Republican Times Research Articles

The decimalisation of Republican time. The French Revolution which failed (1793–1795)

The decimalisation of Republican time. The French Revolution which failed (1793–1795)

Before the Dressel 20: pottery workshops and olive oil amphorae of the Guadalquivir valley between the Late Republic and Augustan-Tiberian times

Abstract The Baetican Dressel 20 is probably the most widely diffused amphora of the Roman period, found in large quantities throughout all the Roman and nearby territories. It is the most powerful evidence of the importance of the olive oil trade for Roman society and of olive oil's extraordinary production in the Baetican countryside. This wide diffusion of the amphora and, in some ways, its ubiquity at many archaeological sites, have hindered the study of the early stages of Baetican olive oil production and diffusion. The protagonists were not these spherical containers, commonly stamped up until the late 3rd c. CE, but previous models that evolved rapidly after their origins in Late Republican times. In this paper, we aim to analyze not only the formal characteristics and evolution of these peculiar and still unstandardized containers, but also other aspects linked to their production, as well as the scope of their diffusion.

‘Dead faces laugh’: Medievalist hungers and Irish republican time, 1917-1981

AbstractThe article analyses the temporal entanglements of personal and historical time through hunger-striking protests in Ireland and their commemoration in medieval imagery, reflecting on the role of medievalism and temporality in nation-building by insurgent agents. Between 1917 and 1981, twenty-two Irish republican paramilitary prisoners undertook hunger strikes to the death for recognition of political status and protest against their prison regimes. While some of these deaths went unremarked by the wider public because of state censorship and lack of support, others catalysed worldwide attention, and succeeded in pitching a compelling national and political narrative for their supporters. The article focuses on how the use of medievalism in examining and commemorating these deaths highlights the vivid temporal collapse between the present of the individual and the past of the nation, and the way this can appeal to the protest’s audience, while making a powerful political bid for the legitimacy of the insurgents’ national narrative. The article examines temporal entanglement both as practiced by the audience of the hunger strikes, from poets such as W.B. Yeats and Seamus Heaney to journalists and scholars, and by the republican community itself, whether by hunger strike survivors, their comrades, or their families, bringing together literary, material, and art historical evidence to show its relevance and pervasiveness. By doing so, the article achieves a study of the ways medievalist temporalities interact with political and personal history, in a bid for the ownership and definition of the nation.

Genetic evolution of the alpaca in the southern Peruvian Andes

The aim of this study was to show the progress of the genetic improvement of the alpaca that inhabits the southern part of Peru, especially in the production of fibre, considering the negative statements. The written literature developed during the last century was reviewed and analysed. First, the variations in alpaca breeding techniques in the periods of the Inca, Viceroyalty and Republican times were reviewed. Then the concepts and criteria of breeding and selection practiced in southern Peru on alpacas were reviewed (first in the communities, then the farms, cooperatives, medium-sized farms and public and private institutions for the production of fibre with the influence of the textile market international). In the third part, the population changes of the Suri and Huacaya breeds and the change in fibre fineness and fleece colour preference were analysed. Likewise, the fineness data of alpaca fibre analysed in the 70s is contrasted with recent work in national fibre laboratories. Finally, the genetic gain in fibre fineness by breeds and generations was determined. It is concluded that there were no changes in the breed populations, but there have been strong changes in the colour of the alpaca fleece towards white and in fineness, whose estimated genetic gain is considerable in favour of the fine fibre, more in Huacaya than in the Suri breed on alpacas of southern Peru.

Cultural Identity and Tourism Awareness of Rímac Residents

Summary Rímac, World Heritage City, houses important monuments from pre-Inca, colonial, and republican times, of great attraction for tourism. However, there are indications that the elements that comprise Rímac’s cultural heritage are little recognized and valued by their residents, thus, making them less willing to participate in its conservation and use for tourism purposes. For this reason, this study aimed to explore the cultural identity and tourist awareness of the residents of Rímac through in-depth interviews, where 30 youngsters participated. Participants showed little knowledge about the cultural heritage of Rímac and its tourist potential, but they reported feeling proud to live there because Rímac holds their most cherished childhood memories and family values. Results support the importance of analyzing the memories and emotions that connect residents with their city’s cultural heritage and ultimately influence their willingness to preserve it and support the tourism activity in their district. Future research could explore the role of sport and religion as part of the residents’ cultural identity and their potential for tourism. Information © The Authors 2023

