Resident Individuals Research Articles

INVESTIMENTOS EM OFFSHORE POR PESSOAS FÍSICAS RESIDENTES NO BRASIL: IMPORTÂNCIA DA CONTABILIDADE PARA FINS FISCAIS (Investments in Offshore Companies by Brazilian Tax Resident Individuals: Importance of Accounting for Tax Purpose)

Portuguese Abstract: Apos breve contextualizacao a respeito dos investimentos em sociedades localizadas em paraisos fiscais (offshore) por pessoas fisicas residentes no Brasil e das regras de tributacao aplicaveis, passa-se a analisar os principios e normas do direito brasileiro a fim de investigar se, atualmente, ha obrigacao legal de elaboracao dos respectivos registros contabeis dessas sociedades e, se sim, quais seriam as consequencias e riscos relacionados ao seu descumprimento. O artigo inclui a analise de alguns casos julgados pelo Conselho Administrativo Fiscal (CARF) relacionados a operacoes internacionais e das normas regulatorias relativas a investimento no exterior por residentes fiscais no Brasil, em especial aquelas que dispoe sobre a obrigatoriedade de entrega da Declaracao de Capitais Brasileiros no Exterior (DCBE), de forma a dar um carater pratico ao trabalho. Ao final, conclui-se que, mais do que uma recomendacao para mitigacao de risco fiscal, a manutencao da contabilidade da offshore e exigencia das normas regulatorias em vigor, a qual, se nao cumprida, pode sujeitar o investidor a multas administrativas relevantes. English Abstract: After a brief context about investments in offshore companies carried out by Brazilian tax residents and taxation imposed over it, the author analyses principle and law of Brazil to investigate if those investors are obliged to keep offshore accounting records and consequences/risks related. The article includes the analysis of cases decided by Federal Administrative Court (Conselho Administrativo Fiscal - CARF) related to cross-border transactions and regulatory rules appliable to outbound investments held by Brazilian tax residents, most specially those related to report obligation before Brazilian Central Bank (Declaracao de Capitais Brasileiros no Exterior - DCBE), aiming at providing a practical approach. At the end, the author concludes that keeping offshore accounting records is not merely a recommendation to mitigate tax risk in Brazil, but mostly an obligation derived from regulatory rules which may expose investor to heavy penalties in case of non-compliance.

Patterns of partial migration of the Dead Sea Sparrow (Passer moabiticus) along the Great Rift Valley in Israel

Partial migration occurs when a population of animals contains both migratory and resident individuals. Following anthropogenic changes, the population of Dead Sea Sparrows (Passer moabiticus) in Israel, experienced a rapid expansion of its breeding range, from the Dead Sea northward along the Great Rift Valley. Appropriate climatic conditions, increased water availability and suitable trees to construct their nests enabled the Dead Sea Sparrows to breed in new areas. However, during non-breeding seasons, the climatic conditions and food availability is less suitable in some of these new areas.Dead Sea Sparrows colony, in an oasis in the Judean desert near the Dead Sea, was found to be mainly sedentary. However, recapture data, collected from numerous ringing projects along the Great Rift Valley, showed patterns of partial migration of northern populations. These include a unique altitudinal migration from above to below sea level. Female and juvenile Dead Sea Sparrows from northern populations migrate in autumn further south and in greater numbers than males and adults. This study sheds light on how the expansion of a passerine breeding range, due to anthropogenic activities, leads to the emergence of a variety of partial migration patterns.

Capitoline Dolphins: Residency Patterns and Abundance Estimate of Tursiops truncatus at the Tiber River Estuary (Mediterranean Sea).

