Phenanthrene poses carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic risks to plants and soil invertebrates. However, the absence of established soil ecological safety thresholds of phenanthrene has resulted in insufficient evidence in the current risk assessment for soil ecological security. To fill this gap, toxicity data from laboratory experiments and the existing literature, covering 16 plant species, 7 invertebrates, and 3 soil ecological processes, were applied to the species sensitivity distribution approach to determine the soil ecological safety thresholds of phenanthrene across different land types. From experimental results, we found that the effect concentration at 10% values for most plants had a positive correlation with pH, soil organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, and electrical conductivity values. The soil ecological safety thresholds of phenanthrene were estimated to be 7 mg kg-1 for agricultural and forestry land with the hazardous concentration for 5% of the species affected (HC5), 35 mg kg-1 for green spaces and squares with HC20, 95 mg kg-1 for residential land with HC40, and 122 mg kg-1 for commercial and industrial land with HC50, respectively. These findings will serve as a foundation for the ecological risk assessment of phenanthrene on land for different purposes, and are of great significance for ecological species protection.

ABSTRACT China’s new urbanization and rapid social economic development have led to a significant increase in carbon emissions, while their precise monitoring plays a crucial role in carbon emission reduction and assessment of sustainable development goals (SDGs). For the shortcomings of the temporal lag and insufficient spatial scale of statistical data on CO2 emissions, as well as the low estimation accuracy, this study considers the differences in CO2 emissions among different industries and sectors, designs a spatiotemporal fine monitoring method for Beijing’s CO2 emissions from 2015 to 2020, combining with NPP-VIIRS NTL images, point of interesting (POI) data, grid population and residential land data. The distribution characteristics of energy consumption CO2 emissions in lit/unlit areas of 35 industries and residential areas, such as agriculture, forestry, mining and metal ore, are analyzed. The CO2 emissions in lit areas account for a larger proportion, up to 99%, while in unlit areas is relatively small at 1%. The density of population and residential areas in central urban areas will produce more CO2 emissions. This study can help to formulate appropriate emission reduction policies, optimize the energy structure, and build a green and low-CO2 economic development pattern.

Concurrent with economic expansion and demographic growth, land scarcity has intensified, necessitating state intervention to maintain equilibrium among competing stakeholders. The Basic Agrarian Law establishes land reform provisions encompassing ownership restructuring and tenure relationships, with Articles 7 and 17 mandating restrictions to prevent land concentration amongst particular groups. Despite legislative requirements that residential land ownership limitations be codified through Government Regulation, such implementing regulation remains absent. Consequently, the State Minister of Agrarian Affairs/Head of the National Land Agency promulgated Decree Number 6 of 1998, restricting residential land ownership to five parcels not exceeding 5,000 square metres cumulatively. This research employs normative juridical methodology with statute approach, examining regulatory hierarchies and enforcement mechanisms. Analysis reveals that whilst Decree 6/1998 constitutes a regulation pursuant to Law 12/2011 Article 100, fundamental deficiencies compromise its efficacy. The Decree lacks prescribed sanctions for violations, contains no supervisory mechanisms, and inadequately addresses ownership restrictions, applying solely to rights elevation rather than rights transfer mechanisms. Furthermore, hierarchical incongruence exists whereby ministerial decree implements primary legislative mandates absent intermediary Government Regulation as constitutionally required. Land office administrative systems lack comprehensive ownership data, rendering declaration verification practically impossible. These findings corroborate previous scholarship documenting weak enforcement mechanisms whilst revealing novel dimensions concerning hierarchical legitimacy and category-specific regulatory dysfunction. The absence of administrative, civil, or criminal sanctions substantially undermines legal enforcement, rendering residential land ownership restrictions ineffective in preventing ownership concentration and achieving equitable distribution objectives.

