To describe the prespecified statistical analysis plan for the GASTRIC-PICU, a trial to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of no routine gastric residual volume (GRV) measurement to guide enteral feeding in mechanically ventilated children admitted to a pediatric intensive care. Multicenter, randomised, noninferiority, open-label trial with embedded economic evaluation. Twenty-three PICUs across England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Switzerland. Infants and children older than 38 weeks corrected gestational age to 16 years, accepted to a participating PICU, on mechanical ventilation and being fed enterally by the gastric route. Standard PICU feeding protocols, but without regular GRV measurement to guide feeding. The primary clinical outcome is an ordinal composite of survival and days free from mechanical ventilation at 30 days (noninferiority). The primary effect estimate will be the adjusted odds ratio from a proportional odds logistic regression model with two-sided 95% CI. If the lower limit is not less than 1/1.2, we will declare noninferiority. The coprimary nutritional outcome is the percentage of the child's estimated energy requirements achieved by 72 hours, which will be tested for superiority. The GASTRIC-PICU trial will assess the noninferiority of no routine GRV measurements compared with standard at least 6-hourly GRV measurements. Prespecified statistical and health economic analysis plans for the GASTRIC-PICU study have been developed before trial completion to minimize analytical bias.

Lung volume evaluation of modified Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum using three-dimensional computed tomography: A single-center retrospective analysis.

Almost all patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) develop respiratory dysfunction of varying severity during disease progression. While respiratory disease in MPS has traditionally been attributed to upper airway obstruction caused by glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation in the trachea and bronchi, involvement of the intrapulmonary conducting airways and lung parenchyma remains poorly defined. Here, we characterised lung disease in a mouse model of MPS I using a combination of non-invasive X-ray Velocimetry (XV) functional lung imaging and gold-standard flexiVent respiratory mechanics testing, complemented by lung volume measurements and histological analysis. XV provides regional ventilation information across the entire lung during tidal breathing. MPS I mice demonstrated reduced mean specific ventilation (the average regional expansion of lung tissue across the respiratory cycle), driven predominantly by reduced ventilation in the inner (mediastinal-adjacent) lung regions, with evidence of spatially heterogeneous ventilation distribution. Lung mechanics testing showed increased conducting airway resistance, increased respiratory system compliance and reduced tissue elastance, consistent with impaired elastic recoil and expiratory flow limitation. Lung volume analysis revealed reduced opening pressure following degassing together with increased residual volume, functional residual capacity and vital capacity. Histological analysis demonstrated heterogeneous parenchymal architecture with regions of enlarged airspaces. Together, these findings demonstrate that respiratory dysfunction in MPS I is not limited to upper airway obstruction but also involves intrinsic abnormalities of the intrapulmonary conducting airways and lung parenchyma. This intrinsic pulmonary pathology likely contributes to obstructive lung disease and may underlie the susceptibility to respiratory failure observed in patients with MPS I.

Respiratory morphology in chelonians exhibits unique adaptations compared to mammals, with multicameral lungs and large terminal chambers. This study combined computed tomography (CT) imaging and Rodopas-casting to assess structural and volumetric changes in the lungs of adult male European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) between extended and flexed postural states of the head, neck, and limbs. Five turtles (550 ± 10.22 g) were evaluated under anaesthesia. CT scans quantified lung dimensions, volume, parenchymal thickness, and percentage coelomic occupancy, while Rodopas casts provided detailed bronchial architecture. CT imaging revealed bilateral wedge-shaped lungs positioned dorsally in the coelomic cavity, with the trachea entering from the right side and bifurcating into a longer left and shorter right bronchus. Each lung contained three lateral and four medial secondary bronchi, terminating in sac-like chambers, plus a large caudal terminal chamber. Lateral chambers were larger than medial ones; tertiary bronchi were denser in cranial lung regions. Casting confirmed bronchial branching but showed smaller terminal sac volume than CT, likely due to post-mortem differences. Morphometric analysis showed no significant differences in lung length or height between sides or postures. Cranial lung width decreased significantly in the flexed state (p < 0.05), while overall lung volume dropped markedly from 29.93 ± 0.33 cm3 (left) and 29.77 ± 0.33 cm3 (right) in extension to 23.41 ± 0.33 cm3 and 23.31 ± 0.32 cm3 in flexion (p < 0.001). Caudal parenchymal thickness was significantly reduced in flexed posture (p < 0.05). Coelomic cavity occupancy decreased from 43.06% ± 0.44% to 34.10% ± 0.47% (p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that E. orbicularis lungs maintain overall shape during postural changes but undergo substantial cranial width and volume reduction with caudal parenchymal thinning. Differences between CT and casting highlight the complementary value of both techniques, with CT capturing functional, invivo configurations and casting revealing intricate bronchial anatomy. The data provide new insights into respiratory adaptation and volumetric modulation in semi-aquatic chelonians, with relevance for comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and clinical imaging applications.

