Specific Requirements Research Articles

Introduction of principles of accessibility of mediation in the tax sphere: adaptation of Chinese experience to the Russian legal system

In the article proposed to adapt the Chinese experience of mediation in relation to the alternative resolution of tax disputes in Russia. The authors study the legal regulation of Chinese people’s mediation, its principles and the procedure for the formation and free implementation of people’s conciliation commissions in China. In the article the authors substantiate the existence of the principle of accessibility of mediation in the system of mediation principles in China. The authors make proposals for introducing the principle of accessibility of the mediation procedure in the tax sphere, establishing special requirements for tax mediators (consultants), and defining a mechanism for state financing of the mediation procedure, the participants of which are individuals.

A Content Analysis of Health Library Support for Australian Medical Training Programs

ABSTRACT Health libraries play a critical role in supporting medical training in Australia. Accreditation is an important means of ensuring a program of study and the education provider suitably equips trainees with the knowledge, skills and professional attributes necessary to practice in the profession. This study identifies a lack of consistency and specificity in Australian medical colleges accreditation requirements as they pertain to health libraries. The recommended accreditation standard developed in this study provides a benchmark for training providers that will ensure consistency of access to high-quality library collections, services and spaces for all medical trainees. Accreditation standards from 52 medical colleges and associations supporting Australian medical training programs were reviewed. Information extracted from accreditation documents was entered into a working text spreadsheet. Data was organized under three key categories: Collections, Services and Space. Additional categories were added to record the use of the noun Library and expectations for journal access. A data extraction tool was created in Microsoft Excel to note the requirements of each provider for libraries and collections, services and spaces. The results of the content analysis highlight a lack of consistency in accreditation providers’ expectations for library collections, services and spaces. Most providers (87% n = 45) required host organizations to provide access to collections. Requirements for library space were mandated by 54% of providers (n = 28). Less than 50% of providers (n = 22) specified library services as requirements. This content analysis highlights the role of health libraries in supporting medical education, research and evidence-based practice. It also reinforces the need for improved specificity, consistency and clarity in accreditation requirements for health libraries in post-graduate medical training. The recommended benchmark accreditation standard developed in this study is a step toward addressing these issues and ensuring equity of access to library services and facilities for all medical trainees in Australia.

Natural Language Processing to assess structure and complexity of system requirements

AbstractThe development process of a system is shaped by numerous variables that influence its progress and outcome. As a result, complexity can increase throughout the development process, potentially leading to negative consequences, which makes the management of complexity critical. Most development processes begin with the definition of needs and requirements. In this paper, the authors present a novel approach that enables the automated extraction of structure from requirements specifications. The approach uses Natural Language Processing to elicit three structural layers from a set of requirements, which are subsequently analyzed using metrics to assess complexity. In a case study, the approach is demonstrated using a set of 79 requirements, within which 246 individual entities are identified. These entities and the requirements are structured and analyzed using network density and spectral entropy. The metrics allow for interpretation and insight generation, such as identifying an increase in the number of potentially problematic loops. The approach achieved a detection and structural accuracy of over 98% in the given case study and is planned to be expanded with future cases.

Experimental investigation on seismic performance of a super high-rise mega frame-double core tube composite structure

Increasing population density and urbanization have intensified the need for high-rise buildings in recent years. The seismic resistance of high-rise buildings should be carefully concerned in seismic regions, especially for super high-rise buildings which are most vulnerable to long-period earthquakes. This paper introduced the model design of a 499 m super high-rise mega frame-double core tube composite structure and presented the shaking table test results of the 1/50 scaled structural model. This super high-rise building possesses many conducive merits to resist seismic hazard, including steel reinforced concrete members, high-strength concrete and double core tube. In the test, there were three groups of long-period earthquakes and four incremental seismic intensity levels considered. The test phenomena indicated that the coupling beams of exterior tube were the first line of defense to resist seismic actions. The existence of inner tube improved the shear resistance of this building and there was no observed shear damage on the walls. Based on the instrumented data, the vibration characteristics, acceleration, displacement and strain responses of the structure were reported. The seismic performance of this super high-rise building meets the requirements of design specifications and its collapse resistance capacity is physically proved under severe earthquakes. However, the whiplash effect of acceleration is serious on the roof due to the reduction of mass and constraint for the mega column end. Furthermore, the inter-story drifts and strain responses of trusses in the top region are significantly larger. For the seismic measurement, great attentions should be paid to the exterior coupling beams and structural members in the top region of this super high-rise building. The presented work provides well experimental confirmation and reference for super high-rise buildings with mega frame-double core tube composite system.

