Definition Of Requirements Research Articles

Effectiveness of different requirements checklists for novice designers

Working under constrained conditions can boost or kill creativity, depending on the nature of the constraints (organizational, personal or task-related). However, a design process without clearly identified constraints, which set the project objectives, could lead to inefficiencies and unfruitful iterations. Some of the most acknowledged procedures to support requirement definition are focused on the use of specific checklists. However, notwithstanding the importance of the task, little attention was dedicated to the verification of the effectiveness of these tools. In such a context, the paper presents an investigation aimed at assessing the performance of three checklists that exploit different strategies to elicit requirements. To that purpose, a sample of fifty engineering students was asked to use the checklists to define the requirements for a specific design case. The outcomes of the experiment were assessed according to well-acknowledged effectiveness metrics, i.e. quantity, operationality, validity, non-redundancy, and completeness. The result of the assessment highlights that checklists based on more general questions or abstract stimuli can better support novice designers in making explicit internally felt design constraints that can potentially lead to more innovative design.

Requirements Rationalization and Synthesis Enabled by Model Synchronization

In the international standard for system and software engineering ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288: 2015, the output of the stakeholder needs and the business or mission analysis technical processes are transformed into a technical view of the system by the system requirements definition process. In model-based systems engineering, functional needs can be modeled by use case diagrams. Intended outcomes of system requirements definition include resolution of disagreement about requirements, explicit agreement between stakeholders, and traceability. However, stakeholder needs are often elicited in a siloed manner and may be inconsistent. The lack of mathematically based systematic approaches for requirements definition poses a challenge to model-based transformation of needs into a technical view of the system that achieves agreement between stakeholders. This paper specifies and demonstrates mathematical frameworks for <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rationalizing</i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">synthesizing</i> functional needs that have been captured through an elicitation process. Benefits of this approach include but are not limited to supporting rigorous identification and resolution of disagreements and facilitating systematic analysis of change impact to achieve stakeholder agreement all with minimal intervention by the system engineers.

КРИТЕРІЇ ISO 21434 ДЛЯ ФОРМУВАННЯ СИСТЕМНИХ СПЕЦИФІКАЦІЙ У ПРОЦЕСАХ A-SPICE ДЛЯ АВТОМОБІЛІВ

With the increasing presence of electronics and autonomous systems in modern automobiles, cybersecurity has become a critical concern. Automotive manufacturers and other stakeholders are actively seeking ways to ensure reliable protection against cyber attacks. One approach involves the utilization of ISO 21434, a standard designed to enhance cybersecurity in the automotive industry. This research article investigates the ISO 21434 standard and its application in the field of automotive production, specifically in software development under the A-SPICE standard. The publication describes the methods and concepts used to enhance cybersecurity in the automotive industry and establishes the role of ISO 21434 within the A-SPICE model. The study's findings are valuable for companies and professionals involved in the development and implementation of cybersecurity measures in the automotive sector. Implementing the ISO 21434 standard can mitigate the risk of cyber attacks and improve the quality and reliability of automobiles, thus making the automotive industry safer and more trustworthy for consumers. The article provides an overview of key cybersecurity standards in the automotive industry. ISO 26262 sets out processes and requirements for functional safety in automotive systems, including cybersecurity considerations. SAE J3061 focuses on cybersecurity management in electronic systems of vehicles and is widely used in the industry. ISO/SAE 21434, introduced in 2020, replaces the previous ISO 26262 standard and specifies cybersecurity requirements in the automotive industry. These standards are closely related as they aim to ensure the safety and security of automotive products. Furthermore, the Automotive SPICE (Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination) framework is widely employed for evaluating and enhancing software development processes in the automotive sector. A-SPICE, a specific variant of Automotive SPICE, provides a framework for improving software development processes in automotive organizations. ISO 21434 guides cybersecurity activities within the A-SPICE framework, emphasizing the importance of a systematic and standardized approach to cybersecurity. To effectively implement cybersecurity in automotive products developed under A-SPICE, compliance with the ISO 21434 standard is crucial. However, mere adherence to the standard may be insufficient for achieving a high level of cybersecurity. Additional tools such as risk analysis methodologies and cybersecurity management can be employed to ensure robust cybersecurity measures. Risk analysis results can help identify vulnerabilities in the security system, enabling the development of effective mitigation measures. Cybersecurity management ensures compliance with the standard throughout the product development lifecycle. ISO 21434 can be applied at various stages of the V-model software development process, including requirements definition, design, and testing. During requirements definition, cybersecurity requirements are identified and incorporated into the system or software specifications. In the design phase, architectures are developed considering the cybersecurity requirements outlined in the standard. The testing phase addresses the fulfillment of cybersecurity requirements and evaluates the effectiveness of cybersecurity measures. In conclusion, the inclusion of ISO 21434 criteria in the development process of automotive software significantly impacts the quality and safety of products. The research demonstrates that applying ISO 21434 criteria allows for a systematic and structured approach to software development, ensuring the reliability, safety, and compliance of software products with regulatory requirements in the automotive industry. The article presents an analysis of standards, methods, and approaches used in the automotive industry and highlights the influence of ISO 21434 on the A-SPICE framework, defining its position within the model. Ultimately, this publication contributes to the advancement of knowledge in automotive cybersecurity.