Simple SummaryPhoto-identification is a non-invasive method of identifying individual animals from natural markings present on one or more parts of the body. The dorsal fin of a dolphin is the portion that contains individually distinctive marks and the most commonly visible when an animal surfaces to breathe. The camera captures an image of the dorsal fin whenever it is sighted and based on the number of times an image is captured, a statistical method called capture–recapture is used to estimate the site fidelity and the size of the population in a defined area. Here, we applied these methods to study the bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) between 2017 and 2020 at the Tiber estuary (Mediterranean Sea, Rome, Italy), a polluted major river supplying organic material to the Capitoline (Roman) coastal area and nearby regions. We identified 347 unique individuals, with different patterns of residency (i.e., the tendency of dolphins to remain in, or return to, the study area): 42 were labeled resident, 73 part-time, and 232 transient. Estimating a total population size of 529 individuals and highlighting the presence of animals with a strong site-fidelity, this study suggests developing conservation plans for this vulnerable top-predator species not only focused on areas close to the Tiber River mouths but also extended to cover a broader scale of area.Periodic assessments of population status and trends to detect natural influences and human effects on coastal dolphin are often limited by lack of baseline information. Here, we investigated for the first time the site-fidelity patterns and estimated the population size of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) at the Tiber River estuary (central Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian Sea, Rome, Italy) between 2017 and 2020. We used photo-identification data and site-fidelity metrics to study the tendency of dolphins to remain in, or return to, the study area, and capture–recapture models to estimate the population abundance. In all, 347 unique individuals were identified. The hierarchical cluster analysis highlighted 3 clusters, labeled resident (individuals encountered at least five times, in three different months, over three distinct years; n = 42), part-time (individuals encountered at least on two occasions in a month, in at least two different years; n = 73), and transient (individuals encountered on more than one occasion, in more than 1 month, none of them in more than 1 year; n = 232), each characterized by site-fidelity metrics. Open POPAN modeling estimated a population size of 529 individuals (95% CI: 456–614), showing that the Capitoline (Roman) coastal area and nearby regions surrounding the Tiber River estuary represent an important, suitable habitat for bottlenose dolphins, despite their proximity to one of the major urban centers in the world (the city of Rome). Given the high number of individuals in the area and the presence of resident individuals with strong site fidelity, we suggest that conservation plans should not be focused only close to the Tiber River mouths but extended to cover a broader scale of area.

Large-scale movements of common bottlenose dolphins in the Atlantic: dolphins with an international courtyard.

Wide-ranging connectivity patterns of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are generally poorly known worldwide and more so within the oceanic archipelagos of Macaronesia in the North East (NE) Atlantic. This study aimed to identify long-range movements between the archipelagos of Macaronesia that lie between 500 and 1,500 km apart, and between Madeira archipelago and the Portuguese continental shelf, through the compilation and comparison of bottlenose dolphin’s photo-identification catalogues from different regions: one from Madeira (n = 363 individuals), two from different areas in the Azores (n = 495 and 176), and four from different islands of the Canary Islands (n = 182, 110, 142 and 281), summing up 1791 photographs. An additional comparison was made between the Madeira catalogue and one catalogue from Sagres, on the southwest tip of the Iberian Peninsula (n = 359). Results showed 26 individual matches, mostly between Madeira and the Canary Islands (n = 23), and between Azores and Madeira (n = 3). No matches were found between the Canary Islands and the Azores, nor between Madeira and Sagres. There were no individuals identified in all three archipelagos. The minimum time recorded between sightings in two different archipelagos (≈ 460 km apart) was 62 days. Association patterns revealed that the individuals moving between archipelagos were connected to resident, migrant and transient individuals in Madeira. The higher number of individuals that were re-sighted between Madeira and the Canary Islands can be explained by the relative proximity of these two archipelagos. This study shows the first inter-archipelago movements of bottlenose dolphins in the Macaronesia region, emphasizing the high mobility of this species and supporting the high gene flow described for oceanic dolphins inhabiting the North Atlantic. The dynamics of these long-range movements strongly denotes the need to review marine protected areas established for this species in each archipelago, calling for joint resolutions from three autonomous regions belonging to two EU countries.

