Reserve Command Research Articles

Ius Constituendum of the Regulation for Autonomous Body of Social Organizations in the Security Sector as Reserve Command

The universal people's defense and security system mandates the importance of the community's role in defense and security efforts against various threats to the Indonesian state. The role of the community in defense and security efforts can be carried out with the participation of the community to become the Reserve Command. In this case, especially for members of the autonomous bodies of community organizations in the security sector, they should have their own space to become the Reserve Command. This research is a juridical-normative legal research with legal issues, namely the legal vacuum in regulating autonomous bodies of social organizations in the security sector to be given a special route to become a member of the reserve component. The approach in this research is the approach to legislation and the concept approach. The results of the study confirm that the urgency to provide special arrangements for members of autonomous community organizations in the security sector to become members of the reserve component because they already have the basics of security skills. In addition, legal construction needs to be carried out by revising the applicable regulations.

Atmospheric River Reconnaissance 2021: A Review

Abstract Atmospheric River Reconnaissance (AR Recon) is a targeted campaign that complements other sources of observational data, forming part of a diverse observing system. AR Recon 2021 operated for ten weeks from January 13 to March 22, with 29.5 Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs), 45 flights and 1142 successful dropsondes deployed in the northeast Pacific. With the availability of two WC-130J aircraft operated by the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron (53 WRS), Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and one National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Aircraft Operations Center (AOC) G-IVSP aircraft, six sequences were accomplished, in which the same synoptic system was sampled over several days. The principal aim was to gather observations to improve forecasts of landfalling atmospheric rivers on the U.S. West Coast. Sampling of other meteorological phenomena forecast to have downstream impacts over the U.S. was also considered. Alongside forecast improvement, observations were also gathered to address important scientific research questions, as part of a Research and Operations Partnership. Targeted dropsonde observations were focused on essential atmospheric structures, primarily atmospheric rivers. Adjoint and ensemble sensitivities, mainly focusing on predictions of U.S. West Coast precipitation, provided complementary information on locations where additional observations may help to reduce the forecast uncertainty. Additionally, Airborne Radio Occultation (ARO) and tail radar were active during some flights, 30 drifting buoys were distributed, and 111 radiosondes were launched from four locations in California. Dropsonde, radiosonde and buoy data were available for assimilation in real-time into operational forecast models. Future work is planned to examine the impact of AR Recon 2021 data on model forecasts.

The Role of Empowerment, Human Capital and Commitments Soldiers Performance in Yonbekang 2 Kostrad Malang

This study aims to describe Empowerment, Human Capital, Commitment and Soldier Performance in Yonbekang 2 Strategic Reserve Command, to analyze the influence of Empowerment, Human Capital, Commitment and Performance of Soldiers in Yonbekang 2 Strategic Reserve Command, to analyze the which variables of Empowerment, Human Capital and Commitments have a dominant influence on the Warrior Performance at Yonbekang 2 Kostrad. The sample in this study amounted to 114 soldiers. The analysis uses multiple regression analysis technique. The results of the analysis show that empowerment, human capital, and commitment have an effect on the soldier's performance, the which means that the better empowerment, supported by soldiers who have high human capital, and supported by high commitment soldier can improve performance. Human capital has an influence on the performance of soldiers in Yonbekang 2 KOSTRAD Malang. This shows that the main thing that can improve a soldier's performance is its human capital, especially training. Keywords: Empowerment, Human Capital, Commitment, Soldier Performance DOI : 10.7176/EJBM/11-8-04 Publication date :March 31 st 2019

Hurricane Kinetic Energy Spectra from In Situ Aircraft Observations

Abstract Since the pioneering paper by Nastrom and Gage on aircraft-derived power spectra, significant progress has been made in understanding the wavenumber distribution of energy in Earth’s atmosphere and its implications for the intrinsic limits of weather forecasting. Improvements in tropical cyclone intensity predictions have lagged those of global weather forecasting, and limited intrinsic predictability may be partially responsible. In this study, we construct power spectra from aircraft data of over 1200 missions carried out by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) Hurricane Hunters. Each mission is parsed into distinct flight legs, and legs meeting a specified set of criteria are used for spectral analysis. Here, we produce power spectra composites for each category of the Saffir–Simpson scale, revealing a systematic relationship between spectral slope and storm intensity. Specifically, as storm intensity increases, we find that 1) spectral slope becomes steeper across scales from 10 to 160 km and 2) the transition zone where spectral slope begins to steepen shifts downscale.