Exploring the idea that increasing profits is a legitimate operational requirement: Revisiting a twenty-year-old impulse

This article is intended as a catalyst to re-open a debate that was closed perfunctorily and prematurely in the 2000s: is increasing the profits of an already profitable company an operational requirement for purposes of the LRA? We review key retrenchment judgments in these scenarios over the past 20 years and advance two main arguments. First, the debate should be re-opened because the current position that increasing profits is an operational requirement for purposes of the LRA is based on obiter remarks that have been elevated, without in-depth inquiry, to the position of binding authority. Secondly, if the debate is re-opened, there are compelling reasons why increasing profits of an already profitable company should not constitute an operational requirement. To this end, we employ an interdisciplinary approach that combines legal and economic knowledge and demonstrates that, despite earlier opinions, the current position is destructive to the LRA, the position unduly favours employers, and the judicial and scholarly assumptions about the effects of increasing company profits are not always economically correct. Ultimately, we argue that courts’ approach to retrenchments in the case of already profitable companies must be revisited with less deference to employers and with an openness to exploring different understandings of the definition of operational requirements in the LRA.

Design of integrated passenger-freight transport: A multi-stakeholder perspective

Integrated passenger freight transport (IPFT) is a tactical solution that can potentially reduce travel demand and the costs of first- and last-mile services. Although the scientific interest in this topic increased in the last decade, IPFT contributions are still mostly related to the definition of a general framework. Conversely, the design of the service attributes and the evaluation of the operational performances have been object of less attention. To address such a research gap, this paper presents the results of a Delphi survey with international stakeholders. The aim is to verify the minimum requirements upon the introduction of the IPFT in both urban and rural contexts, including fare reductions for users, which are necessary to compensate for the differences as compared with passenger-only and freight-only services. The survey results indicate the necessity of an efficient service in terms of information, environmental performances, space division, and security (the last aspect refers more to passenger than to freight transport). Other attributes, such as cleanliness on board, are more debated. Policymakers and practitioners can use these findings as a benchmark for the definition of performance requirements and boundaries for designing the service. The suitability of the IPFT scheme in real-case contexts is then verified. New suburban and urban IPFT services are designed by modifying the characteristics of two existing urban and suburban bus lines that operate in the Italian provinces of Forlì-Cesena and Rimini according to both the results of the Delphi survey and the territorial specificities. The scheme’s suitability to the existing schedules is finally determined. As next steps, the new design has to be assessed through a) a stated preference survey submitted to potential users of the service; b) a supply model that verifies the matching of supply and demand under the new configuration, and c) an economic evaluation of the service, which considers the perspective of single actors.

Guidelines for user requirements elicitation in design for assistive technology: a shower chair case study

A substantial proportion of the world population currently lives with some functional limitation that directly affects their daily lives. In this context, the prescription of assistive technology has been fundamental in promoting an individual's independence, social inclusion, and well-being. However, high abandonment rates of these devices have been reported and are commonly associated with the non-correspondence to personal needs. Designing customized and personalized products, especially for multidisciplinary applications, requires levels of systematization and user participation that are not well addressed by traditional methods. This paper introduces customization-based guidelines for requirements elicitation integrated with the House of Quality matrix and assistive technology assessment protocols. The proposition was based on clinical evidence, research experiences, a literature review, and a theoretical model. A shower chair case study was conducted with twelve users to demonstrate the approach's potential during the task planning and clarification stage. The strategy allowed the systematic identification of the central sources of dissatisfaction and the definition and prioritizing of user requirements in a multidisciplinary domain. The procedure led to analyzing demands that had not been initially conceived by the engineering team while also providing communication facilitators between the different knowledge domains and incorporating participatory design elements into the early stages.