A Portable Fluid Administration System for Prolonged Intravenous Fluid Administration in Subadult and Adult White Rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum).

While translocations of white rhinoceroses have become an important conservation tool, dehydration during long-distance transports has been identified as a welfare concern. Intravenous (iv) fluid administration might therefore be useful to mitigate dehydration; however, special requirements need to be met to make iv fluid administration suitable for large, wild rhinoceroses during transport. Requirements include a portable and robust system that is capable of delivering high flow rates, is easy to set up, and remains patent and operating for long periods of time while allowing the animals to freely stand or lay down in the transport crates. Due to the lack of suitable fluid administration systems, we developed a custom-made system consisting of 8 L drip bags, a three-part, 4.4-m-long, large bore and partially coiled administration set, and a robust, battery-operated infusion pump, which allowed us to successfully administer iv fluids at a maintenance rate of 1-2 mL/kg/h to eight rhinoceroses for 24 h during a mock transport. While iv fluid administration in transported rhinoceroses is time intensive and the large amount of drip bags required during lengthy transports might pose a limitation, the developed system may be useful for the long-distance transport of small groups of rhinoceroses. Furthermore, this system would be of value for injured or sick rhinoceroses, which require parenteral fluid therapy when commercially available infusion pumps cannot provide the large fluid volumes needed.

MIGRATION WORKERS IN NORTHERN IRELAND: INVESTIGATING HOW LEADERSHIP CAPACITY BUILDING AND UP SKILLING PROGRAM WILL CREATE ROADS TOWARDS THE SUSTAINABLE INCLUSIVE COMMUNITY BY 2030?

— The article explains the conditions of migrant workers in Northern Ireland and gives ideas about ensuring the community inclusion process of migrant workers. This paper highlights the importance of community leadership training programs for attaining different goals of Sustainable Development by 2030. This study gives innovative ideas for reaching a sustainable stage of migration community in Northern Ireland. The study applies data from the 2018 Northern Ireland Statistics & Research Agency. A qualitative methodology with the special requirement of the Migration Community in Northern Ireland discovers attitudes and insights of living in this area

Oral processing of bakery products: An overview of current status and future outlook

Food oral processing (FOP) is an emerging research topic that allows a better comprehension of the relation between intrinsic food factors (physicochemical and sensory properties), and human physiology and eating behaviours. FOP can then help in the design of novel and healthier food to meet both quality requirements and consumer needs. In this context, this review presents the current state of knowledge and new insights for future research concerning FOP of bakery products. The application of FOP in bakery science is new, with different protocols and related evaluation being applied, as detailed in this review. The current knowledge shows that bread structure and texture, influenced by formulation and process conditions, as well as the crust and shortenings present, impact bread breakdown and bolus formation, sensory perception, and food physiological effects such as glycaemic response, satiation, and satiety. For a better comprehension of oral processing, cross-modal perception between sensory attributes is used to understand consumer perception and this is carried out using both in vivo, and in vitro methods. This review highlighted the great potential of FOP to assist researchers and producers to face the current challenges relating to i – salt, fat and sugar reduction in bakery products to fulfil current food nutrition policies, ii – the design of healthier bakery products, and iii – the development of bakery products for consumers with special dietary requirements and ageing needs. In conclusion, FOP shows great potential to assist in the development of novel and healthier foods to meet actual food nutrition policies and consumer needs and should be more explored in bakery science and production.