Lifelong divergence of growth patterns in Arctic charr life history strategies: implications for sustainable fisheries in a changing climate

Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus Linnaeus, 1758) are phenotypically variable with multiple life history strategies including anadromous and freshwater resident individuals. The mechanism determining life history is believed to be set early in life. Anadromous individuals show greater seasonality in growth and feeding after the first seaward migration relative to resident conspecifics. We used otolith growth increment measurements to estimate lifelong growth patterns for 355 individuals with anadromous or resident life history from four populations within Cumberland Sound, Nunavut. Using a general and a generalized linear model, we discovered a linear increase (estimate = 0.006) in growth for both Arctic charr life histories between 1990 and 2016. Resident Arctic charr have lower annual growth (estimate = −0.176) and show a decrease in the annual proportion of summer growth as they age (estimate = −0.042), whereas their anadromous counterparts maintain a higher seasonality in their growth patterns with age. This suggests that growth is indeed important in life history trajectory for Arctic charr and that seasonal growth patterns differ among life histories. The results highlight the importance of improving our understanding of mechanisms influencing life history trajectory in Arctic charr to ensure sustainability of harvested Arctic charr populations in a changing climate.

Anthropogenic injury and site fidelity in Maldivian whale sharks (Rhincodon typus)

AbstractWhale sharks collect in predictable seasonal aggregations across the tropics. South Ari Atoll in the Maldives is one of a few aggregation sites where whale sharks can be encountered year‐round. Here, areas with high levels of tourism‐related boating traffic overlap with the whale shark hotspot, increasing the probability of anthropogenic injury. Whale sharks have been reported to remain faithful to this aggregation site following injury, despite the costs of injury and the risk of re‐injury. However, the impacts of injury on site fidelity and residency behaviour are not fully understood.Encounter data on individual sharks from the Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme database (2006–2018) were analysed to assess the relationship between injury and site fidelity in whale sharks. There was no difference in geographic site use, with injured and non‐injured individuals being encountered in the same areas. However, there were differences in residency timings: injured resident whale sharks (individuals repeatedly encountered over 6 months or longer) spent significantly more time at the atoll and less time absent, and were seen more consistently than non‐injured residents. Increased residency duration, return rate and number of residency periods correlated with increasing injury number.These differences in behaviour imply a cost to injury, with whale sharks potentially remaining at this site to recover. With boat traffic being concentrated at the aggregation site, injured sharks may be more vulnerable to further injury. Alternatively, these individuals may remain at the atoll despite injury because the benefits gained from this area outweigh the potential costs, with more resident individuals facing greater exposure to anthropogenic threats. These findings highlight the importance of this location and emphasize the need for improved management of anthropogenic activities, particularly boating traffic, at aggregation hotspots to reduce injury rates and any subsequent impacts on behaviour and fitness.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Tarek (Alburnus tarichi), an endemic species to the Lake Van basin, Turkey

In this study, the genetic relationships of 804 tarek (Alburnus tarichi) samples from a total of 18 populations, including the potamodromus and resident individuals from Lake Van basin in eastern Turkey, were studied by using nine microsatellite loci. A total of 93 alleles was detected, and the average number of alleles per locus was 10.3 ± 3.39. The mean estimated observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.340 ± 0.016 and 0.362 ± 0.015, respectively, which indicated a low level of polymorphism. After Bonferroni correction (P< 0.0027), the multi-locus test applied to each population revealed that 12 out of 18 populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) (P = 0.0120–0.9981). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed more than 76% genetic variability within individuals and 19% among populations, which was significantly higher than zero (FST = 0.19), and furthermore, a low level of genetic variation was observed among individuals within populations (4.84%: FIS = 0.06). Bayesian clustering analysis indicated that the total genetic variation grouped into 3 clusters. Additionally, the significance test results revealed that 11 of the 18 populations are threatened with extinction due to recent bottleneck events.We conclude that the tarek populations from the Lake Van basin can be classified into distinct genetic groups, based on microsatellite information. In addition, our results provide essential information for the development of a management plan that conserves the tarek's genetic diversity and achieves a sustainable fishery.

Captive-bred populations of a partially migratory salmonid fish are unlikely to maintain migratory polymorphism in natural habitats.