To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and short-term functional outcomes of adding bladder neck opening and ventral adenoma vaporization to ejaculatory hood (EH)-sparing photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP), aimed at preserving antegrade ejaculation in patients with benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). This retrospective, single-center pilot study included 27 patients with BPO who underwent PVP at our institution with the purpose of preserving ejaculatory function. EH was defined as the area within approximately 1 cm proximal and lateral to the verumontanum, which was preserved during bladder neck opening and ventral adenoma vaporization to create an unobstructed cavity from the prostatic apex to the bladder neck. The primary endpoint was the preservation of antegrade ejaculation at 3 months postoperatively. At 3 months postoperatively, 26 (96%) of 27 patients had preserved antegrade ejaculation, and one (4%) patient was suspected of retrograde ejaculation. The median International Prostate Symptom Score decreased from 21 to 7, and the quality-of-life score decreased from 5 to 2. Further, the maximum flow rate increased from 5.4 to 14.3 mL/s, and the postvoid residual urine volume decreased from 72.5 to 0 mL (all p < 0.001). The median prostate volume decreased from 60 to 24 mL, and Clavien-Dindo grade III or higher adverse events were not observed. EH-sparing PVP with bladder neck opening and ventral adenoma vaporization was feasible and safe in the short term and was associated with preserved antegrade ejaculation and improved urinary outcomes in patients with BPO. Further prospective studies with validated sexual function assessment and longer follow-up are necessary to confirm these findings.

Modified Suoquan Wan ameliorate bladder overactivity via Piezo1/MAPK/MLC axis in partial bladder outlet obstruction rats.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are well-known medications commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes management and pharmacologic management of obesity. While GLP-1 RAs have many positive effects on glycemic control and cardiovascular health, the secondary effect of weight loss can present a challenge in maintaining optimal prosthesis fitting and functionality among individuals with prosthetic limbs. More specifically, weight loss can lead to decreased muscle mass and volume of the residual limb, resulting in loosening of the prosthesis. In turn, individuals often require more frequent prosthetic adjustments to ensure their safety and comfort while using the prosthetic device. Herein, we describe 3 cases of semaglutide use in patients with prosthetic limbs who subsequently presented with a variety of complications, including skin breakdown, disproportionate residual limb volume loss, decreased prosthetic use, and increased residual limb pain. Such "Ozempic limbs" have not yet been reported in the literature. These observations suggest that further research in GLP-1 RA selection is required for persons with amputation, as well as increased patient education regarding the unique complications.

