Style Of Research Research Articles

Long-term effects from early exposure to research: Evidence from the NIH “Yellow Berets”

Can a relatively short but intense exposure to frontier research alter the career trajectories of potential innovators? To answer this question, we study the careers and productivity of 3075 medical school graduates who applied to the Associate Training Programs (ATP) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) during the turbulent period of the Vietnam War, 1965–1975. Carefully selecting on observables, we compare physicians who attended the program to those who passed a first admission screen but were ultimately not selected. We find that program participants were twice as likely to choose a research-focused position after training, and considerably less likely to switch to purely clinical endeavors as their careers unfolded. Over the life cycle, NIH trainees also garnered publications, citations, and grant funding at a much higher rate than synthetic controls, and went on to mentor more trainees who themselves became successful researchers. The direction of their research efforts was durably imprinted by their training experience. In particular, NIH trainees appear to have acquired a distinct “translational” style of biomedical research which became an implicit training model for physician-scientists as ATP alumni came to occupy the commanding heights of academic medicine throughout the United States.

Next-G Wireless: Learning from 5G Techno-Economics to Inform Next Generation Wireless Technologies

A new generation of cellular technology has been deployed every decade since the 1980s. We are presently amid the global commercial deployment by Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) of the fifth generation (5G) of cellular technology; and concurrently, a flurry of research is engaged in designing the next generation (6G). This offers an opportune time to assess the techno-economics research literature over the past decade that informed 5G’s development lifecycle from standardization to deployment. Our goal is to provide a retrospective review of this literature and offer recommendations for how the methodologies employed in this style of model-based research (theoretical and empirical) may be improved to best contribute to the design of Next Generation (Next-G) wireless technologies. Our review categorizes the prior research into eight key research themes including use cases, technologies, modeling techniques, financial metrics, open science practices, business model evaluation, spatial focus and data visualization. Our review of the prior literature leads us to conclude that the quality and impact of techno-economic assessment studies directed at designing Next-G (or 6G) technologies would be improved if researchers are: (i) more transparent about network quality of service assumptions, (ii) openly share input data, code, and results, (iii) focus on total cost analysis, with special attention paid to (iv) ensuring the affordability of 6G technologies, and, (v) actively take account of developments emerging from other modeling efforts to maximize the potential for mutual benefits.

Trainee translators’ research styles: A taxonomy based on an observation study at the University of Silesia, Poland

This paper presents a typology of information-seeking styles exhibited by 52 students of the MA translation and interpreting programme at the University of Silesia, Poland. The typology emerged during the large-scale investigation into trainee translators’ research behaviour occurring during translation of a legal text from English into Polish (Sycz-Opoń 2019). The method of investigation combined observation of students’ recorded performances with a think-aloud protocol (TAP). The case-study analysis brought to light significant variation in student’s information-seeking behaviour, which had gone unnoticed in the aggregate statistical data. Individual differences included students’ source preference, search intensity, level of criticism towards sources, diligence, risk-taking, self-confidence, and source reliance. As a result of the analysis the six research styles emerged: traditionalist, innovator, minimalist, true detective, procrastinator, and habitual doubter. They are presented in this paper with special attention to each style’s strengths, weaknesses and recommended teaching approaches. The results suggest the need for information-seeking training geared towards the diverse needs of individual students.

A temporally dynamic examination of research method usage in the Chinese library and information science community

In this paper, we discuss how research methods are used in the Chinese library and information science (LIS) community, a fundamental question in the pursuit of a global overview of this interdisciplinary research domain. We used manual coding to identify research methods mentioned in 2,421 Chinese-language papers written by 53 prestigious Chinese LIS researchers across different generations. For all selected publications, we manually identified and classified methods using a modified version of an established classification scheme for LIS research methods. Moreover, we examined how research methods are used by researchers belonging to different age groups over time. We identified a significant shift in the use of methods among examined publications: quantitative methods are increasingly used over time, driven both by the emergence of newer generations of researchers and by senior researchers gradually adopting newer methods. These findings reflect a major, and heretofore undiscussed, shift in research style in the LIS community in China. Our approach facilitates a new, more dynamic discussion of how research methods are adopted in a research community and will greatly contribute to future studies on this topic.