An Occupational Paradox: Why Do We Love Really Tough Jobs?

Sometimes we come upon unexpected or counterfactual results during research that make us wonder and lead us into unknown territory. Such was the experience of a team of Air Force researchers exploring aeromedical evacuation crew members' experiences of safety and patient care concerns throughout the en route care system. To explore what it is about the aeromedical evacuation crew members' occupation that generates a strong motivation to the mission despite the demands it places on its workers. Eight focus groups were conducted with 69 Air Force aeromedical evacuation and staging facility active duty, Air National Guard, and Air Force Reserve Command nurses and medical technicians between May 2012 and April 2013 at 5 locations in the contiguous and outside the contiguous United States. An unexpected finding was that despite the austere nature of the Air Force en route care mission and the acuity of the patients being transported, nurses and medical technicians were passionate about bringing home the wounded, sick, and injured warriors and were committed to providing the best and safest care possible. It is plausible that a high level of commitment and mission focus contributes significantly to the safety and well-being of those transported. Still, we must wonder why nurses and technicians voluntarily serve in such a demanding and sometimes dangerous occupation, and yet find such a high degree of satisfaction and contentment with this type of job.

Leadership Lessons from an OCS Infantry Hall of Fame Member: A Conversation with Lt. General (retired) James Ronald Helmly

Executive SummaryAn effective leader must have integrity and inspire. importance of the character trait of integrity is epitomized in the words of President Dwight D. Eisenhower: The supreme quality for leadership is unquestionably integrity. Without it, no real success is possible, no matter whether it is on a section gang, a football field, in an army, or in an office. Organization success is best promoted when both individuals and groups are inspired to be and do their best. According to Ralph Waldo Emerson, chief want is someone who will inspire us to be what we know we could be. Throughout his more than 40 year career in the US Army and the Department of Defense, Lieutenant General (retired) James Ronald Helmly led with integrity and was an inspiration to those with whom he served.General Helmly was Chief of the United States Army Reserve (USAR), and Commander, US Army Reserve Command from May, 2002 to May, 2006. In that position, he commanded over 200,000 United States Army Reserve troops. From 2006 through 2008, he served as the US Defense Department Representative to Pakistan. General Helmly entered the Army in 1968 as an enlisted soldier and received his officer's commission through the Officer Candidate School (OCS). He served two tours of duty in Vietnam and is the recipient of numerous awards for service and valor. He was inducted into the OCS Infantry Hall of Fame in 1996. General Helmly has had considerable experience in leading both small and large groups of men and women.Authors: Could you relate the major lessons that you learned during your service in Vietnam?General Helmly: In November 1967, I was barely 20 years old when I deployed to Vietnam leading a rifle platoon of about 30 men. I had served almost 15 months in the Army and most of that time had been spent in some form of training; I had served only two months with my platoon before deployment. Most of my platoon were 19-20 year old draftee soldiers.We were engaged daily in infantry combat. We were constantly dirty, tired, scared, and fatigued. What little sleep we got was on the ground. Our uniforms would literally rot offour backs after 10 days or so and boots lasted 3-4 weeks. In this kind of environment one learns basic leadership. value of building trust: leader to led, led to leader, and leader to leader. One learns that accuracy is sometimes as important as truth: know what you are doing and talking about and ensure that you are accurate. One learns the value of human life when daily confronted by death. My first tour in Vietnam shaped and defined my entire life. I grew comfortable being constantly as I would later tell young officers: not just physically uncomfortable but mentally and psychologically as well. While I would not wish that anyone should be subjected to such an experience, I profited both as a person and as a leader from my service in Vietnam.Authors: How would you describe your leadership and management styles? Do you see or perceive a difference between leadership and management?Helmly: I have always believed that one cannot be a successful leader without devoting time and attention to management. When in a staffposition, one may be considered to be managing more than leading; but when elevated to a supervisory management position one leads and manages, usually simultaneously. I also find that many managers fail at leadership, which becomes their failure at managing. Private enterprise seems too often to dwell on management at the expense of leadership.The military services have, over the past couple of decades, devoted a fair amount of effort in trying to learn management techniques and lessons from the private business world. single sector of our society, which seems to me poorest in leadership and management is the political sector, and it has the most to gain from both.I have always tried to see and understand the big picture while simultaneously understanding the challenging details. …