Index to Volume 77

Index| March 01 2023 Index to Volume 77 Nineteenth-Century Literature (2023) 77 (4): 270–271. https://doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2023.77.4.270 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Index to Volume 77. Nineteenth-Century Literature 1 March 2023; 77 (4): 270–271. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2023.77.4.270 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentNineteenth-Century Literature Search Pagination of the Volume is as follows: June, pp. 1–91; September-December, pp. 93–193; March, pp. 195–271. ARTICLES Jenkin-Smith, Daniel. A Tale of Two Bureaucracies: The Formal Development of Mid-Nineteenth-Century French and British Office Novels 93 Kinzinger, Stephanie. Embodied Cognition in Edgar Allan Poe: Eureka’s Cosmology, Dupin’s Intuition 124 McKeever, Gerard Lee. Extreme Attachment: Allan Cunningham’s “South Countree” 223 Mendonck, Wanne. “I Sort Rather with Those who Do Not Read”: Edward Carpenter, the Religion of Socialism, and the Prophetic Agitation of Literary Form 56 Redmond, Matthew. Living Too Long: Republican Time in Cooper’s Leatherstocking Novels 29 Rexroth, Grace. Byron and the Problem with Memory Arts: Writing Don Juan for an Age of “Uncertain Paper” 1 Smith, Thomas Ruys. “The Enchantments of Waverley”: Walter Scott and Children’s Reading in Nineteenth-Century America 145 Stokes, Claudia. Irving’s Literary Historiography 195 BOOK REVIEWS Allen, Emily. See Schaffer, Talia Allison, Mark. See Lesjak, Carolyn Bigelow,... You do not currently have access to this content.

Cursus honorum – selected aspects of Roman public law

The cursus honorum is a Latin phrase which translates to “course of honour”. It refers to the sequential order of public offices that were held by aspiring politicians in the Roman Republic and Empire. It was the Roman idea about the order of public offices which were held by citizens. One of the requirements for taking office was the age of the candidate to hold it. Over the centuries, Roman law changed the age limits required to take up a specific office. Starting from republican times, there were regulations in Rome that required candidates for office to reach a certain age. The aim of this paper is to present the importance of the age criterion for holding offices in ancient Rome. For this purpose, the available source texts were analysed and the existing literature on the subject was examined and presented. The research used the historical method, which includes the analysis of source texts, and the dogmatic and empirical research method, which includes the critical analysis of legal sources and literature on the subject. Thanks to the research conducted, the available sources and literature on the age limits used in the cursus honorum were discovered and unified. As a result of the conducted research, the results were presented, which made it possible to identify the age limits required for a civil servant career in ancient Rome. Research in this area is of theoretical importance. Secondly, such an analysis is important for further comparative legal research. In modern legal systems, each country sets certain age requirements for participation in public life in the broadest sense (e.g., the age at which one may vote or run for office). Thanks to the ongoing research on Roman law, it will be possible to make comparative analyses and thus search for the Roman sources of contemporary laws. In this part, the research has a practical (comparative law) meaning.

Christian missionaries' ethnographic accounts of diets and foodways in the area of Kokonor during the late 19th century and early Republican time

The paper deals with the description of food(s) used in religious rituals and in daily life in the Kokonor area from the point of view of Christian missionaries. By looking at Christian missionaries' reports of the late Qing Dynasty and early Republican time, light is shed on selected societies in the Kokonor region – namely the Tibetans and Mongolic groups, such as the Monguors – with an emphasis on these societies' diets and foodways. Food is at the core of everyday life, not speaking about festive occasions. Moreover, food and beverages with their symbolism constitute an important part of religious practice. On the basis of missionary reports, such as those by French Lazarist missionaries, missionaries of the Belgian Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae, and missionaries of the Societas Verbi Divini, besides the mundane description of daily food(s), we also highlight how special ingredients became an essential part of ritual offerings and how food exchange and shared eating was understood to create a bridge between humans and super-mundane beings.

The establishment of recent knowledge of acupoint anatomy and its impact

ABSTRACT The content of acupuncture points has been a long concerned issue in China. The ancients’ descriptions of acupuncture points in medical literature were all based on their observation of the body’s surface, and they didn’t have the modern concept of “acupuncture points” independent of body tissue. In modern times, with the foundation of anatomy in China, physicians of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) gradually developed the thinking paradigm of knowing the body through anatomy. Meanwhile, the acupuncture circle in Japan combined anatomy with their understanding of acupuncture points and added anatomical content to the entries on acupuncture points. After the translation and introduction of Japanese acupuncture literature, their understanding of anatomical acupuncture added to the Chinese physicians’ acupuncture knowledge in the Republican time. During this process, elite physicians and educators in the acupuncture community played a vital role. According to the Actor-Network Theory, the construction of anatomical knowledge of acupuncture points in the Republic of China resulted from multi-factor interaction. In the meantime, the conception of acupuncture point anatomy changed people’s original cognition of acupuncture points and resulted in the paradigm shift in TCM physicians’ body cognition.