Variation in life history is fundamental to the long-term persistence of populations and species. Partial migration, in which both migratory and resident individuals are maintained in a population, is commonly found across animal taxa. However, human-induced habitat fragmentation continues to cause a rapid decline in the migratory phenotype in many natural populations. Using field and hatchery experiments, we demonstrated that despite both migrants and residents being maintained in captive environments, few individuals of the red-spotted masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae, became migrants in natural streams when released prior to the migration decision. Released fish rarely reached the threshold body size necessary to become migrants in natural streams, presumably owing to lower growth rates in natural than in captive environments. The decision to migrate is often considered a threshold trait in salmonids and other animal taxa. Our findings highlight the need for management programmes that acknowledge the effects of the environment on the determination of the migratory phenotypes of partially migratory species when releasing captive-bred individuals prior to their migratory decisions.

Detection of Norovirus in Saliva Samples from Acute Gastroenteritis Cases and Asymptomatic Subjects: Association with Age and Higher Shedding in Stool.

Norovirus infections are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide and across all age groups, with two main genogroups (GI and GII) infecting humans. The aim of our study was to investigate the occurrence of norovirus in saliva samples from individuals involved in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in closed and semiclosed institutions, and its relationship with the virus strain, virus shedding in stool, the occurrence of symptoms, age, and the secretor status of the individual. Epidemiological and clinical information was gathered from norovirus outbreaks occurring in Catalonia, Spain during 2017–2018, and stool and saliva samples were collected from affected and exposed resident individuals and workers. A total of 347 saliva specimens from 25 outbreaks were analyzed. Further, 84% of individuals also provided a paired stool sample. For GII infections, norovirus was detected in 17.9% of saliva samples from symptomatic cases and 5.2% of asymptomatic individuals. Positivity in saliva occurred in both secretors and nonsecretors. None of the individuals infected by norovirus GI was positive for the virus in saliva. Saliva positivity did not correlate with any of the studied symptoms but did correlate with age ≥ 65 years old. Individuals who were positive in saliva showed higher levels of virus shedding in stool. Mean viral load in positive saliva was 3.16 ± 1.08 log10 genome copies/mL, and the predominance of encapsidated genomes was confirmed by propidium monoazide (PMA)xx-viability RTqPCR assay. The detection of norovirus in saliva raises the possibility of oral-to-oral norovirus transmission during the symptomatic phase and, although to a lesser extent, even in cases of asymptomatic infections.

Breeding habitat loss reveals limited foraging flexibility and increases foraging effort in a colonial breeding seabird

BackgroundHabitat loss can force animals to relocate to new areas, where they would need to adjust to an unfamiliar resource landscape and find new breeding sites. Relocation may be costly and could compromise reproduction.MethodsHere, we explored how the Lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus), a colonial breeding seabird species with a wide ecological niche, responds to the loss of its breeding habitat. We investigated how individuals adjusted their foraging behaviour after relocating to another colony due to breeding site destruction, and whether there were any reproductive consequences in the first years after relocation. To this end, we compared offspring growth between resident individuals and individuals that recently relocated to the same colony due to breeding habitat loss. Using GPS-tracking, we further investigated the foraging behaviour of resident individuals in both colonies, as well as that of relocated individuals, as enhanced foraging effort could represent a potential driver of reproductive costs.ResultsWe found negative consequences of relocation for offspring development, which were apparent when brood demand was experimentally increased. Recently relocated gulls travelled further distances for foraging than residents, as they often visited more distant foraging sites used by residents breeding in their natal colony as well as new areas outside the home range of the residents in the colony where they settled.ConclusionsOur results imply that relocated individuals did not yet optimally adapt to the new food landscape, which was unexpected, given the social information on foraging locations that may have been available from resident neighbours in their new breeding colony. Even though the short-term reproductive costs were comparatively low, we show that generalist species, such as the Lesser black-backed gull, may be more vulnerable to habitat loss than expected. Long term studies are needed to investigate how long individuals are affected by their relocation in order to better assess potential population effects of (breeding) habitat loss.