Design-Build Project Delivery in Military Construction: Approach to Best Value Procurement

Design-Build is rapidly becoming one of the most commonly used project delivery methods in the facility construction industry. The United States Air Force and the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) are expected to establish a target of 75% of all Military Construction (MILCON) projects delivered using the Design-Build method. The use of this delivery method will bring significant changes in the relationships between the various parties associated with facility project delivery when compared to the traditional Design-Bid-Build method. This paper demonstrates that Design-Build delivery with a best value selection is an important tool in accomplishing AFRC’s cost efficient, rapid response transformation goals applicable to facility construction. Three hundred thirty two projects in program years 2002 through 2006, constructed using both traditional Design-Bid-Build or Design-Build delivery methods, were examined. Parameters used for comparisons were construction cost and schedule growth, project cost, vertical versus horizontal construction, and number of days required to prepare solicitation documents, advertise and accomplish construction award. This research reveals significant project schedule advantages with Design-Build best value selection delivery. The advantages are apparent in both pre and post construction award activities. Potential Design-Build cost advantages are hindered by Defense Federal Acquisition Regulations requiring firm fixed price contracts at construction award.

Iraq and the “Chameleon” of War

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, Michael Howard and Peter Paret, eds. (Princeton, N.J., 1976). 2. Dexter Filkins, “Low Voting Rate Risks Isolation for Sunni Iraqis,” The New York Times, February 3, 2005, 1. 3. Robert S. McNamara, In Retrospect—The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (New York, 1995), 263. 4. Peter W. Galbraith, “As Iraqis Celebrate, the Kurds Hesitate,” The New York Times, February 2005, A23. See also Michael Radu, “Iraq, Turkey, and the Kurdish Problem,” Foreign Policy Research Institute Special Report, February 4, 2005. 5. “Task Force Liberty42nd Infantry Task Force,” http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/tf-liberty.htm. 6. Interview by Tom Bowman with LTG James R. Helmly, commanding general, U.S. Army Reserve Command, The Baltimore Sun, January 4, 2005. See also Richard Whittle, “Reserve Short on Recruits,” Dallas Morning News, December 14, 2004, 1. 7. Captain Steven Alvarez, Director of Public Affairs, Multinational Security Transition Command Iraq, Press Release, January 7, 2007. See also Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, “Don't Forget the Iraqi Troops,” The Wall Street Journal, February 4, 2005, 8. 8. T. E. Lawrence,Seven Pillars of Wisdom (New York, 1935).

Is a Dental Health Risk Assessment Predictive of Dental Health?

A complete dental examination is the basis for identifying the dental readiness of Air Force Reserve Command members. Historically, these were done on an infrequent basis. Recently, an annual dental examination has been mandated for all military members. Current dental personnel manning and resources are not sufficient to accomplish this dramatic increase in dental examination workload. To help alleviate this demand, a Dental Health Risk Assessment questionnaire was developed and tested to see if it could accurately screen out a dental problem severe enough to make a member non-worldwide deployable (Dental Readiness Classification of 3). These members would be scheduled for a dental examination first. The questionnaire asked members to self-identify dental health problems. Their answers were compared with the findings from the military dental examination. Unfortunately, the results did not match the survey's expectation. Accurately predicting who needed to be scheduled for a comprehensive dental examination, based on how a member answered the survey questions, was not accomplished. It is hoped that further research and refinement may make a predictive Dental Health Risk Assessment possible.