Outcomes of robotic-assisted bronchoscopy (RAB) in patients of small stature remain uncertain due to concerns about their potentially smaller lung volumes. We assess the effectiveness and safety of RAB across height variations. This is a subset analysis of TARGET, a multicenter, prospective, observational study using the MONARCH Robotic Bronchoscopy Platform, which enrolled patients with lung lesions undergoing RAB across 21 sites. RAB safety and effectiveness were compared across height quartiles by assessing reach, measured through radial endobronchial ultrasound (r-EBUS) confirmation and the distance from the bronchoscope tip to the lesion, and access, evaluated by the diagnostic yield (DY). Comparisons across groups were performed via ANOVA, the Kruskal-Wallis test, or Fisher exact test as appropriate. A total of 679 patients were analyzed, categorized into height quartiles: <160.02cm (N=182), 160.03 to 167.64cm (N=189), 167.65 to 175.26cm (N=140), and >175.27cm (N=168). Mean nodule size was 20.9mm, with a distance from the pleura of 15.7mm; 47.2% were in the outer third of the lung, with no significant differences across quartiles. r-EBUS localization succeeded in 91.7% of cases, with no quartile differences (P=0.95). The mean distance from the bronchoscope tip to the lesion was 22.6mm, consistent across groups (P=0.84). Intermediate DY was higher in the third quartile of height, but no significant differences were observed for strict or liberal DY. Pneumothorax and bleeding rates were 4.1% and 2.4%, respectively, with no significant differences across quartiles (P=0.33 and 0.93, respectively). Our findings demonstrate a comparable effectiveness and safety profile of RAB across varying heights.

Asian elephants possess a unique pulmonary anatomy that presents challenges for diagnosing respiratory diseases, particularly when reared under human carewhere environmental stressors, poor hygieneand limited physical activity predispose them to respiratory pathologies. Conventional diagnostic tools such as radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are impractical for elephants due to their large body size. Diagnosis of lung pathologies is often delayed until postmortem. This study evaluated the diagnostic utility of lung ultrasound (LUS) as a noninvasive, real-time imaging modality in assessing lung health in Asian elephants. A total of 68 noncardiac transthoracic ultrasound scans were performed on 28 elephants to develop a systematic approach for pulmonary imaging. LUS demonstrated high sensitivity in detecting lung lesions, including interstitial syndrome, pulmonary edema, consolidation, pneumothorax, and pleural effusion, even in apparently healthy, asymptomatic individuals. Specific thoracic zones serving as acoustic windows were successfully mapped to improve consistency in lesion localization. Additionally, a semi-quantitative LUS score was developed for the objective assessment of lung aeration across 24 thoracic regions. Despite species-specific challenges such as narrow intercostal spaces and large lung volume, key sonographic features, including A-lines, B-lines, lung sliding, and bronchograms, were visualized. This study establishes LUS as a practical, field-adaptable tool for antemortem detection and monitoring of respiratory disease in elephants. Its ability to detect subclinical pathology offers significant benefits for early intervention, improved clinical outcomes, and support for conservation efforts. LUS has the potential to transform pulmonary diagnostics in elephant healthcare, bridging a critical gap in veterinary medicine for this endangered species.

Continuous positive airway pressure as an alternative to deep-inspiration breath holding for mediastinal lymphoma radiotherapy.

Dyspnea and fatigue in Long-COVID: definition of risk factors and of DLCO-based phenotypes in a multicenter study of 765 patients from Italy.

This paper investigates the interfacial forces controlling the detachment behavior of a multiphase droplet composed of immiscible liquids, an oil-coated water droplet, from a nonwetting surface, with special attention to the residue left on the surface after droplet detachment. In particular, the force required to detach a compound droplet from a spherical surface is simulated by using techniques of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on atomistic scales. The resulting force and residual volume are then scaled up to predict the force of detachment obtained experimentally by cloaking a water droplet with an oil-based ferrofluid and detaching it from a coated glass bead by using a magnet. Using magnetic attraction and repulsion forces, it was found that a repulsive force can help reduce the amount of water residue on the surface. Good general agreement was observed between the predictions of our MD simulations and their experimental counterparts despite six orders of magnitude difference in size. The study presented in this paper can pave the way for developing a relationship between the volume of the residue on a surface and the force causing the detachment. Such information can benefit a variety of industrial applications involving multiphase droplets that interact with surfaces.