Utility Model Patent Protection Scenario in Brazil and the Indication Of Excessive Rigor in the Inventive Examination

Studies on utility model patents have shown this as an alternative for rapid patent protection that contributes to promoting the country's economic development. Therefore, this research aims to propose a study of the utility model patent in the national patent system, aiming to know if this type of protection has served the purpose of innovative and technological evolution verified in countries with developing economies similar to Brazil. Regarding the methodology, this study is characterized by a quantitative exploratory study that was divided into two phases. The first phase was a bibliographic research related to utility model and the second phase was the analysis of applications for patents of invention and utility model. The results show that there is a greater amount of invention patent filings than utility model patent filings between 2000 and 2019. Also, it was noted that there is a significant decrease in the share of the utility model in the total of analyzed filings, as well as the PI deferral rate is higher than that of the MU in most of the cataloged years. As for the literature and jurisprudence analyzed, it was noticed that the inventive level required for the utility model patent is of lower intensity than that required for invention patents. Therefore, an accurate and objective definition of the inventive act requirement is suggested, in order to distinguish it precisely from the inventive step requirement, in order to speed up the analysis process and increase the demand for utility model patent filings.

Метод розроблення специфікацій та вимог в процесі реінжинірингу ІТ-проектів

In this study, the aim is to create and improve a methodology for synthesizing requirements and specifications for the re-engineering of IT projects with maximum efficiency and business orientation. The main task is to adapt outdated IT systems to the changing technical environment, in particular to cloud technologies and security system requirements. To achieve these goals, the proposed methodology uses the analysis of archaic systems, the reverse engineering method, expert surveys, documentation analysis, and black-box modeling. The application of these methods allows for the identification and revision of requirements and specifications, ensuring a high level of quality and efficiency in the process of re-engineering IT projects. The article further discusses the practical aspects of applying the methodology, prospects for further development, and the peculiarities of using various statistical methods in the process of improving re-engineering results. The operating principles of the method are described along with the main approaches and techniques that promote the analysis of existing IT systems, the synthesis of requirements and specifications, quality control, and successful project implementation. The individual components of the method include the collection of data about the existing system and the analysis of archaic systems to restore the definition of requirements. The use of the black-box model for testing the developed system is discussed, including the analysis of the obtained results, correction of requirements, and improvement of specifications. The methodology includes documentation analysis tools, reverse engineering, surveys and data visualization tools, as well as analytical techniques such as a formula for parallel testing, a formula for requirement traceability matrix, and a formula for forecasting requirements based on discrepancy rate analysis. As a result of implementing the IT project reengineering method, successful transition from old to new technologies can be achieved, the IT industry can be optimized, and conditions can be created for adaptation to modern technical environments, ensuring stability and reliability of the implemented reengineering projects. Based on the analysis of modern sources, previous experience, and conducted research, it can be asserted that the method for synthesizing specifications and requirements in the process of reengineering IT projects is of great importance and relevance for the modern development of information technology and business processes.

Development of Used Cooking Oil Circulation Reactor for Biodiesel Production as Learning Media of Vocational Mechanical Engineering Student

This study aimed to develop and test the feasibility of a waste cooking oil-based biodiesel reactor prototype media used as a learning medium with a circulation system. The method in this research is Research and Development using the Waterfall model. The stages in the waterfall development model are (1) requirements definition including (needs analysis, analysis of used cooking oil characteristics, analysis of renewable energy, hardware requirements), (2) implementation and unit testing, (3) integration and system testing including: (testing the reactor, and testing the appropriateness of the media and materials), (5) operation and maintenance include: (testing the biodiesel reactor to students ). The research subjects were three lecturers as material expert validators and media experts and ten mechanical engineering vocational students as users to test the product's feasibility. The research results are as follows; development of biodiesel reactor media and results of feasibility research by media experts got an average score of 4.48 with the category "very feasible." Assessment by material experts got an average score of 4.5 with the category "very feasible," and ratings from users got an average score of 4.095 with the category " decent."