Purpose Peri-urban areas are transition zones that are being urbanized to fulfil the demand for urban space. To ensure an orderly growth and sustainable development, several planning improvements are implemented through master plans, zonal plans and local area plans. It has been notices that interventions suggested by the development plans generate externalities that in turn influence the value of land. Assessment of such externalities is vital to quantify planning obligations and betterment levy. Academic literature on planning externalities has received little attention, and consequently, there are limited studies on internalization of planning externalities. Residential land use occupies nearly half of the urban land, and it is referred to as the key indicator of the urban land market. A significant volume of land transactions originates from residential land use, thus highlighting the criticality of quantifying residential land values. This article, therefore, intends to develop a model to forecast the impact of externalities due to planning interventions on residential land values with a focus on peri-urban areas. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional analysis approach was adopted, and the land price data were collected from one of the leading property listing portals across Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR). The geographical location of urban amenities was collected from the Geographical Information System (GIS) portal of the planning board, and a near analysis was performed to extract locational attributes Findings The results presented a land valuation model using a machine learning-based random forest regressor (RFR) that can forecast the impact of planning interventions on residential land values. Research limitations/implications The findings of the study will contribute towards financial evaluation of various planning scenarios, assessment of planning obligation and betterment levy to achieve the overall development of the peri-urban areas. Originality/value Studies on quantification of planning externalities are limited in the Indian context, and data-based evaluation of planning scenarios is yet to be explored in a scientific manner.

Abstract Evidence shows that income and residential density, the latter associated with outdoor water uses such as gardens and swimming pools in single houses, are considered key factors in explaining variations of water consumption in urban areas. However, these findings tell us little on the role played by personal habits in water use. Measures adopted to minimize the spread of COVID-19 virus such as population lockdowns and recommendations for frequent hand, clothing, and food washing represent an opportunity to analyze how individuals behave in relation to water consumption under the same conditions and recommendations and regardless of their income or housing type. Using the case of a medium sized European city with mixed residential areas (Girona, Northeast Spain), this research investigates consumer behavior combining quantitative techniques such as cluster analysis with qualitative tools based on data provided by 35 face-to-face interviews conducted with residents from different neighborhoods of the city. Results show that changes in water use introduced during confinement do not picture a behavioral pattern aligned with the variables that, conventionally, help to explain domestic water consumption such as income. Hence the need to refocus urban water policies more towards residential land use models rather than towards specific socioeconomic profiles of residents.

As cities sprawl globally, the need for sustainable landscaping practices becomes more critical for addressing issues like water conservation, soil health, and local biodiversity. Beetles are valuable environmental indicators of insect habitat quality and are ecologically important. Here we experimentally assessed the response of ground-active beetle communities to sustainable landscaping practices (i.e., drought-tolerant native plants, reduced irrigation, and compost-amended soils) in an ongoing suburban development in Central Florida, one of the fastest growing regions in the USA. We assessed beetle activity density, diversity, and ecological functionality during the wet and dry seasons using pitfall traps, a well-tested technique for sampling ground arthropods. We hypothesized that the reduced compaction and better moisture retention of compost-amended soil would create better conditions for soil-dwelling beetles that use soil for egg deposition and larval development. We also hypothesized that plant growth-form traits would affect the spatial distribution of beetles within the experimental plots. Finally, we hypothesized that irrigation treatments would not affect beetle communities which are adapted to the region’s seasonal rainfall patterns. Results showed that beetle species richness positively correlated with percent cover of native ground cover forbs, and that beetle activity density tended to decline with increasing pine straw mulch coverage. Warmer soils enhanced both richness and activity density, while both of these metrics exhibited a hump-shaped pattern relative to soil moisture, peaking at intermediate levels. Trait-environment relationships revealed that beetle traits, including diet, body size, and larval substrate use, varied with microclimatic conditions. Trait diversity rose with species richness but plateaued due to trait saturation, while uneven trait distribution suggested filtering and niche separation driven by short-term climatic conditions. This work highlights the importance of research aimed at identifying landscaping approaches that both support insect biodiversity and meet environmental sustainability objectives in urbanizing landscapes.

This research aims to examine the characteristics of agricultural land parcels in the district Charsadda of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and identify important factors influencing agricultural land prices. For this purpose, a sample of 100 land parcels with transaction records for the year 2023 was randomly selected from 10 villages in the Charsadda district. Information was collected on prices and their agricultural, geographical, and physical characteristics. The characteristics of agricultural land were summarized using a descriptive statistical approach. A Linear Hedonic Hedonic Pricing (HPM) model was used to evaluate agricultural land prices based on physical, locational, and agricultural characteristics. Due to their significant residential and commercial value, the results showed that the price of agricultural land parcels in the Charsadda district is comparatively high. The construction of roads, Hospitals, Schools, and Gas supply in Charsadda city attracts more people from the district's rural areas, raising the demand for commercial and residential land. Due to high demand, the agricultural land that is being used for residential and commercial purposes increases the land prices. According to study findings, about 22% of agricultural land is used for commercial and residential purposes. The findings of the study showed that irrigation water availability and soil fertility are the important factors of high agricultural land prices. Location-associated characteristics such as city and road distance, distance from residential to market, and agricultural land are the significant determinants driving agricultural land prices. To address the rising agricultural land prices in Charsadda, a comprehensive land use planning policy should be implemented.