A Fast Optimal Non-Continuous Slot Reuse Scheme for CRMA High-Speed Networks

Cyclic-Reservation Multiple-Access (CRMA) is an effective access scheme for high-speed networks. In CRMA, the headend periodically generates reserve commands. If necessary, each station may reserve a number of empty slots in each reserve command. For each reserve command, the headend generates a cycle of length equal to the total number of empty slots which are reserved to serve the reservations. Generally speaking, a longer cycle length means a longer access delay and a lower throughput. Therefore, it is desirable to study how to reduce the cycle length. However, it has been shown that the problem is NP-complete if all the empty slots used by a station in a cycle are required to be consecutive [1]. In this paper, we remove the slot-contiguity constraint and propose a fast, optimal non-continuous slot reuse scheme with low time complexity O(M^2), where M denotes the number of stations. Experimental results demonstrate that our new scheme has much shorter cycle lengths, much higher throughput, and much shorter MAC (Medium Access Control) delay than the original CRMA scheme.

An optimal time slot assignment algorithm for CRMA high-speed networks

Cyclic-Reservation Multiple-Access (CRMA) is an access scheme for high-speed local and metropolitan area networks based on a folded-bus or dual-bus configuration. CRMA provides high throughput and fairness independent of the network speed or distance. In CRMA, the headend generates reserve commands periodically. Each station may reserve a number of empty slots in each reserve command if necessary. Corresponding to every reserve command, the headend generates a cycle of length equal to the total number of slots reserved. Every cycle is used to serve the reservations made on its corresponding reserve command. Generally, a longer cycle length means a longer access delay and a lower throughput. Therefore, it is desirable to have a scheme to make the cycle length as short as possible. In this paper, we will study the problem of reducing the total number of empty slots generated within every cycle as much as possible. However, it has been shown that the problem is NP-complete under the constraint that all the slots used by a station in a cycle are required to be consecutive [1][N.F. Huang, H.I. Liu, G.K. Ma, A cycle compression algorithm for CRMA high-speed networks, IEEE ICC'93, 1993, pp. 1363–1367]. In this paper, we discover that if this slot-contiguity constraint is released, then the problem can be optimally solved in polynomial time. Furthermore, we propose an optimal slot scheduling algorithm with time complexity O ∑ i≔1 M α i 2 where α i is the number of empty slots reserved by Station i in the cycle and M is the number of stations. To evaluate the effectiveness of our algorithm, a large number of computer simulations were performed. We compare our algorithm with the original CRMA in terms of the following three important performance measurements: average cycle length, average throughput, and average medium access control (MAC) delay. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm has much shorter cycle lengths, much higher throughput, and much shorter MAC delay. Therefore, our algorithm is very attractive.

A System for Tracking Dental Readiness in the Air Force Reserve

The potential of dental emergencies to reduce combat effectiveness is a major concern of military planners. The dental fitness classification is teh primary measure of an airman's dental readiness. A dental class 3 identification means that the airman has a dental condition that is likely to cause a dental emergency within 12 months. With few exceptions, Air Force Reserve command units are using only nonstandardized, manual tracking systems to ensure that identified members get needed dental treatment completed in a timely manner. The reliability and effectiveness of this process has been questioned in recent years. The importance of accurately recording the dental class status and having a reliable means to track dental treatment compliance of members designated dental class 3 is essential to maintaining a high state of dental readiness. A computerized tracking system called the Reserve Dental Data System was designed and developed to address this problem.

