Altered residence time as a cause of drug resistance.

Microplastics in soil transform through interacting abiotic, microbial, and faunal processes that collectively determine their persistence and ecological impact. To establish a mechanistic understanding of these complex interactions, we systematically reviewed 150 studies following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, synthesizing qualitative evidence on contamination patterns (n = 128) and quantitative data on microplastic occurrence, degradation mechanisms, and bioremediation potential (n = 22) across diverse terrestrial ecosystems. Principal component analysis of polymer distribution patterns identified polymer composition, residence time, soil physicochemical properties, and ecological risk factors as key determinants of microplastic fate in terrestrial systems. The study reveals that microplastic degradation in soils occurs through a sequential, multi-agent pathway. The process initiates with abiotic weathering that creates surface irregularities and functional groups, facilitating subsequent plastisphere development. Within these biofilm microenvironments, microbial communities accumulate oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes that drive enzymatic depolymerization, resulting in polymer fragmentation and partial to complete mineralization. Across studies, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene emerged as the most persistent polymers, while biodegradable alternatives exhibited accelerated transformation under favourable soil conditions. Earthworms critically amplify degradation through mechanical fragmentation, gut redox modification, and enrichment of degradative microbial communities, achieving upto 60% low-density polyethylene mass reduction. Their burrowing activity further extends degradation by improving soil aeration, moisture distribution, and microbial dispersal. These findings demonstrate that effective bioremediation requires coordinated interactions among polymer properties, soil conditions, microbial diversity, and earthworm activity, providing a mechanistic framework for developing soil-specific strategies to mitigate terrestrial microplastic pollution.

Predicting carbohydrate productivity in continuous microalgae cultivation systems remains a significant technical challenge due to the non-linear nature of metabolic pathways under multiple stresses. This study applied Machine Learning (ML) models to predict biomass and carbohydrate productivity in Chlorella vulgaris grown in continuous culture, utilizing 145 independents experimental sets. Linear (Multiple Linear Regression, Ridge, and LASSO) and non-linear (Random Forest, Artificial Neural Networks, and Support Vector Regression) models were evaluated, integrating nutritional (N and P), environmental (light intensity and optical density), and operational (residence time) variables. Model optimization was carried out via grid search with 5-fold cross-validation and an 80/20 data split to ensure robustness and prevent overfitting. Results showed that non-linear models significantly outperformed traditional methods. Random Forest emerged as the most effective algorithm, achieving an R2 of 0.9072 and RMSE of 0.0518 for biomass productivity, and an R2 of 0.9304 and RMSE of 0.0187 for carbohydrate productivity. These findings demonstrate the potential of ML as a "virtual sensor" for real-time control and optimization of large-scale industrial bioprocesses, enabling immediate operational adjustments without reliance on time-consuming laboratory analyses.

Drug-target residence time (τ) is reviewed from two perspectives: mathematics and molecular dynamics. The first focuses on the quantification of τ using a mathematical formalism applicable to different pharmacological mechanistic conditions. This formalism is based on the concept of the smallest-modulus eigenvalue of a subsystem of interest, in which the global formation process has been eliminated. The second includes relevant studies of recent years to provide a structural explanation of τ predictions. Special attention is paid to physically supported artificial intelligence methods. The main objective of this minireview is to promote a combined approach in which mathematics and physics work synergistically to describe the complexity associated with τ in G protein-coupled receptors.

Ribosome occupancy and miRNA-mediated silencing of upregulated genes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Injectable thermosensitive hydrogels for sustained intra-articular release of TNF-α inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis.

Bioactive human placental ECM hydrogels crosslinked with tannic acid enhance stability and antioxidant properties for diabetic wound healing.

Agricultural HDPE pyrolysis for environmental management: Feedstock complexity, reaction dynamics, and circular resource recovery.

Hydrothermal synthesis of activated carbon from pistachio shells for supercapacitor applications: Influence of residence time and surface chemistry

An injectable ROS-responsive hydrogel comprising chondroitin sulfate@resveratrol liposome package for osteoarthritis alleviation.

In the realm of industrial crystallization for biomolecules, batch crystallizers have been the predominant platform, although continuous crystallizers with clearly superior performances have been actively investigated in recent years. Among them, mixed-suspension-mixed-product-removal crystallizer (MSMPRC), plug flow crystallizer (PFC), slug flow crystallizer (SFC), oscillatory flow baffled crystallizer (OFBC), and other innovative continuous platforms such as membrane crystallizer and Couette-Taylor (CT) crystallizer are introduced in this chapter. These crystallizers have been utilized in continuous crystallization of biomolecules including globular proteins such as lysozyme and insulin. Their key design variables encompassing variables affecting kinetics (residence time distribution (RTD), mixing strategy, etc.) and variables affecting thermodynamics (driving force of crystallization) are discussed. As a promising alternative to conventional chromatography method, continuous crystallization shows great potential for downstream processing of biomolecules.