The use of renewable energy, particularly solar power plants (SPPs), is one of the strategic solutions to overcome limited access to electricity in rural areas. Lolo Wano Village, as one of the villages with high solar radiation intensity, has great potential for SPP development. However, the planning of SPP construction is often hampered by a lack of integrated spatial data related to residential locations, public facilities, and land availability. This study aims to design a Geographic Information System (GIS) capable of mapping the potential and determining strategic coordinates for SPP construction in Lolo Wano Village. The research method was conducted by collecting primary data in the form of GPS coordinates of residents' houses, schools, village offices, and vacant land with potential for use. Secondary data included administrative maps, topographic maps, and solar radiation data from BMKG and global sources. The data was processed using QGIS/ArcGIS software through the stages of map digitization, spatial overlay, and land suitability analysis based on criteria of solar radiation, accessibility, land area, and proximity to residential areas. The results of the study show that the use of GIS can produce digital maps of the distribution of existing solar power plant locations as well as recommendations for new locations suitable for development. This system not only assists village governments in making decisions on renewable energy development, but also supports equitable access to electricity for the community. Thus, the application of GIS in mapping solar power plants in Lolo Wano Village plays an important role in supporting sustainable development and improving the quality of life of the local community.

Rising residential land prices push up housing prices and worsen credit misallocation. These patterns emerge amid cyclical real estate fluctuations and heavy land-based public finance. Such pressures undermine macroeconomic stability and sustainable land-use. The land price circuit breaker is widely applied with a price cap and state dependence, yet its trigger mechanism and interaction with inflation targeting remain underexplored. This study addresses three core questions. First, how does the circuit breaker’s discrete trigger and rule-switching logic differ from traditional static price ceilings? Second, can the mechanism, via the collateral channel, restrain excessive land price hikes, improve credit allocation, and, thereby, stabilize land price dynamics and long-run macroeconomic performance? Third, how does the circuit breaker interact with inflation targeting, and through which endogenous channels does a strict target dampen housing prices and raise activation probability? This study develops a multi-sector DSGE model with an embedded land price circuit breaker. The price cap is modeled as an occasionally binding constraint. A dynamic price band and trigger indicator capture the policy’s switch between slack and binding states. The framework incorporates interactions among local governments, the central bank, developers, and households. It also links firms and the secondary housing market. Under different inflation-targeting rules, this study uses impulse responses, an event study, and welfare analysis to assess trigger conditions and macroeconomic effects. The findings are threefold. First, a strict inflation target increases the probability of a circuit breaker being triggered. It channels housing-demand shocks toward land prices and creates a “nominal anchor–relative price constraint” linkage. Second, once activated, the circuit breaker narrows the gap between land price and house-price growth. It weakens the procyclicality of collateral values. It also restrains credit expansion by impatient households. These effects redirect credit toward firms, improve corporate financing, reduce the decline in investment, and accelerate output recovery. Third, the circuit breaker limits new land supply and shifts demand toward the secondary housing market. This generates a supply-side effect that releases existing stock and stabilizes prices, thereby weakening the amplification mechanism of housing cycles. This study identifies the endogenous trigger logic and cross-market transmission of the land price circuit breaker under a strict inflation target. It shows that the mechanism is not merely a price-management tool in the land market but a systemic policy variable that links the real estate, finance, and fiscal sectors. By dampening real estate procyclicality, improving credit allocation, and stabilizing macroeconomic fluctuations, the mechanism offers new insights for sustainable land-use policy and macroeconomic stabilization.