Literature Review: Vokhid Urinov, Taxation of Foreign-Source Income of Resident Individuals: A Structural Enforcement Through Automatic Exchange of Tax Information, Vol. 49, IBFD Doctoral Series, 2019

Literature Review: Vokhid Urinov, Taxation of Foreign-Source Income of Resident Individuals: A Structural Enforcement Through Automatic Exchange of Tax Information, Vol. 49, IBFD Doctoral Series, 2019

Resident European ground squirrels exhibit higher stress levels than translocated individuals after conservation reinforcement

The European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) is a rodent inhabiting the open grasslands of central and southeastern Europe. The species is endangered, and various conservation activities are being conducted to preserve and improve the populations’ status, especially during the recent years including translocations of individuals. The success of these measures has varied and is potentially strongly influenced by the chronic and acute stress associated with the translocation process itself. This stress load, however, has rarely been investigated in the framework of such conservation projects, neither in translocated nor in resident individuals. To fill this gap, we investigated glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in translocated ground squirrels and compared these with concentrations in resident animals of a reinforced colony in southeastern Bulgaria. Between 2017 and 2019, we sampled a total of 252 individuals for faecal cortisol metabolite concentrations (FCM). The results showed that FCM decreased after the release in translocated individuals and that the time span after the translocation event was the key variable explaining the decrease. Surprisingly, the FCM levels were higher in the resident ground squirrels than in the translocated individuals throughout the active season and in the following spring. Furthermore, we found no effect of FCM concentrations on dispersal distances or body mass gain in translocated individuals.

Traffic noise alters individual social connectivity, but not space-use, of Red-backed Fairywrens

ABSTRACT The prevalence of human-generated noise is posing novel challenges to birds, by changing how they communicate or causing them to disperse away from the source of noise. We sought to understand how noise affected space-use and social connectivity in a small passerine bird, the Red-backed Fairywren (Malurus melanocephalus). As the displaced birds would likely be forced to occupy a smaller area that may already have resident individuals, we predicted that noise-affected birds would show increased social connectivity that may include new individuals. To test this, we introduced an experimental point-source of traffic noise to groups of fairywrens in an otherwise quiet habitat and compared the change in social connectivity of birds in groups exposed to noise to the changes in social connectivity in neighbouring groups unaffected by noise. Contrary to our prediction, noise-affected birds had reduced social connectivity during experimental noise treatments, as measured by weighted-degree, which was driven by a reduction of interactions with birds of neighbouring groups outside the noise zone. Additionally, we did not discern a change in space-use in response to our noise treatment. Therefore, we suggest that noise reduces the efficacy of signal transmission and detection in this species, resulting in the reduction of social connectivity between groups of this otherwise highly social songbird.

Behavioural and fitness effects of translocation to a novel environment: Whole-lake experiments in two aquatic top predators.

Translocation into a novel environment through common fisheries management practices, such as fish stocking, provides opportunities to study behavioural and fitness impacts of translocations at realistic ecological scales. The process of stocking, as well as the unfamiliarity with novel ecological conditions and the interactions with resident fish may affect translocated individuals, leading to alterations of behaviours and causing fitness impacts. Our objectives were to investigate how aquatic top predators behaviourally establish themselves and compete with resident individuals following introduction in a novel lake environment and to investigate the resulting fitness consequences. Using high-resolution acoustic telemetry, we conducted whole-lake experiments and compared the activity, activity-space size and fate of translocated and resident individuals in two model top predators, the northern pike Esox lucius (n=160) and European catfish Silurus glanis (n=33). Additionally, we compared the reproductive success of translocated and resident northern pike. The experiment was conducted with large (adult) individuals of different origins, resilient to predation, but subject to agonistic interactions and competition with resident fish. Over a period of several months, the translocated catfish exhibited consistently larger activity-space sizes than resident catfish, but did not differ from residents in activity and survival. The pike from one of the two translocated origins we tested also showed elevated space-use, and both translocated origins revealed higher mortality rates than their resident conspecifics, indicating maladjustment to their novel environment. When non-resident pike reproduced, they overwhelmingly produced hybrid offspring with resident fish, indicating that introductions fostered gene flow of non-native genes. Our study indicates that fish introductions result in behavioural and fitness impacts even in large-bodied top predators that experience low levels of natural predation risk.

