4%, and its total life-cycle cost is reduced by almost 10.4% within the first 45 years of operation. The reduction in the cost of the building and human fatality due to failure during an earthquake means the building's resilience would be improved. Using the developed plugin, designers could estimate LCC of the buildings at the early design stages and design more resilient buildings with better economic performance in its life cycle according to the proposed indices.

Solar-plus-storage benefits for end-users placed at radial and meshed grids: An economic and resiliency analysis

A resilient photovoltaic system, which comprises from the joint use of photovoltaic solar panels and electrochemical storage that is able to operate both with and without grid connection, is capable of providing an added service both during normal grid-connected operation and when a blackout occurs (as opposed to a traditional solar system). When the conventional power grid is in normal operation, resilient photovoltaic systems are able to generate revenue and/or reduce the electricity bill. During blackouts, resilient photovoltaic systems are capable of providing critical emergency power to help backup diesel generator systems. The research presented here evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of systems based on photovoltaic solar energy and electrochemical storage in three critical infrastructures which have to account with a typical backup diesel generator. To this end, the research presented here assigns a monetary value to the cost of avoiding a blackout. Thus, the REopt Lite software has been used to optimally select and dimension different resilient schemes. For each of the cases evaluated the resilient systems were able to obtain benefits associated with the substitution of the energy use of the electricity grid, the reduction of charges for the use of energy during peak energy periods, and the modification of energy purchase periods from periods of high cost to periods of low cost. For all cases the model found the optimal combination of technologies capable of minimizing the cost of energy throughout the life cycle of the project. The obtained results show that assigning a value to the cost of blackouts can have a major impact on the economic viability of a resilient solution. For all cases the net present value of a system was always higher when a value was assigned to resilience. The values assigned to resilience were higher for users plugged to radial networks, which are more prone to blackouts, and lower for users connected to meshed grids, usually more reliable. Despite the fact that for the investigation presented here only three types of infrastructures were assessed, similar results could be expected for other critical infrastructures with similar loads and electricity tariffs. Resilient systems using photovoltaic solar installations that are limited in size could provide both economic savings during normal grid-connected operation and limited emergency power during blackouts. When these systems based on photovoltaic solar energy and electrochemical storage are used in conjunction with an emergency diesel generator, these resilient “hybrid” systems are capable of satisfying critical loads during short- and long-term blackouts.

A Framework for a Subwatershed-Scale Screening Tool to Support Development of Resiliency Solutions and Flood Protection Priority Areas in a Low-Lying Coastal Community

Flood risk analysis is the instrument for local officials to create a sound strategy and adaptation plans for the impacts of inundation due to heavy rains, climate change and sea level rise. Hence, cities with aging infrastructure are retrofitting their stormwater management systems to mitigate the impacts. However determining the most at risk areas and the options for corrections is more challenging. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop a screening tool to analyze watersheds and identify the most at-risk areas. High-quality, open source data and sophisticated spatial analysis techniques allow engineers to create innovative ways to conduct watershed wide inundation analysis. In this study, the investigators developed a screening tool to identify at-risk properties by combining readily available data on topography, groundwater, surface water, tidal information for coastal communities, soils, open space, and rainfall data. Once the screening tool is developed, the means to identify and prioritize improvements to be funded with scarce capital funds is the next step. A tool box of solutions was developed to address flood risk and vulnerability. Testing of the screening tool was conducted in Broward County, Florida and shows encouraging results. Comparison with FEMA Flood maps and repetitive loss mapping indicates that the process works in a coastal community. The framework appears to be viable across cities that may be inundated with water due to sea-level rise, rainfall, runoff upstream, and other natural events.

Performance-Based Computational Design and Fabrication for A Resilient Solution: Dredged Material for Masonry Vault Construction

Performance-Based Computational Design and Fabrication for A Resilient Solution: Dredged Material for Masonry Vault Construction

Securing industrial communication with software-defined networking.

Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) require flexible and tolerant communication networks to overcome commonly occurring security problems and denial-of-service such as links failure and networks congestion that might be due to direct or indirect network attacks. In this work, we take advantage of Software-defined networking (SDN) as an important networking paradigm that provide real-time fault resilience since it is capable of global network visibility and programmability. We consider OpenFlow as an SDN protocol that enables interaction between the SDN controller and forwarding plane of network devices. We employ multiple machine learning algorithms to enhance the decision making in the SDN controller. Integrating machine learning with network resilience solutions can effectively address the challenge of predicting and classifying network traffic and thus, providing real-time network resilience and higher security level. The aim is to address network resilience by proposing an intelligent recommender system that recommends paths in real-time based on predicting link failures and network congestions. We use statistical data of the network such as link propagation delay, the number of packets/bytes received and transmitted by each OpenFlow switch on a specific port. Different state-of-art machine learning models has been implemented such as logistic regression, K-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, and decision tree to train these models in normal state, links failure and congestion conditions. The models are evaluated on the Mininet emulation testbed and provide accuracies ranging from around 91-99% on the test data. The machine learning model with the highest accuracy is utilized in the intelligent recommender system of the SDN controller which helps in selecting resilient paths to achieve a better security and quality-of-service in the network. This real-time recommender system helps the controller to take reactive measures to improve network resilience and security by avoiding faulty paths during path discovery and establishment.

PHYSICAL MODEL INVESTIGATION OF PARCEL SCALE MANGROVE EFFECTS ON FLOW HYDRODYNAMICS AND PRESSURES AND LOADS IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Rising seas, tropical cyclones, and tsunamis threaten increasingly populated coastal areas, leaving coastal communities searching for sustainable, resilient adaptation solutions to mitigate the impacts of chronic and acute coastal flood hazards. This work specifically investigates parcel-scale effects of the Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) species during extreme wave and/or storm surge conditions. We constructed 100 physical models of the Rhizophora species' trunk-prop root system on a 1:16 scale, and conducted tests in Oregon State University's Directional Wave Basin to measure the effects of mangroves of varying cross-shore thickness on water surface elevation, water velocities, and load reduction on idealized inland structural elements. The presence of mangroves affected hydrodynamic conditions near the mangroves and reduced pressures and forces on inland structures.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/XjtCmHYvgVQ

Nature Based Solutions for Urban Resilience: A Distinction Between No-Tech, Low-Tech and High-Tech Solutions

Urbanization and extreme weather require smarter urban water management. Nature-based solutions (NBS) like vegetated roofs and city trees can contribute effectively to climate resilience and future proof urban water management. However, large scale implementation is limited due to a lack of knowledge among professionals on how to capture, store, and reuse water on-site. In this paper we advocate a classification into no-tech, low-tech, and high-tech green, thereby supporting urban designers to better utilize the ability of these green elements to effectively manage water flows in different urban settings. Here, “no tech” green is considered traditional urban green, handling (rain) water like nature would. “Low-tech” green (e.g., extensive Sedum roofs) are suitable for dense urban settings with limited demand for water management and ecosystem services. More developed “high-tech” green solutions have vegetation performing even beyond natural capacities, offering full water management control options and enable city planners, architects and landscape designers to enhance urban resilience and circularity without claiming valuable urban space. We elaborate our “tech NBS” approach for city trees and vegetated roofs thereby demonstrating the classification's added value for sustainable urban design. We conclude that specifying the demanded “no/low/high” -tech level of green infrastructure in urban design plans will help to yield the most of ecosystem services using appropriate levels of available technology.

El patrimonio industrial en el contexto de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y la resiliencia territorial: de la teoría a la práctica

En el contexto de una gobernanza que busca nuevas formas de orientar las estrategias de revitalización de ciudades y barrios desindustrializados con criterios de sostenibilidad, no se puede soslayar la actuación sobre el patrimonio industrial como recurso y factor potencial de resiliencia. Como objetivo partiremos de su caracterización y reutilización para concretar, en el ámbito empírico, una aproximación al análisis de experiencias a diferentes escalas (Bombas Gens en Valencia y silos rehabilitados e intervenidos en España). La metodología será mixta deductiva-inductiva, en base a la revisión bibliográfica disponible, la documentación urbanística y trabajo de campo. Los resultados esperados permitirán profundizar en el conocimiento de las estrategias territoriales que generan soluciones de resiliencia, así como en la capacidad de las rehabilitaciones e intervenciones sobre el patrimonio industrial en áreas desindustrializadas, demostrando la eficacia de las buenas prácticas como opción de éxito en relación con objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS).