Development of a modular architecture for complex mechatronic systems

Against the backdrop of the climate crisis an urgent need for solutions to reduce the human impact on the global ecosystem is indispensable. The mobility sector is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and the demand for sustainable mobility systems is rising rapidly. While battery electric passenger cars are rising in popularity, the application of zero-emission technology in other means of transport is not common yet. This is based on still existing physical limits, but also on the high complexity of rethinking such systems, taking their individuality into account, and creating solutions that can be quickly adapted and widely used. A common approach to solve this conflict is modularisation. Widespread methods to modularise products based on the functional architecture cannot successfully be used for complex mechatronic systems such as ships. During the development of a customized method for the modular design of a ship it became obvious, that the requirement definition of not only one ship but a complete ship class is a major challenge. This paper therefore presents a three-step procedure which analyses the customer needs and specifies the requirements as first phase of an overlaying method for designing a modular ferry.

Toward a critical assessment of indoor environmental quality standards

Building design and operation requirements regarding indoor-environmental quality (IEQ) are of direct relevance to occupants' needs. In most buildings, occupant-related requirements pertain to the provision of conditions that support optimal task performance and are subjectively perceived as comfortable or pleasant. Codes, standards, and guidelines that specify IEQ requirements are commonly viewed as the main sources of reference for practitioners, who are expected to follow the provisions in these documents and provide corresponding proof of compliance. However, actual code compliance processes are not always accompanied by critical reflections regarding the evidentiary basis of the entailed mandates and recommendations. It is thus necessary to critically scrutinise standards in view of explicit or implicit references to the scientific basis of the entailed mandates. The present contribution explores and details a path toward such a critical assessment. To this end, we considered a number of typical and frequently referenced standards pertaining to thermal, visual, and air quality aspects of indoor environments. The results of this illustrative assessment effort highlight the scope and limitations of the standards' default approaches to the definition of IEQ-relevant requirements. Moreover, they point to considerable gaps in the chain of evidence from standards' immediate content to the underlying factual sources.

Aplikasi Website Indeks Kepuasan Masyarakat (Studi Kasus: Kelurahan Panarung)

Service performance appraisal is now starting to become a benchmark for achieving quality service by evaluating every service and piece of information provided. The provision of questionnaire sheets is currently considered less effective in determining the satisfaction index of services due to storing data on questionnaire results and re-recording the results that have been filled in by the community. Therefore, this study aims to build a website to improve the work system with the aim of increasing the efficiency of the community satisfaction index. In designing the Community Satisfaction Index (IKM) Website, Panarung Village uses the waterfall method with stages: requirements definition, system and software design, implementation and unit testing, integration and system testing, operation and maintenance. This website has been tested with black box testing, and the results show that the features on the website can run well. The Panarung Village Community Satisfaction Index (IKM) website can be used as evaluation material for the performance of services in the Pahandut sub-district and also as a means of information such as news data, graphs, survey results, and criticism suggestions.

Sistem Informasi Simpan Pinjam Dan Pengelolaan Hasil Pertanian Bumdes Baru Kabupaten Barito Selatan Berbasis Website

BUMDes Baru is a village-owned enterprise established with the intention to improve the welfare of the people of Desa Baru through its main program, namely savings and loans, as well as additional programs in the form of management of agricultural products and village markets. Currently, all activities including savings and loans transactions, PKR levies, facility rentals and making monthly reports for BUMDes are still carried out manually. This resulted in people having to come to the BUMDes secretariat repeatedly in order to take care of loan applications. Therefore, a Website-Based Information System for Savings and Loans and Management of Agricultural Products of New Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) of South Barito Regency was created..&#x0D; The methodology used in the Savings and Loans Information System and Agricultural Product Management of the New BUMDes is waterfall, with stages, namely the Requirements Definition stage which is carried out in making business process designs and flowcharts, System and Software Design is carried out in making Data Flow Diagrams, Entity Relationship Diagrams, Databases and Interface Design, Implementation and Unit Testing with the programming languages ​​used, namely PHP, Javascript, PhpMyAdmin and Integration and System Testing using the Blackbox Testing method.&#x0D; This website is intended to facilitate the public in seeking information about the New BUMDes, facilitating members in conducting savings and loan transactions, leasing facilities and kiosks, PKR retribution transactions, and facilitating the management of BUMDes to be more organized and detailed.

Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Digital Perpustakaan Berbasis Web Di Smpk Santa Maria Kota Palangka Raya

This research will discuss the use of information technology for the library at SMPK Santa Maria, Palangka Raya City. This digital library application can assist in making library transactions, because SMPK Santa Maria is still manual, that is, library transactions are carried out by writing the borrower's name and the book data borrowed in the library book. The methodology used in making this website is waterfall, with stages, namely the Requirements Definition stage using a flowchart, Requirements Analysis and Definition through DFD (Data Flow Diagram), ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram), and database. Implementation and Unit Testing with programming languages namely HTML, PHP, CSS, Bootstrap, Javascript, and MySQL, Integration and System Testing using the Blackbox Method.On this website there are several features, namely the homepage, Manage member data, Manage book data, Manage fine data, Manage book location data, print member reports, print transaction reports, Manage loan transaction data, Manage return transaction data, and library floor plan information (shelf book). With the aim that librarians can easily manage data on borrowing books by members.

The conception of a multiparameter equipament for evaluation of agricultural machinery cabins

The functions of the cabin on agricultural machinery go beyond protecting against the risk of overturning and adverse weather conditions, such as wind and rain. The cabins must also have a shield against physical, chemical, and biological risks, present in crops. In this context, the work aims to present the design of equipment capable of measuring atmospheric pressure, the incidence of ultraviolet radiation from the sun, temperature, and relative humidity of the air, inside and outside agricultural cabins, at the same time. The design methodology used in the development of the equipment demanded the definition of customer requirements, which were converted into design requirements. From the analysis of these, the design specifications were established. To meet the formulated specifications, the functional structure of the equipment was defined through a synthesis process (operating concept). The conception generated by the equipment, in two modules, inside and outside the cabin, allows the performance of differential comparative analyzes between the parameters in the two environments considered, serving as a tool for the development of cabin designs for safer agricultural machines.

On line-of-sight navigation for deep-space applications: A performance analysis

Line-of-Sight (LoS) navigation is an optical navigation technique that exploits the direction to visible celestial bodies, obtained from an onboard imaging system, to estimate the position and velocity of a spacecraft. The directions are fed to an estimation filter, where they are matched with the actual position of the observed bodies, retrieved from onboard stored ephemerides. As LoS navigation represents a really promising option for the next-generation deep-space spacecraft, the objective of this work is to provide new insights into the performance. First, the information matrix is analyzed to show the influence of the geometry between the spacecraft and the observed planet(s). Then, a Monte Carlo approach is used to investigate the influence of measurement error (ranging from 0.1 to 100 arcsec), and tracking frequency (ranging from four observations per day to one observation every two days). The effect on navigation performance is quantified by two indicators. The first is the 3D position and velocity Root-Mean-Square-Errors, computed once the estimation is considered to be steady-state. The second is the convergence time, which quantifies the required time for the estimation to reach the steady-state behaviour. The simulation is based on a set of four planets, which do not follow the common heliocentric dynamics but rotate around the Sun with the same (distance-independent) angular velocity of the spacecraft. This approach allows the separation of scenario-dependent behaviours from navigation intrinsic properties, as the same relative geometry between observer and observed objects is maintained during the whole simulation. The results provide a useful guide for the next-generation autonomous navigation system, for both the definition of hardware requirements and the design of an appropriate navigation strategy. Considerations are then applied to Near-Earth Asteroid fly-by mission scenarios for the definition of the navigation strategy and hardware requirements. It is shown the importance of relative angles between the spacecraft and the planets. In the single-planet observation scenario, when the angle between the position vectors of the spacecraft and planet approaches a null value, the estimation error decreases. In the double-planets observation scenario, when the separation angle between the two LoS directions gets close to 90°, the estimation error decreases. The main influence on the performance is driven by the measurement error, which with current technologies is shown to be able to provide a position error in the order of a few hundred kilometers, while with a lower measurement error (0.1 arcsec) it would be possible to have a position error below 100 km. Finally, it is demonstrated that tracking frequency plays a secondary role in the performance, and only influences tangibly the convergence time.