Neurogenic bladder (NB) is a debilitating urological disorder characterized by progressive bladder remodeling, fibrosis, and functional deterioration, yet effective mechanism-based therapies remain limited. The AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is a central regulator of cellular growth, inflammation, and tissue remodeling, but its contribution to NB pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. In this study, we established an NB rat model by bilateral L6-S1 spinal nerve transection and evaluated the therapeutic effects of resveratrol. Urodynamic and histological analyses showed that resveratrol reduced residual volume and pressure change, improved bladder compliance, attenuated bladder enlargement and fibrosis, and alleviated secondary renal injury. In addition, resveratrol partially restored β III Tubulin immunoreactivity and reduced pathological remodeling in both mucosal and muscular compartments of the bladder. Mechanistically, resveratrol suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like changes, apoptosis, and pyroptosis, as reflected by restoration of E-cadherin, reduction of α-SMA, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, NLRP3, IL-1β, and Caspase-1, and decreased inflammatory cytokine production. These effects were accompanied by marked inhibition of AKT/mTOR/S6K signaling activation invivo. Consistently, invitro experiments showed that resveratrol protected urothelial cells from TGF-β1-induced injury, whereas pharmacological re-activation of mTOR with MHY1485 partially reversed its anti-fibrotic and anti-pyroptotic effects. Collectively, these findings indicate that resveratrol alleviates NB-associated bladder injury and fibrosis by inhibiting the AKT/mTOR/S6K signaling pathway, highlighting this pathway as a potential therapeutic target for NB.

To investigate rectus abdominis (RA) activity during forced expiration under conditions where RA activity is assumed to be prominent, including trunk flexion and sustained expiration. Fourteen males performed maximal voluntary forced expirations sustained from total lung capacity (TLC) to residual volume with and without slow trunk flexion. Maximal voluntary forced expiration from TLC with rapid trunk flexion was also performed as a single effort. As a reflexive forced expiration, sneezing was performed. Submaximal sustained expirations at 20, 30, and 50% of maximal expiratory mouth pressure were also conducted. During voluntary expirations, mouth pressure was measured using a mouth pressure meter. During all tasks, EMG activity of the RA and internal oblique/transversus abdominis (IO/TrA) were measured using surface electromyography. RA activity during maximal voluntary forced expiration did not change with slow trunk flexion but increased with rapid trunk flexion; however, neither condition increased expiratory mouth pressure. RA activity was significantly lower than IO/TrA activity during maximal voluntary forced expirations with and without trunk flexion, but did not differ significantly from IO/TrA activity during sneezing. During maximal voluntary sustained expiration, RA activity increased without trunk flexion but decreased with trunk flexion. RA activity increased during submaximal voluntary sustained expirations at all mouth pressure levels, but the magnitude of the increase was smaller than that of the OI/TrA. The RA was less active and less responsive during voluntary forced expiration than the other abdominal muscles, whereas it appeared to be similarly active and responsive during reflexive forced expiration.

Tenecteplase (TNK) offers logistical advantages in stroke thrombolytic therapy with its single bolus administration compared with alteplase. Moreover, its high specificity for fibrin may contribute to a reduction in haemorrhage complications. However, the safety, tolerability and efficacy of TNK, combined with neuronavigation-assisted stereotactic minimally invasive puncture, in patients with acute spontaneous deep cerebral haemorrhage remain unknown. We conducted a prospective, open-label phase I trial in a 3+3 dose escalation design to evaluate the safety and tolerability, and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of TNK in patients with acute spontaneous basal ganglia or thalamic haemorrhage, with haematoma volumes ranging from 20 to 50 mL, combined with neuronavigation-assisted stereotactic minimally invasive puncture surgery (MIPS). During the dose-escalation phases of the trial, patients received intra-haematoma injection of TNK via a haematoma evacuation catheter every 24 hours after surgery until three doses were administered or any termination criteria were met (residual haematoma ≤10 mL or rebleeding event), with doses ranging from 0.001 to 0.003 and 0.009 mg per mL of haematoma volume. The primary safety endpoint was drug-related rebleeding during the dose escalation phases, while the primary efficacy endpoint was the mean drug-related haematoma clearance per dose. In total, 12 patients were recruited. No drug-related rebleeding events at any dose escalation phase occurred. By the 24 hours after the last dose, the residual haematoma volume for each patient across all groups was reduced to less than 10 mL. The 0.009 mg TNK dose group achieved the highest mean haematoma clearance of 17.49 mL per dosing. The MTD was 0.009 mg/mL of haematoma volume in the dose escalation phase. TNK is well tolerated with encouraging signs of dissolving blood clots. Further exploration of TNK combined with neuronavigation-assisted stereotactic MIPS in patients with acute spontaneous deep cerebral haemorrhage is warranted. NCT06668441.