Dynamic Seismic Response of Nonlinear Displacement Dependent Devices versus Testing Required by Codes: Experimental Case Studies

Passive energy dissipation systems are one of the most resilient solutions to mitigate the seismic risk of structures. In case of strong motions, they can confine the eventual damages into easily replaceable anti-seismic devices. The performance characteristics of nonlinear displacement dependent devices (NLD) shall be defined by the force-displacement cyclic behavior, as well as the expected number of cycles related to both the duration of the earthquake and to the fundamental frequency of the structural systems. The aims of this paper are the comparison between the dynamic results of two different experimental campaigns performed on NLDs included in dissipative bracing systems and the assessment of the reliability of quasi-static testing procedures proposed by current seismic codes for type tests and factory production control tests. The number of cycles under the design earthquake of hysteretic dampers were experimentally evaluated through shaking table testing. Two experimental case studies of a two-story steel frame and of a three-story post-tensioned timber frame both with bracing systems including flexural steel dampers, hysteretic dampers (HDs), and U-shaped flexural plates (UFPs) respectively, were analyzed. Controlled-displacement tests of NLDs were performed considering quasi-static loading procedures specified by codes. Shaking table tests were carried out considering almost the same seismic sequence composed by a set of seven natural earthquakes at increasing peak ground acceleration (PGA) levels. More than one hundred inelastic cycles were experimentally recorded from dynamic tests before the failure of devices in both cases. In line with American standards testing requirements, the number of cycles at the design PGA level, estimated from shaking table tests and from non-linear dynamic analyses, shows a decreasing trend with the increase of ductility demand.

A resilient-green model for multi-echelon meat supply chain planning

Inevitable disruptions and undesired environmental effects perturb food supply chains and meat supply chains. Academics and practitioners need to simultaneously incorporate resilience and greenness perspectives in planning approaches since this context has not been investigated in the existing literature. At the tactical level, it requires advanced modelling and solution approaches. In this research, a novel bi-objective stochastic model is developed to cover specific characteristics of meat inventory planning in a three-echelon network. Two resiliency strategies are embedded in the model to hedge against the disruptions. Disruptions behavior in the food context is characterized to illustrate real-world situations as stochastic processes using the Monte-Carlo method. To solve the model, sample average approximation and Lexicographic Weighted Tchebycheff methods are derived. Numerous problem instances are conducted to validate the applicability of the proposed model and solution approach. The results reiterate that resilient solutions could retain the network performance and even increase it by 6%. It is also concluded that solutions are sensitive to the throughput capacity and lead-time by 13% and 41%, respectively. Moreover, trade-off interactions between the two objectives are perceived to provide managerial insights.

Evaluating cross-sectoral impacts of climate change and adaptations on the energy-water nexus: a framework and California case study