Kid-Learn

Mobile language learning (MLL) has become an active area of research. This paper reports on the development of a MLL application to teach basic English language skills to pre-schoolers. The MLL application provides an opportunity for students to gain skills such as reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Designing science research was adopted to provide methodological support to structure our work. The MLL application was developed following the five activities (explicate problem, requirements definition, design and develop artifact, demonstrate artifact, and evaluate artifact) of the design science research methodology. The key findings of the study revealed that mobile phones are an effective tool in the language learning domain, and the proposed MLL application can be used to teach basic language skills to pre-school students with ease.

Design and integrated tension test of a large-scale modular CFRP wheel-spoke-shaped structure

The development of large-scale space flight platforms and space vehicles has led to the definition of ultra-lightweight and large-span structural design requirements for backbone structures. Taking the large-scale production, lightweight, modularization, and rapid assembly requirements as the optimization design goals, the modularization technology, connection method, and assembly mode of a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) truss structure are studied; leading to the proposal of a new modular design scheme for large-scale modular CFRP wheel-spoke-shaped pre-tensioned structure. Based on the single-point synchronous graded tensioning method, an integrated tension test of the large-scale modular CFRP wheel-spoke-shaped structure is carried out with an integrated tension equipment. The consistency of the strain changed when the upper and lower radial cables was tested, the strain characteristics of the triangular joint frame and the CFRP truss during the push-tensioning process were analyzed, and the overall deformation of the large-scale modular CFRP wheel-spoke-shaped structure was studied. The proposed single-point synchronous graded tensioning method can simply and efficiently perform tensioning consistency in the prestressed cables, and therefore solve the engineering issues of low precision, complex tension application, and assembly difficulties in existing circular multi-point synchronous graded tensioning method. The large-scale modular CFRP wheel-spoke-shaped pre-tensioned structure achieves both structural weight reduction and large-scale structural design goals, while having broad application prospects in various aerospace vehicles and space structures. The proposed modular technology, wheel-spoke structure design scheme, and single-point synchronous graded tensioning method have high a scientific contribution, while providing technical support for the development of new spacecrafts.

Continuous Glucose Deviation Interval and Variability Analysis (CG-DIVA): A Novel Approach for the Statistical Accuracy Assessment of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems.

The accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems is crucial for the management of glucose levels in individuals with diabetes mellitus. However, the discussion of CGM accuracy is challenged by an abundance of parameters and assessment methods. The aim of this article is to introduce the Continuous Glucose Deviation Interval and Variability Analysis (CG-DIVA), a new approach for a comprehensive characterization of CGM point accuracy which is based on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration requirements for "integrated" CGM systems. The statistical concept of tolerance intervals and data from two approved CGM systems was used to illustrate the CG-DIVA. The CG-DIVA characterizes the expected range of deviations of the CGM system from a comparison method in different glucose concentration ranges and the variability of accuracy within and between sensors. The results of the CG-DIVA are visualized in an intuitive and straightforward graphical presentation. Compared with conventional accuracy characterizations, the CG-DIVA infers the expected accuracy of a CGM system and highlights important differences between CGM systems. Furthermore, it provides information on the incidence of large errors which are of particular clinical relevance. A software implementation of the CG-DIVA is freely available (https://github.com/IfDTUlm/CGM_Performance_Assessment). We argue that the CG-DIVA can simplify the discussion and comparison of CGM accuracy and could replace the high number of conventional approaches. Future adaptations of the approach could thus become a putative standard for the accuracy characterization of CGM systems and serve as the basis for the definition of future CGM performance requirements.

Digital Twin based built environment asset management services development

The Digital Twin (DT) concept emerged recently in the Architecture, Engineering, Constructions and Operations domain and the interest for digital built asset management service implementations is increasing. However, most of the applications are developed according to custom approaches, preventing the generalisation and modularisation. This article presents a methodological framework for DT-based applications development. DT-based applications support effective data-centric processes in the management of critical assets. The proposed approach is based on a flexible and federated data model, enabling dynamic data management. The federated data model provides an interface and connection among different knowledge domains. The service requirement definition provides the input specification for the application development, accomplished through the modelling of three fundamental components: data, processes, and algorithms. These components are assembled through Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), supporting the DT-based services. The proposed approach is applied to the West Cambridge DT research facility and tested in the building energy sub-metering strategy. The developed approach allows flexible and interoperable data-centric applications development, contributing to the generalisation and scalability of DT-based built asset management applications. This aims at providing a consistent approach that can be employed in different domains, where the DT technologies play a central role in service innovation.