Rise and fall of a Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) stepping-stone population in central Germany

After having been extinct for approximately 200 years, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is currently being reintroduced in several European countries. However, it still occurs in several local, isolated populations. Given the patchy distribution of its forest habitat within a human-dominated landscape, the formation of population stepping-stones, i.e., small lynx occurrences between source populations, has been suggested an important mechanism for the expansion of lynx in central Europe. We studied the population history of such a stepping-stone population, which emerged approximately 60 km southwest of a larger reintroduced population in central Germany. We also examined migrations of lynx between the source population and the stepping-stone. At the beginning of our study in autumn 2014, our study population consisted of a minimum number of six resident individuals of both sexes that successfully reproduced in the area. However, over the course of only a single year, this subpopulation declined to only a single resident male as a consequence of death and emigration. In the 4 years after this decline, the subpopulation did not recover due to the absence of female dispersal into the area. Our study illustrates the vulnerability of small, isolated populations to stochastic demographic events and suggests that constraints on female dispersal are a major reason for the slow expansion of lynx in central Europe. To promote the expansion of lynx, active population management will be required, involving the translocation of females to reinforce existing stepping-stone populations or to create new ones.

Does latitudinal migration represent an advantage in the decrease of ectoparasitic loads in Leptonycteris yerbabuenae (Chiroptera)?

Abstract Latitudinal migration increases fitness of migrants by allowing them to exploit favorable conditions in nonadjacent geographic regions. Other consequences also may follow, such as interactions with parasites. Migrants may have lower parasite prevalence and abundance than resident individuals because of their ability to abandon infested areas or due to mortality of highly infested hosts. To further understand whether variation in ectoparasite loads is influenced by migration, we investigated whether prevalence and abundance of two species of obligate ectoparasites, the wing mite Periglischrus paracaligus (Mesostigmata: Spinturnicidae) and the bat fly Nycterophilia coxata (Diptera: Streblidae, Nycterophiliinae), of the lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris yerbabuenae, varied between migratory and resident populations throughout their range in Mexico. We examined the presence or absence of migratory behavior, as well as sex and reproductive status of the host because ectoparasitism differentially affects the sexes. Our results showed that the prevalence of both ectoparasites did not vary between migrant and resident females or males, but abundance of the wing mite P. paracaligus was lower in migrant females compared with resident females, with an important influence from the reproductive status of the host. A partial negative relationship between ectoparasite loads and latitudinal migration therefore was demonstrated.

Haemosporidian parasites of resident and wintering migratory birds in The Bahamas.

In temperate regions, some avian haemosporidian parasites have evolved seasonal transmission strategies, with chronic infections relapsing during spring and transmission peaking during the hosts' breeding season. Because lineages with seasonal transmission strategies are unlikely to produce gametocytes in winter, we predicted that (1) resident birds living within wintering areas of Neotropical migrants would unlikely be infected with North American parasite lineages; and (2) if infected, wintering migratory birds would be more likely to harbor Plasmodium spp. rather than Parahaemoproteus spp. or Haemoproteus spp. parasites in their bloodstreams, as only Plasmodium produces life stages, other than gametocytes, that infect red blood cells. To test these predictions, we used molecular detection and microscopy to compare the diversity and prevalence of haemosporidian parasites among year-round residents and wintering migratory birds during February 2016, on three islands of The Bahamas archipelago, i.e., Andros, Grand Bahama, and Great Abaco. Infection prevalence was low and comparable between migratory (15/111) and resident (15/129) individuals, and it did not differ significantly among islands. Out of the 12 lineages detected infecting migratory birds, five were transmitted in North America; four lineages could have been transmitted during breeding, wintering, or migration; and three lineages were likely transmitted in The Bahamas. Resident birds mostly carried lineages endemic to the Caribbean region. All North American-transmitted parasite lineages detected among migratory birds were Plasmodium spp. Our findings suggest that haemosporidian parasites of migrants shift resource allocation seasonally, minimizing the production of gametocytes during winter, with low risk of infection spillover to resident birds.