Electricity and water systems are inextricably linked through water demands for energy generation, and through energy demands for using, moving, and treating water and wastewater. Climate change may stress these interdependencies, together referred to as the energy-water nexus, by reducing water availability for hydropower generation and by increasing irrigation and electricity demand for groundwater pumping, among other feedbacks. Further, many climate adaptation measures to augment water supplies—such as water recycling and desalination—are energy-intensive. However, water and electricity system climate vulnerabilities and adaptations are often studied in isolation, without considering how multiple interactive risks may compound. This paper reviews the fragmented literature and develops a generalized framework for understanding these implications of climate change on the energy-water nexus. We apply this framework in a case study to quantify end-century direct climate impacts on California’s water and electricity resources and estimate the magnitude of the indirect cross-sectoral feedback of electricity demand from various water adaptation strategies. Our results show that increased space cooling demand and decreased hydropower generation are the most significant direct climate change impacts on California’s electricity sector by end-century. In California’s water sector, climate change impacts directly on surface water availability exceed demand changes, but have considerable uncertainty, both in direction and magnitude. Additionally, we find that the energy demands of water sector climate adaptations could significantly affect California’s future electricity system needs. If the worst-case water shortage occurs under climate change, water-conserving adaptation measures can provide large energy savings co-benefits, but other energy-intensive water adaptations may double the direct impacts of climate change on the state’s electricity resource requirement. These results highlight the value of coordinated adaptation planning between the energy and water sectors to achieve mutually beneficial solutions for climate resilience.

Seismic performance assessment of multi-story RC buildings with soft-story collapse mechanism equipped with gapped inclined bracing (GIB)

Gapped inclined bracing (GIB) is an innovative retrofit system for buildings with soft-story collapse mechanism. The system consists of a brace with gap element that activates before the structure approaches post-capping negative stiffness and collapse, providing supplemental plastic deformation and enhancing ductility of the system. This technique is also a resilient solution as the damage is controlled at the retrofitted soft-story, reducing the cost and time of repair. The paper presents a numerical study to verify the application of GIB systems for modern RC buildings, where masonry infill panels may be removed from lower stories due to functional requirements for more open spaces. Based on nonlinear static analysis, a novel and efficient design method is proposed to determine the GIB design parameters. To verify the performance of the retrofitting methodology, 12 configurations of RC moment frames with 4 and 8 stories are designed according to modern seismic codes and subjected to nonlinear static and incremental dynamic analyses. The results are then used to conduct fragility analysis to assess classical performance levels including immediate occupancy, life-safety, and collapse prevention. The results show that using the proposed design of GIB elements, the ultimate drift capacity corresponding to the collapse of soft-structures are increased by a factor of two. Also, the probability of collapse is reduced by 50% increase in the median collapse hazard intensity. These highlight significant improvements in the safety and resilience of buildings with soft-stories.

“The land is a healer”: Perspectives on land-based healing from Indigenous practitioners in northern Canada

This research paper articulates a largely undefined cultural concept within mental health promotion and intervention, described as ‘land-based’ healing, which has been understood and taught for millennia by Indigenous knowledge holders. This knowledge is currently being revitalized by northern practitioners where ‘land’ is understood as a relational component of healing and wellbeing. Land-based activities such as harvesting, education, ceremony, recreation, and cultural-based counselling are all components of this integrative practice. Land-based practices are centered in Indigenous pedagogy and recognize that cultural identity is interwoven with and connected to ‘land.’ Directly cultivating this fundamental relationship, as assessed through a culturally relevant lens, increases positive mental health and wellness outcomes in Indigenous populations. In this study, qualitative narrative methods were used to document the experiences of eleven land-based program practitioners from the three northern territories in Canada. As experts in this field, practitioners’ narratives emphasized the need for a greater understanding and recognition of the value of land-based practices and programs within mainstream health. The development of working definitions, terminology, and framing of land-based practice as a common field are delineated from relevant literature and practitioner narratives in order to enable cross-cultural communication and understanding in psychology. Land-based healing is presented as a critical and culturally appropriate solution for mental health intervention and community resilience in northern Canada.

Action Research for sustainability: co-creation overcoming fragmentation in multidisciplinary design teams

Sustainable transitions are challenging management and leadership in architectural practice. As means to overcome fragmentation and drive for sustainability, co-creation has become an emerging trend in construction management research and architectural practice. The early ‘fuzzy’ phase of projects has been identified as of great importance to integrate multidisciplinary perspectives in the design. With action research in architectural practice, three perspectives of co-creation processes were explored to achieve an integrated sustainable design. The experiences are reflected upon, in-action and in retrospect, and through the FfC framework (Framework for Co-designing), the paper contributes with new insight on success/advantage of co-creation processes for sustainable design. Such advantages include the integration of multidisciplinary competences, the creation of stakeholder value and engagement in early phase construction. Further, action research, and especially Gestalt practice and theory, brought a new relational approach to co-creation processes in early design. The architect, in the new role as ‘knowledge-process designer’, shifts focus towards designing interaction instead of artefacts, and thus contributes to SDG 17-Partnerships. The contribution to practice was twofold; 1) a new digital participatory design tool; 2) an innovative sustainable design solution for urban resilience supporting SDGs 11-Sustianable cities, 3-Health, and 14-Climate.