The Impact of Parenting Style on Attitudes toward Masturbation: A Latent Profile Analysis

Parents play a vital role in the development of their children’s sexual attitudes and behaviors; however, little is known about the impact of parenting on masturbation attitudes. The present study aimed to explore the role of discussions with parents about attitudes toward masturbation. Additionally, latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to determine whether subgroups of exposure to distinct parenting styles exist, and if so, the extent to which they are related to the formation of masturbation attitudes. A convenience sample of 279 university students aged 18–21 completed an anonymous self-report survey. Participants who had not discussed masturbation with their parents reported significantly more negative attitudes than those who had discussed it. In general, participants who perceived their parents to be high in both rejection and control reported more negative attitudes toward masturbation than participants whose parents were lower in rejection and lower in control. The LPA revealed three parenting profiles that were differentially related to young adults’ masturbation attitudes: Permissive Parenting, Typical Parenting, and Authoritarian Parenting. An exploratory analysis found that female participants endorsed fewer negative attitudes toward masturbation than their male counterparts. Bayesian statistics were used to improve the interpretation of the data, allow for more meaningful and accurate conclusions, and provide converging evidence with the null hypothesis significance testing results. Implications and limitations are discussed within the context of current masturbation and parenting style research.

Contrasting Mathematical Phenomena and Concepts in Ethnomathematics through Etic and Emic Approaches: A Study of Dhikr Jahar Practices in Tariqa Qodiriyah Naqsyabandiyah Ma’had Suryalaya

Ethno-mathematical research trends pioneered by D'Ambrosio are on the rise, especially in Indonesia as a nation with high cultural diversity which has a lot of potential researches to be explored. This paper has two major objectives, first to explore the importance of the role of mathematics in the practice of Dhikr Jahar in Tariqa Qodiriyyah Naqsyabandiyyah and second to contrast the differences between mathematical phenomena and mathematical concepts in ethnomathematics research. Attempts to contrast the mathematical phenomena and mathematical concepts in ethnomathematics was expected to provide a sharper highlight in the writing of ethnomathematics research. This research used qualitative methods with two approaches, namely ethnography and phenomenology. The locations of the research are at Pondok Pesantren Suryalaya-Sirnarasa and Padepokan Talangraga Tasikmalaya with observations for 9 months in the first stage and then 6 months in the second stage. The number of respondents interviewed in this research were 48 people. Data processing was performed using the Nvivo 12 Plus. The results showed that there are many mathematical phenomena in the practice of Dhikr Jahar Ikhwan TQN. In carrying out the practice of dhikr, the Ikhwan used a mathematical concept with two events, fingers and prayer beads aids. The concept of counting in dhikr was used strictly by the Ikhwan. They believe that numbers have an important role in the quantity of dhikr. Contrasting mathematical phenomena and mathematical concepts can be done with an emic and etic approach and is expected to become an alternative style in ethnomathematics research.

Emmanuel Farhi, Economist Par Excellence

Undoubtedly one of the best economists of his generation, Emmanuel Farhi transformed the theories of taxation, macroeconomics, and international finance. This essay describes his itinerary and his research style and attempts to pay tribute to his immense contribution to economics.

Metadata : meta- analysis of intellectual production

Meta-analysis is considered a research style in the field of libraries andinformation, one of the efforts of registering Literature. this style is remarkablewith three features that cannot stand without which fusion (collecting orintegration) between previous results of the study and summarizing these results,meeting and comparing them with each other, using some statistical methods inthis summary to perform bibliometric analysis, of previous studies. this study triesto apply Meta-analysis style on one of the topics with analyzing itwith qualitative, quantative, time and linguistic analysis and clarifying scientifictrends of the topic, in this study, the researcher tried to analysis previous studiesaccording to objective elements of the study, this is to recognize common andgeneral results that studies of this topic had reached to.The intellectual production that dealt with the subject of metadata in itsbranches, which amounted to 61 studies, was presented and analyzed to identifyits objective, temporal, qualitative, formal and syntactic features andcharacteristics, and the methodology used.The most important recommendations, proposals or future researchdirections regarding metadata are the following: Conducting some applied studies dealing with metadata of museumgroups and metadata of multimedia. Study the quality of the metadata of media, especially news websites, onthe Internet. Conducting many studies on the topic of Big Metadata and LinkedMetadata Methods used to describe metadata between Arab and foreign indexes(that use correlated data): a comparative study. Future directions for describing metadata of indexes in the environment oflinked data: an exploratory study. Here, the researcher did not intend toaddress metadata of indexes because it was dealt with by some studies,but to explore the relationship of interrelated data in managing andcreating metadata.