The NTP Chronic Inhalation Study Does Not Support an Inherent Lung Cancer Hazard of Talc: Implications of Lung Particle Overload and Maximum Tolerated Dose.

Penile inversion vaginoplasty is the most commonly performed gender-affirming surgery in transgender women and results in the creation of a neovaginal canal while preserving several pelvic structures, including the urethra, prostate, and elements of erectile tissue. However, postoperative pelvic floor anatomy in transgender women has not been well characterized using functional imaging techniques. The aim of this study was to describe pelvic floor anatomy on transperineal ultrasound in transgender women after penile inversion vaginoplasty and to evaluate the feasibility and interobserver reproducibility of selected ultrasound measurements. This pilot cross-sectional study included transgender women who had undergone penile inversion vaginoplasty at least 6 months prior to evaluation. Participants underwent a standardized transperineal pelvic floor ultrasound. Anatomical landmarks, including the urethra, bladder, prostate, residual erectile tissue, neovagina, anal canal, and levator ani muscle, were identified in the midsagittal plane. Measurements included urethral length and thickness, urethral angle, bladder neck position, rectal ampulla position, detrusor thickness, postvoid residual volume and neovaginal parameters. Ultrasound volumes were analyzed offline by two independent observers blinded to clinical data. Interobserver reproducibility was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Ten participants were included. Pelvic floor structures were consistently identifiable on transperineal ultrasound in all participants. The urethra, prostate, neovaginal canal, and residual erectile tissue could be reliably visualized in the midsagittal plane. Quantitative measurements demonstrated good to excellent interobserver reproducibility for most parameters (ICC: 0.72-0.99). The spatial relationship between the neovagina, urethra, and rectum could be clearly assessed, allowing characterization of the postoperative pelvic floor configuration. Pelvic floor ultrasound is a feasible and reproducible imaging modality for the evaluation of pelvic floor anatomy in transgender women after penile inversion vaginoplasty. This technique enables detailed visualization of the neovagina and adjacent pelvic structures and may represent a useful tool for postoperative anatomical assessment and for the investigation of lower urinary tract and pelvic floor symptoms in this population. Not applicable. This study is an observational pilot study and was not registered as a clinical trial.

This study aims to evaluate the initial safety and efficacy of Holmium enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) in managing benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) in a single tertiary centre. A retrospective cohort study was conducted focusing on a single tertiary hospital in which data was collected from electronic medical records which includes demographic information, preoperative characteristics, surgical details, and post-operative outcomes; complications were classified using the Clavien-Dindo classification. 104 patients with BPH and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) were analysed in this study, with a mean prostate volume of 109.3 ± 47.2 ml. The mean change in post void residual volume (PVR) was (-)75%, whilst the mean change in maximum flow rate (QMax) was (+)109%. 21/104 (19%) patients presented with post-operative complications, the majority of these (13) were Grade I complications with three patients being Grade III. Increasing age (p = 0.014) was shown to have contributed to complications. Pre-operative anticoagulation was shown to yield no significance (p = 0.066). HoLEP remains a viable treatment modality for BPH especially in larger prostates (> 100 ml). However, considerations regarding post-operative outcomes should be taken when offering this treatment to more elderly patients. Additionally, HoLEP provides a good treatment option for patients on anticoagulation.