Dissipation of wave energy by a hybrid artificial reef in a wave simulator: implications for coastal resilience and shoreline protection

AbstractCoastal cities are susceptible to the impacts of waves, flooding, storm surge, and sea‐level rise. In response to these threats, coastal jurisdictions have invested in engineered shoreline defenses such as breakwaters and sea walls that are costly to implement and maintain. Thus, there is an increasing recognition that nature‐based defenses provided by healthy ecosystems like coral reefs can be an effective and cost‐efficient alternative to mitigate the impacts of climatic hazards while simultaneously restoring ecosystem services. Unfortunately, coral reefs have experienced degradation worldwide, lowering their potential for wave‐energy dissipation. As coastal vulnerability increases with the loss of natural barriers, it is imperative to design and test novel resilience solutions. Our study quantifies the benefits of hybrid artificial reefs for wave mitigation in a wave‐tank simulator using periodic waves of three heights (0.10, 0.16, and 0.24 m) at two water levels (0.55 and 0.65 m) defined considering the Froude similarity with a prototype reef structure in South Florida. Experiments showed that an artificial trapezoidal reef model reduces wave height (> 35%) and wave energy (up to 63%) under realistic wave conditions. Moreover, adding coral skeletons of Acropora cervicornis to simulate reef restoration onto the model mitigates up to an additional 10% of wave height and 14% of wave energy through increased friction, supporting the use of hybrid approaches that integrate both gray and green infrastructure to enhance coastal resilience. Exploring wave‐tank simulations provides a better understanding of wave effects before implementing larger and more costly projects in the field.

Involving resilience in optimizing the water-energy-food nexus at macroscopic level

This paper presents a multi-objective optimization model for the optimal design of a resilient macroscopic system that incorporates the water-energy-food nexus targeting economic and environmental objectives. The model aims to properly satisfy and distribute water and energy for agricultural, domestic, industrial, and livestock sectors, also it takes into account the treatment of wastewater from agriculture, domestic and industrial sectors, as well as the use of agricultural wastes to be used as fuel in power and desalinization plants. The model was coded and solved in the software GAMS. A case study from the northwest part of Mexico was considered to show the applicability of the proposed approach. Results show that it is possible to obtain resilient solutions in satisfying water, energy and food needs with an appropriated distribution of resources, even when the climatic conditions are extreme.

A Flexible Operation of Distributed Generation in Distribution Networks With Dynamic Boundaries

Distributed generators performing black start to form isolated microgrids offer a flexible and resilient solution to service restoration in distribution systems. Employing the dynamic microgrid concept, distributed generators can form isolated microgrids by changing their physical boundaries through smart switches and conventional circuit breakers. However, the flexibility of distributed generators has not been thoroughly investigated and utilised in existing works. To address this issue, this letter presents a new model to the reconfiguration formulation in active distribution networks considering different operation modes of distributed generators. Compared with the existing models, this study provides a new formulation supporting different DGs’ operation modes and fully making use of their flexibility. Illustrative results on IEEE 34-test systems verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.