Speciation Associated with Shifts in Migratory Behavior in an Avian Radiation.

Migratory animals move up to thousands of kilometers every year [1]. Losses of migration (i.e., migratory drop-offs) occur when individuals of a migratory species stop migrating and establish founder sedentary populations, a phenomenon documented in birds [2-5] and butterflies [6]. In theory, losses-and also gains-of migration might promote speciation if sedentary and migratory populations become reproductively isolated [7-9]. Because migratory and sedentary strategies involve alternative physiological, behavioral, and morphological traits [10-13], divergence along multiple axes of organismal function is expected to accompany switches in migratory behavior, potentially accelerating speciation. We present evidence of speciation driven by a migratory drop-off in the fork-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus savana) resulting in reproductive isolation likely driven by changes in breeding schedules (allochronic speciation [13-15]) and geographic isolation of breeding grounds (allopatric speciation [16]). Phylogenetic analyses across New World flycatchers (Tyrannidae) showed that an association between speciation and drop-offs is also observable at a macroevolutionary scale. Loss of migration was significantly more frequent than its gain, and speciation rates of migratory and partially migratory lineages (i.e., species having both migratory and sedentary populations) exceeded those of sedentary lineages. Models of trait evolution indicated that partial migration is an intermediate step between migratory and sedentary states in this family. Given that partial migration is widespread across migratory animals (e.g., of all migratory birds, ca. 51% are partially migratory [5]), speciation via switches in migratory behavior might be an important yet overlooked mechanism of animal diversification.

Digital Outing Confidence as a Mediator in the Digital Behavior Regulation and Internet Content Awareness Relationship

The public digital outing refers to people creating and sharing personal information over the social media platforms. This specific digital outing behaviour is none of the less uniquely vulnerable to the negative effects of the digital public, triggering the individual's digital self-confidence injuring, and negatively impacting individual’s digital outing confidence. Starting from the assumption that the digital outing confidence might mediate the association between the IV internet content awareness and the DV digital behavioural regulation, we have investigated this relationship under a micro research driven from the database collected under the Erasmus+ project Hate’s Journey. Our team has designed an 18 items online questionnaire composed by single items measures, testing different opinions and perceptions related to the digital behaviour construct. Project team has collected 206 valid responses from resident individuals of Spain, Romania, Turkey and Latvia. Results confirm the partial mediation of digital outing confidence in the digital behaviour regulation and internet content awareness relationship. Conclusions and implications are discussed.

Marine trophic niche use and life history diversity among Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus in southwestern Greenland.

Life history strategies and potential marine niche use of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (n = 237, 84-652 mm, total body length, LT ) were determined during the ice-free season (2012) at three different watercourses in south-western Greenland. All Arctic charr were collected from freshwater habitats. Based on stable isotopes of δ34 S, the Arctic charr were categorized as either marine- or freshwater-dependent feeders. The use of time-integrated trophic tracers (stable isotopes of δ13 C, δ15 N, δ34 S) suggested that several trophic groups of Arctic charr operate alongside within each fjord system. The groups suggested were one group that specialized in the marine habitat, in addition to two freshwater resident morphs (small-sized resident and/or large-growing cannibalistic individuals). Stomach contents consisted entirely of freshwater and terrestrial prey (i.e., insects), indicating that marine-dependent feeders also fed in freshwater habitats after return from their marine migration. Growth and maturity patterns further supported variable life history strategies within each watercourse. The life history strategy patterns and marine trophic niche use were consistent across the watercourses along several hundred kilometres of coastline. This study represents the first ecological baseline for partially anadromous populations of Greenland Arctic charr.