To determine the predictive value of bladder neck angle (BNA) for trial without catheter (TWOC) following acute urinary retention (AUR) due to benign prostatic obstruction (BPO), and to evaluate its role in predicting response to conservative therapy in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Outpatients presenting with bothersome LUTS or acute urinary retention (AUR) due to BPO were included in the cohort. The prostate volume, intravesical prostatic protrusion, BNA, and postvoid residual volume were recorded. In patients with AUR, TWOC was performed after 2 weeks of alpha-blocker therapy; those with LUTS received alpha-blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors for 12 months. Surgery was recommended for patients who experienced failure of conservative treatment. The uroflowmetry and International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) changes were assessed from baseline to 12 months after treatment. Among 66 patients with AUR, 32 (48.5%) experienced TWOC failure. BNA demonstrated strong discriminative ability for predicting TWOC failure (AUC 0.855, 95% CI 0.76-0.94), with an optimal cut-off of 89.94° (sensitivity 75%, specificity 84%), outperforming IPP (AUC 0.794, 95% CI 0.68-0.91). Among 335 non-AUR patients receiving combination therapy, 23 (6.8%) required surgery. BNA predicted treatment failure with an AUC of 0.87 and an optimal cut-off of 75.85° (sensitivity 78%, specificity 87%). BNA is a promising anatomical predictor of TWOC outcome in AUR and may help identify LUTS patients who are likely to experience greater benefit from conservative therapy. Incorporating BNA into clinical assessment may improve risk stratification and treatment planning in BPO management.

Patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) have a markedly increased incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) because of impaired immune function, reduced urine output, and complications related to medical procedures. Post-void residual urine volume (PVR) is a key indicator of bladder emptying function. Elevated PVR is associated with urinary retention and bacterial colonization and is considered an indicator related to higher UTI risk. However, previous studies have mainly examined the cross-sectional association between a single PVR measurement and UTI risk. In patients receiving MHD, PVR often changes dynamically because of autonomic neuropathy, diabetic cystopathy, and fluctuations in volume status; therefore, a single assessment may not fully capture longitudinal changes. Group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) can identify distinct longitudinal patterns, but evidence regarding its use to characterize PVR trajectories in the MHD population and assess their association with UTI risk remains limited. Clinical data were retrospectively collected from 302 patients who received regular MHD treatment at our hospital from January 2021 to December 2024. PVR was measured by ultrasonography every 3-6 months. GBTM was applied to repeated PVR measurements to identify trajectory classes. The optimal model was selected according to the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), average posterior probability (APP), odds of correct classification (OCC), and clinical interpretability. Baseline characteristics and UTI occurrence were compared among trajectory groups, and baseline characteristics of included and excluded patients were compared. Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test were used to compare cumulative UTI incidence. Posterior-probability-weighted Cox proportional hazards regression and Fine-Gray competing-risk models with death as a competing event were used to assess the association between PVR trajectories and UTI risk. In an exploratory analysis, death and nonfatal study-exit events were also combined as competing events. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression was used to explore the dose-response association between baseline PVR and first UTI risk. Robustness was evaluated using a clinically parsimonious Cox model, Firth penalized partial-likelihood Cox regression, and other sensitivity analyses. GBTM identified three PVR trajectories: low-level stable (138 patients, 45.7%), moderate-level increasing (103 patients, 34.1%), and persistently elevated (61 patients, 20.2%). During a median follow-up of 26.8 months, 60 patients (19.9%) developed a first UTI. The proportions of UTI in the low-level stable, moderate-level increasing, and persistently elevated groups were 10.1%, 22.3%, and 37.7%, respectively (χ²=20.78, P < 0.001). In the fully adjusted Cox model, the moderate-level increasing group showed a borderline association with higher first UTI risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-3.82, P = 0.047), but this association did not reach statistical significance in the Fine-Gray competing-risk model (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] = 1.85, 95% CI: 0.94-3.64, P = 0.073). The persistently elevated group was independently associated with higher first UTI risk in both the Cox model (HR = 3.35, 95% CI: 1.68-6.68, P = 0.001) and the Fine-Gray model (SHR = 3.12, 95% CI: 1.53-6.36, P = 0.002). RCS exploratory analysis suggested a nonlinear association between baseline PVR and first UTI risk (overall association test P < 0.001; nonlinearity test P = 0.012); the slope of the HR curve tended to increase around approximately 80 mL, and this value was used to describe an exploratory curve feature in this study sample. Among MHD patients with measurable urine output who were able to complete serial PVR assessment, a persistently elevated PVR trajectory was independently associated with higher first UTI risk, and baseline PVR showed a nonlinear dose-response association with first UTI risk. Serial PVR assessment may provide supplementary risk-stratification information for MHD patients with measurable urine output. Not applicable.