A slot reuse scheme for CRMA networks

In the cyclic reservation multiple access (CRMA) scheme, nodes reserve slots in each reserve command. Cycles are then generated in sequence, each of which services the reservations made in the corresponding reserve command. Huang et al. [2,3] proposed a reservation scheme, in which nodes are partitioned into regions and slots can be reused in succeeding regions, to reduce access delays due to long cycles. However, slots cannot be reused by the nodes in the same region, resulting in the waste of available slots and line utilization. We propose a modified scheme to eliminate this disadvantage. As a result, cycles generated are shorter and access delays are smaller.

Some Things That Have Happened toThe Sun After September 1965: Politics and the Interpretation of an Indonesian Painting

As most tell the story, the mysterious and fearful twilight of Sukarno's Indonesia began in Jakarta sometime after sundown on the last day of September 1965. That night and in the early hours of October 1, a group led by leftist, middle-ranking military officers calling themselves the September Thirtieth Movement kidnapped and killed six generals in an attempted putsch. In its radio broadcasts the following morning, the movement announced its loyalty to President Sukarno and claimed that it had acted in order to thwart a coup planned by a ‘Council of Generals.’ In the year leading up to the putsch, the president's hold on power had been strained by the increasing polarization between the army and disaffected Muslims on the one hand, and Sukarno and the PKI—the Indonesian Communist Party (Partai Kommunis Indonesia)— on the other. Sukarno's ill health, factionalism within military ranks, and the shadow of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) only added to the anxiety and uncertainty. It is unclear whether this Council of Generals had anything more than a phantom existence. What is clear is that the head of the strategic reserve command in Jakarta, Major General Soeharto, was quick to manipulate the situation and bring the movement to a halt within hours. In an evening radio broadcast on October 1, Soeharto described the putsch as a counter-revolutionary movement and told listeners that the army and police under his leadership had regained control.

Reservation scheme for CRMA high-speed networks

Cyclic-Reservation Multiple-Access (CRMA) is an access scheme for high speed local and metropolitan area networks based on a slotted unidirectional dual-bus structure. In CRMA, the headend generates reserve commands periodically. Each node reserves a number of slots in each reserve command. Finally, the headend generates a sequence of cycles, each of which is used to service the reservations on the corresponding reserve command. The length of each cycle is equal to the total number of slots reserved by the nodes in the corresponding reserve command. Generally, a longer cycle length will have a lower slot utilization and longer access delay. It has been shown that the problem of finding a shortest cycle length is NP-complete 1. In this paper, we propose a new reservation scheme for CRMA high-speed networks to make a shorter cycle length. Simulation results show that compared with the original CRMA reservation scheme, this new scheme does result in a much shorter average cycle length. Further-more, the proposed scheme also obtains better throughput (slot utilization), as well as a lower access delay.

An Efficient Slot-Reuse Scheme for CRMA High-Speed Networks

Cyclic-Reservation Multiple-Access (CRMA), based on slotted unidirectional dual-bus structure, is an access scheme for high speed local and metropolitan area networks. In CRMA, the headend generates reserve commands periodically. Each node reserves a number of slots which it needs when each reserve command passes by. Finally, the headend generates a sequence of cycles, corresponding to each reserve command, service the reservations commanded by each node. The length of cycle is equal to the total number of slots reserved by the nodes. It is desirable to have some mechanisms to reduce the length of a cycle since slot reuse can reduce the number of slots used to carry the same amount of user information, whereby reducing network congestion. It had been shown that the problem of finding a shortest cycle length is NP-complete [2]. Recently, a reservation scheme based on finding single-level regions (FSR) to make a shorter cycle length had been proposed [3]. That is to say, some of used slots can be reused by downstream nodes and hence the throughput and access delay are improved.In this paper, we propose an efficient slot reuse scheme based on finding multiple-level regions (FMR). As compared with the original CRMA reservation scheme and the one proposed in [3], the new scheme makes the cycle length much shorter. Besides, the resulting throughput (slots utilization) and the access delay are better than those of the other two schemes. We also address the differences and effects on slot-reuse schemes applied in CRMA-II (using destination release), [14] and [15], and FSR/FMR (using cycle compression).