Towards urban resilience through Sustainable Drainage Systems: A multi-objective optimisation problem

The necessity of incorporating a resilience-informed approach into urban planning and its decision-making is felt now more than any time previously, particularly in low and middle income countries. In order to achieve a successful transition to sustainable, resilient and cost-effective cities, there is a growing attention given to more effective integration of nature-based solutions, such as Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS), with other urban components. The experience of SuDS integration with urban planning, in developed cities, has proven to be an effective strategy with a wide range of advantages and lower costs. The effective design and implementation of SuDS requires a multi-objective approach by which all four pillars of SuDS design (i.e., water quality, water quantity, amenity and biodiversity) are considered in connection to other urban, social, and economic aspects and constraints. This study develops a resilience-driven multi-objective optimisation model aiming to provide a Pareto-front of optimised solutions for effective incorporation of SuDS into (peri)urban planning, applied to a case study in Brazil. This model adopts the SuDS's two pillars of water quality and water quantity as the optimisation objectives with its level of spatial distribution as decision variables. Also, an improved quality of life index (iQoL) is developed to re-evaluate the optimal engineering solutions to encompass the amenity and biodiversity pillars of SuDS. Rain barrels, green roofs, bio-retention tanks, vegetation grass swales and permeable pavements are the suitable SuDS options identified in this study. The findings show that the most resilient solutions are costly but this does not guarantee higher iQoL values. Bio-retention tanks and grass swales play effective roles in promotion of water quality resilience but this comes with considerable increase in costs. Permeable pavements and green roofs are effective strategies when flood resilience is a priority. Rain barrel is a preferred solution due to the dominance of residential areas in the study area and the lower cost of this option.

“The best flood I ever had”: Contingent resilience and the (relative) success of adaptive technologies

The practical operationalisation of resilience within cities is strongly linked to technology, such as better construction materials or redesigning urban form. Institutional and private sector actors often focus on issues relating to the technological innovation journey, such as ‘pathways’ to implementation or ‘barriers’ to market uptake, rather than whether adaptive technologies are the most appropriate resilience solution. These discourses frame urban resilience from the perspective of an innovation journey where technologies are perceived to succeed if there is high uptake. However, given the multi-perspective and multi-scale nature of urban resilience, the idea of ‘success’ inevitably has complex spatial, temporal and scalar dimensions. The paper uses the case of property level flood resilience (PFR) technologies in the United Kingdom to introduce the notion of ‘contingent resilience’ as a means to understand the trade-offs that are part of assessing and evaluating climate resilient technologies. We reveal that there are fundamental contradictions in what is deemed as a ‘success’ depending on who is framing the problem, when the judgement is made, or where the scale of analysis lies. Above all, the paper highlights the importance of illuminating the struggles that do not just define success, but that spatially and temporally redistribute climate resilience in a hidden manner.

Preparing Our Home by reclaiming resilience

Indigenous communities in Canada are faced with a disproportionate risk of disasters and climate change (CIER, 2008). Indigenous communities in Canada are also at the forefront of climate change adaptation and resilience solutions. One program in Canada that aids in decolonizing curriculum for reclaiming resilience in Indigenous communities is Preparing Our Home (POH). Drawing on three POH case studies, this article seeks to answer the following question: How can community-led decolonial educational processes help reclaim Indigenous youth and community resilience? The three communities that held POH workshops, which this article draws upon, include: The Líľwat Nation, where Canada’s first youth-led community-based POH Home curriculum was developed at the Xet̓ólacw Community School; The Siksika Nation, where the workshop engaged youth with experienced instructors and Elders to enhance culturally informed community preparedness through actionable outcomes by developing a curriculum that focused on hazard identification, First Aid, and traditional food preservation; and Akwesasne Mohawk Nation, where political leaders, community members, and community emergency personnel gathered together to discuss emergency preparedness, hazard awareness and ways to rediscover resilience. The participants shared their lived experiences, stories, and knowledge to explore community strengths and weaknesses and community reaction and resilience. The article concludes with a discussion section, key lessons learned in these communities, and recommendations for developing Indigenous community-led curricula. These recommendations include the importance of Indigenous Knowledge, intergenerational learning, land-based learning, participatory methodologies, and the role of traditional language for community resilience. We contribute to the Indigenous education literature by providing specific examples of community-owned curricula that move beyond decolonial education to Indigenous knowledges and experiences sharing, owned by the people and led by the community.