4D printing of the ferrite permanent magnet BaFe12O19 and its intelligent shape memory effect

4D printing of the barium ferrite permanent magnets provides new opportunities for intelligent structure and process innovation of permanent magnets. In this paper, the preparation, filament manufacture, and intelligent printing methods with shape memory/recovery effect are studied for the barium ferrite permanent magnet. Firstly, the PLA/TPU/BaFe12O19 composite materials are developed by adding different contents of ferrite permanent magnet BaFe12O19 powders into the PLA/TPU (polylactic acid/thermoplastic polyurethane) matrix. The weight percentage of the BaFe12O19 is 10–40 wt% with an interval of 10 wt%. Secondly, the composites are pelletized and further extruded to manufacture composite filaments with different BaFe12O19 contents. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used for the microstructural analysis. The BaFe12O19 particles are uniformly distributed in the PLA/TPU matrix, and the slight particle agglomeration phenomenon occurs in the composite filaments with 30 and 40 wt% BaFe12O19. The thermal properties of PLA/TPU/BaFe12O19 composite filaments are analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). After adding the barium ferrite particles, the glass transition temperature of the composite filaments changes within a small range from 53.5 °C to 55 °C. Thirdly, the filaments are successfully manufactured to magnet parts by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing for the tests of mechanical, magnetic, and shape recovery properties. With the increase of the barium ferrite content, the magnetic properties show a rising trend, proving the feasibility of using 3D printing technology to make magnets. The shape memory effects of the printed parts are excellent and the shape recovery ratios show a rising trend, from 85.6 % to 88.9 % under heat contact stimulus and from 88.9 % to 97.8 % under electromagnetic induction non-contact stimulus. Relatively, the parts hold fast response speed due to direct contact with the heat source under the heat stimulus, and the parts hold higher shape recovery ratios due to more heats produced under the electromagnetic induction stimulus. The addition of magnetic particles is helpful to improve the heat transfer ability and provide the possibility of non-contact heat transfer. The magnetic parts with complex structure and intelligent shape memory/recovery effect can be achieved for special application requirements. As a result, the research of this paper expands preparation methods of new magnetic composite materials, explores the manufacture process for intelligent magnets and lays a solid foundation for the development of new permanent magnet devices.

The first engineering application of 10MN CFRP cables in cable-stayed bridge in China

Existing engineering applications typically involve carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) cables with relatively small ultimate tensile forces (less than 10MN). This study presents the engineering application of China's first thousand-ton-grade CFRP cable-stayed bridge. The optimal steel and CFRP hybrid cable system was determined through a comparative analysis of structural behavior and life cycle cost. Thereafter, the CFRP cable, consisting of 121 strands of φ7 CFRP tendons, along with its anchoring system, was designed and manufactured with a theoretical ultimate tensile strength of 10,710 kN (Pb). Subsequently, the mechanical properties of 7–121 CFRP cable were investigated and experimentally verified. The tensile test revealed a satisfied ultimate tensile bearing capacity of 10,805 kN. Furthermore, after two million fatigue cycles, the CFRP cables retained approximately 90 % of their theoretical ultimate force, highlighting their excellent fatigue resistance. Besides, no damage occurred with a maintained tension force of 0.45 Pb at a temperature of 150 °C for a duration of at least 30 min, meeting the requirements of specification. Moreover, the key procedures of CFRP cable installation were also claimed. This study aims to further promote the application and development of CFRP cables in larger span and even super-long span bridges.

Patterns of Changes in the Mechanical and Filtration Properties of Semi-Rock Soils Modified by Jet Cementation

When installing underground structures in soil layers with high groundwater filtration rates, special requirements are imposed on the material of anti-filtration curtains. The conditions of application of jet cementation technology for modification of watered fractured rocky soils of low strength in order to form a composite material with the required mechanical and filtration characteristics are considered.The technological parameters of the cementation process have been experimentally and theoretically determined to ensure the necessary radius of propagation of the bonding mixture, and methods of laboratory and field control of the modified zone have been developed. The maximum permissible values of the controlled parameters have been determined.