The research dealt with a manual classification of land uses in Al-Rifai area using (220) satellite images taken from Google Earth and captured at an altitude of 831 m. Each image was divided into squares with dimensions of 2 cm x 2 cm, which equals to 0.2 km2 as an actual area. Red color represents to residential (urban) lands, green color represents agricultural lands, and brown color represents barren lands, while water areas were colored blue. Through the manual classification of land uses in the areas located within the administrative boundaries of Al-Rifai city, with a total area of ​​1610 km2, it became clear that the areas of residential areas were approximately (763) km2 with a percentage of (47.39%), agricultural areas were approximately (555) km2 with a percentage of (34.47%), barren areas were approximately (263) km2 with a percentage of (16.33%), and water areas were approximately (29) km2 which equals about (1.80%). Using the drawn color map, it can be predicted that the agricultural areas (green), located in scattered patches between residential areas (red), could shrink due to population growth and family division.

The supply–demand relationship of flood regulation services (FRS) plays a vital role in mitigating urban flooding. Yet, existing studies still fall short in the comprehensiveness of FRS indicators, the accuracy of assessment scope, and the fine-scale analysis needed to delineate spatial supply–demand features and precisely identify critical areas. Using Xiamen Island as a case study, we first quantify ecosystem-based FRS supply with the InVEST model and assess socioeconomic FRS demand under the H-E-V framework; second, we perform parcel-level supply–demand matching to identify spatial patterns and typologies; then, we diagnose FRS status via the coupling–coordination degree model (CCDM); and finally, we delineate flood-risk hotspots through priority-intervention grading. The results indicate that (1) higher FRS supply clusters in the south, southwest, and northeast, whereas demand is markedly higher in the central–northern sector, yielding an overall pattern of “pronounced mismatch in the central and north, with relatively sufficient supply along the periphery.” (2) Low supply–high demand zones exhibit the highest flood risk and contain higher proportions of industrial, transportation, and residential land. (3) These low supply–high demand zones are further subdivided into five priority-intervention levels, for which we propose tiered, differentiated risk-management strategies. Collectively, the findings clarify supply–demand mechanisms and mismatch characteristics, providing decision support for urban flood safety and sustainable development.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the impact of government embedment on villagers’ willingness to engage in mutual supervision of rural residential land utilization. It also examines the role of local elders’ involvement in this process, with the goal of improving the regulatory framework for rural residential land utilization. The data used in this study are sourced from a field survey of 450 rural households in Sichuan Province, China. Data analysis was conducted using Logit, Probit, and moderation effect models, among others. The results show the following: (1) Organizational Embedment significantly enhances villagers’ willingness to participate in mutual supervision, with government-established regulatory bodies and dedicated management personnel effectively incentivizing oversight participation. (2) Due to social risks in actual supervision, Ideological Embedment fails to effectively stimulate supervisory behavior. (3) The effects of Government Embedment vary significantly across villages in different geographic locations. (4) The involvement of local elders enhances the effectiveness of Government Organizational Embedment, with their role in rural residential land governance leaning more toward practical implementation than conceptual dissemination. The findings of this study are as follows: Against the backdrop of government administrative embedment in rural residential land governance, the involvement of local elders has played a significant role in enhancing effectiveness. Efforts should continue to focus on strengthening organizational oversight of rural residential land utilization, reinforcing communication between the government and villagers, and deepening collaboration with local elders to encourage active villager participation in the supervision and management of rural residential land use.

Transit-oriented development (TOD) is widely recognized as a land development mode designed to integrate residential and employment spaces, fostering a balanced distribution of jobs and housing while reducing reliance on motorized transportation. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that small-scale TOD station areas should relax their self-sufficiency and jobs-housing balance requirements, creating a conceptual contradiction. To date, no clear consensus exists on how the employment-residential ratio relates to factors such as transportation supply, land use patterns, and the degree of TOD development, often referred to as TODness. Addressing this gap, this study examines subway station areas within the highest-density construction zone of Shenzhen, China, and extends the well-established node-place (NP) framework into a three-dimensional NP-jobs-housing (NPJ) model. The employment-residential ratio exhibits a positive linear relationship with public transportation supply, land development intensity, and development density. Conversely, it shows a negative linear relationship with the diversity of land construction and development. The TODness of station areas has a U-shaped effect on the employment-residential ratio, with a threshold value of 0.775 marking the inflection point. Incorporating the employment-residential ratio into the analysis enables classification of TOD station areas into four types, with significant jobs-housing imbalances observed only in areas with either low (Place value mean ≤ 0.146) or high (Place value mean ≥ 0.771) land development intensity. Prioritizing residential land development, followed by commercial and office space construction in later stages, better aligns with TOD principles. In the later stages of development, the employment-residential ratio tends toward employment dominance; however, increasing diversity of development emerges as an effective strategy to counteract imbalance. Overall, this research advances understanding of jobs-housing distribution within the TOD framework and provides insights for guiding land use planning and development adjustments based on station typology and TOD maturity.