BRACELETS WITH ZOOMORPHIC TERMINALS (ACCORDING TO THE EXCAVATIONS OF THE OSTRIV BURIAL GROUND IN 2017—2020)

The bracelets with zoomorphic terminals are analyzed in the paper. They were found in the West Baltic Ostriv burial ground in 2017—2020. The work shows types of jewelry, their style, and history of research.
 The assemblage of 15 samples has dissimilar configuration. Furthermore, 10 of them were found in female burials, 2 — male burials, 1 — archaeological level and 2 are accidental finds. These bracelets have arcuate shape, terminals with stylized reptile heads. Their surface is decorated with a geometric ornament that emphasizes the overall zoomorphic motif and mimics the reptile in motion.
 According to L. Vaitkunskene’s typology, the collection of Baltic zoomorphic bracelets from the Ostriv burial ground can have four types.
 Because of this features, such as overall tendency developing shapes of products, specifics of application of geometric ornament (advantage of combination of lines and circles on the surface of bracelets from Curonian area; dominance of geometric figures in ornamentation of Daugava Livonians, Selonians and Latgalians), and their chronology, the collection of Baltic zoomorphic bracelets from the Ostriv burial ground are similar to the West Baltic tribe of Curonians, the antiquities of the end of X — first half of XI century.
 The author assumes that some of bracelets from the Ostriv burial ground were made directly in Porossya. He examined the samples of ones in full detail and found out that different pieces of bracelets have similar features. Foremost, they are the design of the stylized eyes of animal-headed terminals and the similarity of geometric plots, which, in general, do not have a bright variety and could be made by a certain master.
 Summing up, further systematic research of burial ground Ostriv and the open-air settlement in the tract of Stari Sukholisy allows to growth available sources. It will promote a deeper understanding of various facets of the material culture of the Baltic immigrant community.

6. PROXIMATE CAUSATION IN LEGAL HISTORIOGRAPHY

ABSTRACTThe variety of legal history published in general‐interest law journals tends to differ from the variety published in history journals. This study compares the two varieties by examining footnote references in five general‐interest law journals and footnote references in two journals of legal history. In the law journals, cases and statutes accounted for the single largest group of footnotes (approximately 35%), followed by references to other law journal articles (nearly 25%). In the legal history journals, these two categories accounted for less than 20% of all references; primary and secondary historical materials predominated in the footnotes. To be sure, legal decisions and law journal articles can also be historical sources: rather than being used as evidence of what the law is, they might be studied for what they reveal about legal reasoning or rhetoric in an earlier age. However, in most legal historical research that attends primarily to cases and statutes, these materials figure as evidence of the state of the law at that time. When the analysis relies on legal sources to trace the development of a certain doctrine and treats them as sufficient to account for that development, the result is the distinctive style of research that I seek to contrast against approaches that cast the net of historical inquiry more widely. To account for these different approaches, I suggest that law professors rely on a notion of proximate causation as a historiographic method. According to this approach, legal developments are proximately caused by other developments in the legal sphere, and other social and cultural developments play more attenuated roles, such that their influence is less significant. By proposing this explanation, I hope to draw more attention to assumptions about causation in legal historiography and to question their persuasive force.

Diventare umano. Dalla memoria culturale ai nuovi sensi di appartenenza: storie di migrazioni negli albi illustrati contemporanei

This contribution aims to investigate the complex, transformative role children's literature can play in today’s socio-cultural context, offering a creative platform, not only in terms of plot or contexts, but also in terms of stylistic research and the book as a medium, on which to build new ways of thinking about and designing reality. The work focuses specifically on one of the most significant picture books on the topic of (real or metaphoric) migration, refugees, migrants’ difficult and controversial path to integration. The very rich production in recent years has, with different registers each time, emblematically interpreted the political vocation of contemporary children's literature, formulating relations with otherness, encouraging the deconstruction of cultural stereotypes and preventing emotional anaesthesia in the face of issues that demand the precise assumption of human and civil responsibility. In formal terms, it investigates the narrative strategies adopted by the authors and illustrators to guide the empathic involvement of the reader, aiming to foster reflexive and pro-social attitudes. In the picture books examined, the representation of the refugee, the stateless, the “destined to death”, to quote Hanna Arendt, for whom the loss of citizenship equals the denial of the most basic human rights, challenges the “danger of a single history”.