Exploring the Small-scale Magnetic Fields in the Atmosphere of HD 49385 by Asteroseismic Analysis

Recent asteroseismic studies have shown convincing evidence that magnetic fields may exist in the interior of some pulsating red giants. Inspired by this breakthrough, we explored the effect of small-scale magnetic fields on the p-mode oscillations in an evolved star, HD 49385. We incorporate a modified Eddington T–τ equation that phenomenologically mimics the effect of the magnetic fields in the atmosphere of HD 49385, and calculate the frequencies of p-modes with l = 0, 1, and 2. By comparing the calculated frequencies with the observed ones, we select two best-fit models with either GS98 or A09 chemical composition. Our best-fit models not only fit satisfactorily the observed frequencies but also well reproduce some spectroscopically observed stellar parameters such as effective temperature and log g. Based on the two best-fit models, we have estimated that the small-scale magnetic fields possess a strength of approximately 80 G and spread concentratively at approximately a height of 1850 km in the atmosphere. By selecting the best-fit models with a special requirement on the avoided-crossing mode, we have confirmed that the frequency of the avoided-crossing mode is tightly related to the helium core of the star, and determined the size of the helium core as 0.117 M ⊙ in mass and 0.078 R ⊙ in radius. Based on the improvements of the previous two sides, we can accurately determine the mass of HD 49385 to be 1.25 ± 0.02 M ⊙ with an age of 4.1 Gyr for GS98 composition and 4.5 Gyr for A09 composition.

Contextualised digital health communication infrastructure standards for resource-constrained settings: Perception of digital health stakeholders regarding suitability for Uganda's health system.

Ignoring the need to contextualise international standards has caused low-resourced countries to implement digital health systems on the ad-hoc, thereby often failing to meet the local needs or scale up. Authors have recommended adapting standards to a country's context. However, to date, most resources constrained countries like Uganda have not done so, affecting their success in attaining the full benefits of using ICT to support their health systems. They apply the standards 'as is' with little regard for their fitness for potential use and ability to fulfil the country's digital health needs. A design science approach was followed to elicit digital health communication infrastructure (DHCI) requirements and develop the contextual DHCI standards for Uganda. The design science methodology's design cycle supported DHCI standards' construction and evaluation activities. Whereas two workgroup sessions were held to craft the standards, three cycles of evaluation and refinement were performed. The final refinement produces the contextualised DHCI standards approved by Uganda's DH stakeholders through summative evaluation. Results of the summative evaluation show that DH stakeholders agree that the statement of the standards and the requirements specification are suitable to guide DHCI standards implementation in Uganda. Stakeholders agreed that the standards are complete, have the potential to realise DHCI requirements in Uganda, that have been well structured and follow international style for standards, and finally, that the standards are fit to realise their intended use in Uganda. Having been endorsed by DH stakeholders in Uganda's health system, the standards should be piloted to establish their potency to improve health information exchange and healthcare outcomes. Also, we recommend other low middle income countries (LMICs) with similar challenges to those in Uganda adopt the same set of contextualised DHCI standards.

Continuous cooling transformation behavior of V microalloyed hot-bent X80 pipeline steel

Abstract Continuous cooling transformation (CCT) behavior of a vanadium-microalloyed hot bent pipeline steel was studied by using Gleeble 3800 thermal simulation machine, and the hot-rolling technique of the tested steel was designed. Acicular ferrite and granular bainite can be observed with the cooling speeds ranging from 1~ 40 °C/s. Higher cooling speed leads to grain refinement. The yield strength is 570 MPa. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is 757 MPa. The fracture elongation is 22.50 %. The low temperature toughness at -40 °C is 325 J. The tested steel has both high strength and good low temperature toughness, and meets the mechanical performance requirement of API Spec 5L specification for X80 pipeline steel.

Software requirement engineering over the federated environment in distributed software development process

In the recent past, the distributed software development (DSD) process has become increasingly prevalent with the rapid evolution of the software development process. This transformation would necessitate a robust framework for software requirement engineering (SRE) to work in federated environments. Using the federated environment, multiple independent softwareentities wouldwork together to develop software, often across organizationsand geographical borders. The decentralized structure of the federated architecture makes requirement elicitation, analysis, specification, validation, and administration more effective.The proposed model emphasizes flexibility and agility, leveraging the collaboration of multiple localized models within a diversified development framework. This collaborative approach is designed to integrate the strengths of each local process, ultimately resulting in the creation of a robust software prototype. The performance of the proposed DSD model is evaluated using two case studies on the E-Commerce website and the Learning Management system. The proposed model is analyzed by considering divergent functional and non-functional requirements for each of the case studies and analyzing the performance using standardized metrics like mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC). It is observed that the proposed model exhibited a reasonable performance with an MSE value of 0.12 and 0.153 for both functional and non-functional requirements, respectively, and an MAE value of 0.222 and 0.232 for both functional and non-functional requirements, respectively.