Cloud/fogwater represents critical but understudied pathways for the cycling and deposition of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This study presents the first field-based measurements of brominated POPs (Br-POPs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs), in cloud/fogwater, revealing their multiphase behavior and scavenging dynamics during 2018-2020 Northeast monsoon seasons in northern Taiwan. BDE-209 dominated the homologue distribution, with median concentrations of 7.5 × 103 pg L-1 (maximum: 7.1 × 104 pg L-1) in the particulate fraction and 1.3 × 103 pg L-1 (maximum: 2.0 × 104 pg L-1) in the aqueous fraction of cloud/fogwater in 2018, higher than in 2019, suggesting the combined influence of a stronger Northeast monsoon, enhanced scavenging efficiency, and long-range atmospheric transport. Multiphase partitioning analysis demonstrated that gas-aqueous, gas-aerosol, and aqueous-insoluble particle exchanges did not attain equilibrium during fog events, consistent with the short atmospheric residence time of cloud/fog droplets. Scavenging ratios and coefficients indicated efficient incorporation of Br-POPs into cloud/fog droplets, with lower-brominated congeners preferentially associated with the aqueous phase and highly brominated species with the particle phase. These findings highlight cloud/fogwater as an effective pathway for atmospheric removal and deposition of Br-POPs and its role in regional contaminant cycling.

Therapeutic potential of spray-based delivery system for the treatment of dermatological disorders: clinical insights and formulation advances.

Algal resource availability shapes trophic convergence of deposit feeders in a low-turbidity dredged estuary.

We report results from quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) measurements of the dynamical nature of diammonium cations in the two-dimensional (2D) metal halide perovskites (MHPs) (1,3-PDA)PbBr4 (PDA: phenylenediammonium), (1,4-PDA)PbBr4, and (1,4-XDA)PbBr4 (XDA: xylylenediammonium), and in the zero-dimensional (0D) perovskitoid (1,3-XDA)2PbBr6. QENS spectra measured upon heating from 44 to 350 K reveal the onset of picosecond timescale dynamics of the respective organic cation at around 225 K for 1,3-PDA, 250 K for 1,4-PDA, 250 K for 1,3-XDA, and 350 K for 1,4-XDA. Analyses of the elastic incoherent structure factor of the materials suggest that the observed dynamics can be assigned to three-fold (C3) and/or continuous rotational jump-diffusion dynamics of the terminal -NH3 groups of the respective organic cation for all materials. An average, apparent, residence time of the jump-diffusion dynamics has been extracted from the QENS data and takes values of about 1 ps for (1,3-PDA)PbBr4, 4-5 ps for (1,4-PDA)PbBr4 and (1,3-XDA)Pb2Br6, and 10 ps for (1,4-XDA)PbBr4 at 350 K. A comparison of the dynamical results with the length and symmetry of the organic cations suggests that a smaller organic cation (here PDA) and an asymmetric position of the two -NH3 groups (here 1,3-PDA and 1,3-XDA) correlate with a lower onset temperature and faster dynamics. A comparison of the dynamics results with the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the materials may indicate that slower -NH3 dynamics correlates with a lower thermal stability of PL due to less dynamic disorder.

River damming alters hydrology, light availability and nutrient dynamics, thereby reshaping both pelagic and benthic primary producers. In double-dam systems, it remains unclear whether the two structures function as a single unit (“double-dam effect”) or whether the downstream dam adds cumulative impacts (“cascade effect”). Over two hydrological years, we investigated the responses of phytoplankton and periphyton to cascading dams, along the Sélune River (France), focusing on photosynthetic activity, biomass and assemblage. Using multivariate analyses, we quantified the relative influence of local environmental and climatic conditions (light, temperature, turbidity, nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, rainfall), spatial position along the river continuum, habitat type (lotic vs. lentic), and season on both communities. Local environmental factors explained most of variance in phytoplankton and periphyton, with light availability, temperature, and nutrient stoichiometry (TDN:TDP) as the dominant drivers. By explicitly testing cascade versus double-dam effects through comparisons of biological variables (activity, biomass and species abundances) between dams and with the downstream lotic station, we found evidence for a single-dam effect for both phytoplankton and periphyton. This pattern likely reflects short water residence times, which constrain the development of cumulative impacts along the dam cascade.

Here, we review mathematical models of epigenetic memory, focusing on chromatin modifications as key mechanisms to achieve long-term maintenance of epigenetic states. After reviewing the main stochastic modeling frameworks, we focus on stochastic models of chromatin modifications to analyze residence time in memory states, which underpins the long-term maintenance of epigenetic information. We review these concepts through increasingly complicated chromatin modification circuits, including histone modifications, DNA methylation, and their combination.

Nitrogen-rich biochar electrodes from urban green waste for microbial CO2 electroreduction in bioelectrochemical systems.

Hydrogen production in plasma gasification of pulp-derived organic waste: Numerical analysis using MHD-CFD simulations.

Abstract Current number of species of Ornithogalum s. lat. in Slovakia is eight. We here report the discovery of a ninth species, Ornithogalum refractum Kit. ex. Willd. The species was first discovered in the vicinity of Štúrovo town in southern Slovakia in April 2023. We used a multi-method biosystematic approach to demonstrate its difference from morphologically similar species O. divergens Boreau. Flow cytometry and chromosome counting revealed that pentaploids and hexaploids of O. refractum occur in Slovakia. Its residence time in Slovakia is unclear, but we suggest that it is not of a recent origin, and the species occurrence has been overlooked due to its superficial similarity with O. divergens . The species occurrence in southern Slovakia represents a continuation of its distribution in northern Hungary and it is probably the northernmost in the entire range.