Hubungan Tingkat Aktivitas Fisik dengan Kejadian Overweight pada Anak

Obesity or Overweight is presently international epidemic and occurs in all age groups, including with children. The rise in overweight in youngsters is partly because of lack of physical activity. This study aims to analyze the connection between the amount of physical activity and also the incidence of overweight in youngsters at SDIT Al-Furqan Palangka Raya. This research style is descriptive-analytic with a cross-sectional approach. The sample was taken mistreatment the probability/random sampling technique with a complete of fifty-nine respondents. The outcomes of the have a look at the usage of the Pearson correlation test obtained the price of r = -0.897 which is closer to number one and has a negative sign (-), the conclusion is there's a sizeable dating among the stage of level of physical activity and the incidence of overweight in children at SDIT Al-Furqan Palangka Raya. The dating among the 2 variables is opposite (negative sign (-)), which means that the smaller the price of physical activity variable, the more the overweight event variable. Nurses have a position in imparting training to mothers and fathers who've kids who're vulnerable to being obese in kids so they can create a healthy future generation.

A Stylo- Pragmatic Appraisal of Lawal's Communicative Model Theory

This paper is essentially an appraisal of Lawal’s Communicative Model Theory within the purview of stylistics and pragmatics. Any investigation of the stylistic and pragmatic factors that motivate language use is inevitably immersed in language users’ supremacy over the normative properties of language. One of the factors that promoted scholarly interest in pragmatics is the possibility that significant functional explanations can be given for linguistic facts. Like any study in pragmatics, research in stylistics investigates contextual factors that inform language use; in this regard, the meaning of an utterance – not its grammaticalness – is the major concern. This paper hinges on The Pragma-crafting Theory as a theoretical framework and concludes that although the Communicative Model Theory is bedeviled by its inability to explain certain dimensions of language use, it captures the contextual underpinnings of language use.

Description Analysis of Patient Satisfaction Level With The Service Quality of The Outpatient Installation of The General Hospital, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh

This research is a quantitative approach to deductive mindset style research. The research was conducted from June to July 2020 in five polyclinics. Non-probability sampling with a purposeful sampling technique was the sampling method. Most research respondents rated satisfaction (81.2%) with RSUDZA polyclinic services with a range of SME 80.80 values and the overall mean level of conformity for the variable quality of service was 95 percent, with the highest reliability suitability (98.3 percent) and the lowest empathy level (98.3 percent) (92.2%). The Wilcoxon test results show that, with a p value of = 0.001, there is a significant difference between expectations and performance. Overall, RSUDZA services have a good level of satisfaction and quality. There are some elements that are missing, however. The relationship between patient expectations and the results obtained in the polyclinic service is important

The role and significance of computer animation in school algebra of complex numbers

The article discusses computer technologies in teaching mathematics, which is relevant in the light of the digitalization of education. The role and importance of computer animation in algebra lessons in the study of complex numbers in the tenth grade in accordance with the current school textbooks are presented. Animation drawings can be used as demonstration drawings when studying the relevant topic, as a tool for testing knowledge, they provide an opportunity for experimentation, support the research style of developing learning. The use of animated drawings effectively replenishes the arsenal of teaching aids for a practicing mathematics teacher. This allows you to eliminate unnecessarily burdensome computational difficulties, to visualize mathematical concepts and statements, turning some of them into obviously correct ones, to facilitate the teacher's work in compiling tasks of the same type with different data. The management of the student's educational and research work on the manufacture of animation-geometric models of objects and phenomena contributes to the successful assimilation of knowledge by students, stimulates an experimental research approach to teaching.