Design and Simulation of an Innovative Modular Four-Bar Linkage Robotic Arm: Analysis and Applications

In response to the issues of traditional manipulators, such as difficulty in controlling the terminal posture during motion, low control precision, and complex structure, a modular mechanical arm based on a parallel four-bar terminal posture maintenance mechanism has been designed to meet the special requirements of terminal posture maintenance. By analyzing the motion mechanism of the manipulator, the shape space of the manipulator, the terminal position space, and the relationships of forward and inverse kinematics have been derived. A simulation model of the linkage manipulator was established in the Robotic Toolbook for Matlab environment, and structural simulation analysis and kinematic equation verification were conducted. The end positioning and attitude control of different manipulators are simulated by Matlab programming. The working space of the manipulators is calculated by Monte Carlo method, and compared with that of traditional planar manipulators. The results show the validity of the kinematics equation and the rationality of the end positioning control scheme of the linkage manipulator. Finally, the experiment verifies that the attitude retention rate of the modular decoupling manipulator is 97.78% under high load, which verifies the reliability of this scheme. In addition, the manipulator can simplify the complexity of the mechanical structure and complete the control requirements of the terminal attitude under the premise of increasing the working space as much as possible, which lays a foundation for the design and optimization of the manipulator in the field of modular terminal attitude.

A Postlaunch Update on the Effects of Instrumental Measurement Errors on SWOT Estimates of Sea Surface Height, Velocity, and Vorticity

Abstract The Ka-band radar interferometer (KaRIn) on the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite that was launched in December 2022 is providing the first two-dimensional altimetric views of sea surface height (SSH). Measurements are made across two parallel swaths of 50-km width separated by a 20-km gap. In the data product that will be used for most oceanographic applications, SSH estimates with a footprint diameter of about 3 km are provided on a 2 km × 2 km grid. Early analyses of in-flight KaRIn data conclude that the instrumental noise for this footprint diameter has a standard deviation less than σ3km = 0.40 cm for conditions of 2-m significant wave height. This is a factor of 2.3 better than the prelaunch expectation based on the science requirement specification. The SSH fields measured by KaRIn allow the first satellite estimates of essentially instantaneous surface current velocity and vorticity computed geostrophically from SSH. The effects of instrumental noise on smoothed estimates of velocity and vorticity based on early postlaunch assessments are quantified here as functions of the half-power filter cutoff wavelength of the smoothing. Signal-to-noise ratios for smoothed estimates of velocity and vorticity are determined from simulated noisy KaRIn data derived from a high-resolution numerical model of the California Current System. The wavelength resolution capabilities for σ3km = 0.40 cm are found to be about 17 and 35 km for velocity and vorticity, respectively, which correspond to feature diameters of about 8.5 and 17.5 km, and are better than the prelaunch expectations by about 45% and 35%.

Xylometazoline base suitable for use in lipophilic drug products: development of production technology and analytical methods for quality control

The aim: development of the technology for obtaining the base of xylometazoline, suitable for the development of formulations in combination with essential oils. Development and validation of methods of control of related substances and assay of the obtained base of xylometazoline. Study of the stability of the obtained xylometazoline base under long-term and accelerated conditions. Materials and methods: experimental samples of xylometazoline base were obtained from commercially available xylometazoline hydrochloride and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The quality control of the obtained substance was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the internal specification. The analysis of raw materials of xylometazoline hydrochloride was carried out in accordance with the monograph of the European Pharmacopoeia on xylometazoline hydrochloride (Ph. Eur. 10.1, 1162 (01/2008)). Results: a technology for obtaining xylometazoline base from xylometazoline hydrochloride by the action of a 2 % solution of a strong base, namely sodium hydroxide, was developed. Developed and validated methods of quality control of the obtained xylometazoline base according to indicators of related substances and assay. The stability of the substance was studied for 1 year; the results of control under accelerated research conditions meet the requirements of the specification, which allows for establishing a shelf life of 2 years. Conclusions: the technology for obtaining xylometazoline base and quality control methods based on the monograph of the European Pharmacopoeia on xylometazoline hydrochloride was developed. The developed technology ensures the proper quality of the substance in accordance with the requirements of the internal specification. Analytical methods "related substances" and "assay" meet the established criteria during validation. The obtained results were later used to develop a medicine based on xylometazoline and eucalyptus oil – Eukazolin, nasal drops

Teenagers and Adolescents with Hemophilia-Need for a Specific Approach.