Assessing the ecological impacts of rural residential land consolidation in China: a synthetic control approach

As the spatial carrier of urban development, construction land is a fundamental element for achieving high-quality urban development (HQUD). This study examines the impact of construction land supply on HQUD across 285 Chinese cities. A HQUD evaluation model is created to assess each city’s development level. The GTWR model is then applied to explore the dynamic spatial effects of land supply on HQUD level. The results show the following: (1) The construction land supply exhibited a fluctuating trend accompanied by notable spatial disparities, with hotspots concentrated in coastal areas and cold spots in the northwest and northeast. (2) The HQUD levels consistently increased, forming a stepwise spatial pattern—highest in the east, followed by central and western regions—with localized spatial convergence. (3) The factors influencing HQUD are highly volatile. Industrial agglomeration, resource optimization, and land investment returns drive commercial land supply, investment intensity, and land prices, fostering positive development. However, excessive population density and inadequate public service land may impose pressure on resources and strained public services, hindering progress. Industrial land supply has supported industrial upgrading, shifting its impact from negative to positive. Over-reliance on real estate development can cause resource waste, social instability, and hinder sustainability, reversing the positive effects of residential land supply. This paper clarifies the complex relationship between construction land supply and HQUD, providing empirical guidance for region-specific land supply strategies.

Unlocking rural resources for revitalization: Examining the process and impact of compensated use of rural residential land through a social-ecological system framework

Multi-scale decoupling dynamics and drivers of rural residential land and rural population in China: Implications for spatial governance zoning

This study aims to analyse the relationship between changes in residential land cover and urban policy dynamics in Malang City. With rapid population growth and increasing urbanisation, demand for residential land has surged. The methods used in this study are spatial analysis of satellite imagery and a qualitative approach to evaluate policies implemented by local governments. The results of the study show that changes in residential land cover in Malang City are closely related to existing spatial planning policies that are often not aligned with the community's need for decent housing. In addition, recommendations are offered to improve integration between land-use planning and settlement policies, creating a more sustainable urban environment that is responsive to social dynamics. This research is expected to contribute to the development of more effective urban policies in the future.

The quality of the pedestrian environment is influenced by factors such as safety, comfort, attractiveness, and accessibility, collectively referred to as walkability. Walkability encompasses both the physical infrastructure and the social and cultural dimensions of walking. This study evaluates pedestrian network connectivity along three primary routes, namely Persiaran Bestari, Jalan Plumbum, and Persiaran Permai, using the space syntax approach with an axial map. The axial map, derived from Open Street Map (OSM) and supplemented with site inventory data, represents spatial connectivity through axial lines that illustrate relationships between spaces within the network. Integrating primary and secondary data facilitated a comprehensive assessment of pedestrian volume and spatial configuration. The findings indicate that Persiaran Bestari records the highest pedestrian volume, attributed to its proximity to schools and residential areas that sustain continuous foot traffic. Axial analysis further demonstrates that Persiaran Bestari and Persiaran Permai possess the highest levels of connectivity, particularly in zones characterised by dense residential and commercial land use. This study highlights the correlation between infrastructure, facilities, and land-use zoning, offering valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers seeking to design walkable cities that prioritise connectivity, accessibility, and social interaction.

Property taxation forms the financial basis of local government in Sri Lanka, but its efficiency and fairness are compromised through the absence of a systematic system of property classification. Without properly established standards, rating valuations are exposed to excessive degrees of personal judgment, resulting in inconsistencies and limiting public confidence. This study aims to establish a property classification framework for rating valuation, defining measurable criteria across residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, special, and vacant land categories. Using a qualitative approach supported by expert insights and content analysis of valuation practices, the research translates subjective judgments into transparent and comparable indicators. The findings demonstrate that structured classification enhances uniformity, accountability, and readiness for digital integration across local authorities. The framework provides a practical foundation for adoption within rating cards, ensuring equitable assessment and contributing to transparent, data-driven local revenue governance in Sri Lanka.