United Nations Mission Contribution Towards Conflict Resolution in Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, 1991-2019

This study looks into the UN Mission and Conflict Resolution in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic from 1991 to 2019. Since 1975, when Spain granted the region to Morocco and Mauritania, Western Sahara has been in a state of political turmoil. The analysis used a descriptive and historical research style. A total of fifteen military personnel who have served or are currently serving in MINURSO, as well as two related civilians, were interviewed via Skype, Whatsapp, Messenger, and face-to-face interviews, with additional information obtained from journals and published books. The philosophy embraced and deemed important for this analysis was the Paris-proposed Liberal Peace. For the analysis, two research questions and objectives were established. The data was analysed using a descriptive and contextual approach. According to the findings, the unresolved disagreements over the status of Western Sahara include, among other things, the weak performance of the UN mission mandate, regional dominance squabbles between Algeria and Morocco, and finally, the combined super powers' self-interest and struggle for supremacy, which makes the resolution of the Western Sahara conflict difficult. The study suggests, among other things, that the UN move forward with the Settlement Plan's transitional and referendum phases. Major powers should once again avoid prioritizing their self-interests to the detriment of the general welfare of the local population impacted by the Western Sahara conflict.

O DEBATE DA INTERDISCIPLINARIDADE: UMA INTRODUÇÃO CRÍTICA

O apelo à interdisciplinaridade tornou-se hoje em dia cada vez mais urgente, no que devemos estimular em nossos alunos, professores e pesquisadores um entendimento claro destes complexos (i.e., inter-multi-trans-metadisciplinar), incutindo uma verdadeira vocação reflexiva sobre estes aspectos de organização do conhecimento. Mais até do que um estilo de pesquisa, essa vocação reflexiva transdisciplinar deve expressar-se não apenas em temáticas e abordagens interdisciplinares, mas igualmente atenta a oportunidades de estudo e reflexão multi- e transdisciplinar. Abrindo-se assim à participação na resolução dos desafios societais, na busca do diálogo e colaboração com parceiros sociais, tecendo vínculos extramuros às lógicas mais conservadoras das corporações académica e científica. Pretendemos com este pequeno artigo de análise crítica proporcionar uma introdução ao debate da interdisciplinaridade, situando-o historicamente, estabelecendo uma definição quando aos conceitos consensuais destes complexos e sublinhando os princípios que devem estruturar o estilo de pesquisa interdisciplinar.

心理学研究の新しいかたちCHANGE we can believe in:―特集号の刊行にあたって―

心理学研究の新しいかたちCHANGE we can believe in:―特集号の刊行にあたって―

Study of measurement errors of Cabinet Office opinion survey

Public opinion surveys are important for gauging the feelings and behaviours of societies. However, there is the possibility of error, which means that the data collected may not accurately reflect the thoughts and opinions of society, which can have dangerous repercussions. In order to minimise such error, with a specific focus on the Japanese Government's Cabinet Office public opinion survey, Professor Harumasa Yoshimura, Nara University, Japan, is investigating measurement error and, in doing so, he hopes to more accurately reflect the true opinions of Japanese society. This research involves integrating the different factors that can affect the reliability of survey results and looking at non-sampling error, which refers to human mistakes. Yoshimura is proposing a new style of social research that integrates psychometric research with sociological community surveys and believes this is the key to enhancing the reliability of public opinion surveys. Ultimately, improving the accuracy of public opinion surveys will have far-reaching benefits that include more accurately depicting thoughts and behaviours and therefore improving awareness of Japanese society, as well as preventing the negative impacts that inaccurate opinion survey results can have, including the political utilisation of academic endeavours.

CITY BENCHMARKING, GLOBALIZED URBAN SCHOLARSHIP AND THE VIEW FROM ABOVE: Reflections on a Few Absences

In this short response I address Acuto et al.’s proposition to engage with the political economy of city benchmarking and rankings in order to show that critical urban scholarship can do better than ‘limiting itself to criticism’. I argue that such engagement would require deeper reflexion on the political economy of critical urban scholarship itself and the style of research needed. I also discuss the extent to which this engagement with cities’ comparative imagination as performed through benchmarks, rankings and indices runs the risk of overlooking other forms of global comparative endeavours happening outside of international urban solutions forums.