Adolescents with hemophilia are a patient population with special requirements, having to manage their condition alongside the typical challenges of adolescence. Given the psychosocial impact of hemophilia and a desire to fit in with non-hemophilic peers, they may perceive treatment as more of a burden than a benefit. This can result in low adherence and a high risk of hemophilia-related complications. Hemophilia management has changed over time. To best inform shared decision-making with adolescent patients and their families, healthcare professionals must consider all the currently available evidence, highlighting treatment benefits as appropriate. They should also appreciate the requirements of all adolescents affected by hemophilia, including individuals with non-severe disease and girls/women. We discuss specific issues relating to the management of adolescents with hemophilia: prevention and management of bleeds, treatment adherence, joint health and physical activity, and other health-related issues. A multidisciplinary approach is advocated, and the potential role of digital technology in helping to equip patients with self-management skills to fully engage with treatment is considered. Currently, available hemophilia management generally enables adolescents with hemophilia to lead normal lives, participating in physical activities while maintaining good joint health. However, more work is required to help address both actual and perceived limitations.

A risk-informed and performance-based approach to defining prevention and mitigation

The terms “prevention” and “mitigation” are often used to define safety functions in nuclear power plants and other complex engineered systems. For existing light water reactor (LWR) nuclear plants, these terms are typically used in the context of preventing core damage and mitigating the consequences of a severe accident. Balancing the reliance on prevention and mitigation is often stated as an important principle of defense-in-depth. To apply these terms to formulate design requirements for advanced reactors, it is necessary to define specifically what is to be prevented and mitigated because the concept of core damage is not generally applicable to advanced non-LWR concepts and designs. Advanced non-LWR reactor concepts use different fuels, moderators, coolants and different strategies for achieving the functional containment of radionuclides. The adoption of the small modular reactor concept also leads to plants with many small reactors. This paper discusses a risk-informed and performance-based definition of prevention and mitigation that can be applied to any reactor concept or design. It was developed as part of the Licensing Modernization Project (LMP) which has introduced a new approach to developing a safety case to support design and licensing. A new way of thinking about prevention and mitigation was needed to formulate advanced reactor design and special treatment requirements for structures, systems and components (SSCs) that could be applied to a wide diversity of designs. The LMP approach discussed in this paper includes criteria to identify safety significant SSC prevention and mitigation functions and uses SSC reliability and capability targets to inform the selection of design and special treatment requirements and to support the evaluation of defense-in-depth adequacy. These prevention and mitigation functions are defined in the context of event sequences that comprise the licensing basis events that anchor the safety case for the reactor operating license.

ATLAS ITk Pixel Outer Endcap CO[formula omitted] cooling system prototypes

In preparation for the high-luminosity LHC phase, the ATLAS detector will be upgraded with a new silicon inner tracker, the ITk, relying on a cooling system based on carbon dioxide (CO2) evaporative properties.In order to test the key aspects of the cooling, prototypes of the cooling system for the different ITk Outer Endcap layers is built in Milan and tested at the CERN CO2 BabyDEMO cooling plant. The facility is able to provide a CO2 flow of 150 g/s with a temperature as low as -45 °C. The presentation illustrates the mechanical construction of the prototype and the use of 3D-printed titanium parts. The thermal load of the detector (up to 3 kW on the Layer 4 half-shell during normal operation) is also simulated. The sizing of the capillary present in the system, required to reach the design pressure drop of 8 bar and to trigger the CO2 evaporation, is also be discussed. The pressure and temperature sensors installed in the prototype and the data acquisition is described. The measurements performed at the BabyDEMO cooling plant, both at the nominal ATLAS operating condition and in more extreme scenarios, will be described. The systems are proved to be stable under all the conditions tested, and the total pressure drops are consistent with the requirements of the system specification.