Virtual Citizenship and Revolutionary Transatlantic Republicanism in the Musical Lives of Exiled United Irishmen

Virtual Citizenship and Revolutionary Transatlantic Republicanism in the Musical Lives of Exiled United Irishmen

Living Too Long

Matthew Redmond, “Living Too Long: Republican Time in Cooper’s Leatherstocking Novels” (pp. 29–55) This essay first suggests that antebellum America’s cultural imagination was organized around patterns of generational succession unfolding across what I call “republican time,” and then explores the ways that James Fenimore Cooper’s Leatherstocking novels cross-examine and destabilize that pattern. Reading The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826), and The Prairie (1827) through the dual lenses of biopolitical criticism and temporality studies, I treat Natty Bumppo, with his stubborn refusal to die or even fully subside into the background of American life, as a friction against the machine of republican time and the idea of steady national progress it implies. With his peculiar perspective on national events, manifesting in a singular use of grammar, Natty’s character opens to Cooper’s readers certain alternative approaches to being in American time. Cooper’s writings thus demonstrate some of the ways that nineteenth-century American historical fiction, far from uncritically celebrating the forces of U.S. expansionism and imperialism, delivers an incisive critique of them.

Who lived in that Roman house? Computational analysis on the domestic space to identify a new hybrid house in the Roman Empire

One important part of ancient urbanism studies has been focused on analysing the typology and evolution of ‘private’ house. Part of these particular buildings with both public and private functions evolved over time, showing the different necessities of the society in each period. The Tetrastylon project aims to solve a surprising issue related to an often poorly identified Roman house. Under the identification of atrium house, two different typologies with important social significance divergences have been merged. On the one hand, researchers have identified the canonical axial Roman house (with some small variations due to urbanistic evolutions) with an open court (atrium). On the other hand, under the classification of atrium house, scholars have also identified another domestic structure which is built around an atrium, but following a Greek scheme of housing. This typology of Roman house, which chronologically appeared after the influence of the classic atrium house has only been detected in Roman cities with a Greek background. The project Tetrastylon is focused on the Magna Grecia and Sicily in the last centuries of Republican time, when many of the Greek colonies became Roman cities or were Roman focus. This area of the Roman Empire is a good goal in order to analyse an important number of these buildings and the result of changing a Greek peristyle for an atrium into a Hellenistic scheme of house. Finally, this typology is also usually confused with the Greek peristyle house as the architectural structures are similar, and the main difference is the morphology of the open space. To clearly identify this typology, conceptually localized between the Greek peristyle and the Roman atrium house, this project has used several archaeological analyses on the three types of dwellings. However, one of the methodological approaches of Tetrastylon has been designed to use computational models for analysing the structure and functioning of this ‘new’ typology. For this reason, in this paper, we present a combination of Space Syntax, axial maps and visibility relational models applied in all domestic structures with the purpose of finding crucial and unquestionable differences between those building models. The results of these techniques have generated new data that complement the archaeological and historical information about these houses, offering a new perspective about the social behaviour of their owners as well as the complexity of Roman urbanism.

History, Socioeconomic Problems and Environmental Impacts of Gold Mining in the Andean Region of Ecuador.

Mining in Ecuadorian territory comprises three stages of Ecuadorian history: pre-Columbian, colonial, and republican times. In its beginnings, this activity did not have regulations or a legal foundation. The first Mining Law dates back to 1830, and it has been modified until the most recent update in 2009. The Andean region consists of 10 provinces, 9 of which have registered gold concessions, the most important of which are Loja, Azuay, and in recent years, Imbabura and Pichincha, which are the provinces with the highest number of reported concessions. The objective of this study focused on analyzing the historical and current situation of Artisanal and Small-scale Mining (ASGM) and the emergence of large-scale (industrial) mining. For the elaboration of this study, different methodological techniques were used, such as literature review, field interviews, and expert judgment validation. The main findings show that the provinces of Loja, Azuay, Imbabura, and Pichincha are the most conflictive areas in the region due to the impacts caused by mining activities. In socio-economic terms, there are conflicts between inhabitants in favor and against these activities and problems associated with human health. In environmental terms, the findings suggest historical contamination of water sources by heavy metals, which has altered the surrounding aquatic and terrestrial systems. Finally, the study concludes that implementing public policies should be promoted to balance socio-economic and environmental aspects in gold mining activities in the Andean region of Ecuador, strengthening the use of new technologies and education to raise awareness of the serious effects of mining activities.

Natione Hispanus. Sobre la identificación de los hispanos en el Imperio Romano

The aim of this article is to highlight the fact that Rome was the responsible for naming with the word Hispania the geographical area that has the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean, Atlantic and Cantabrian coasts as its established borders. It was equally responsible for giving the word an identity of its own. This is the same term that evolved over time in so many historical, administrative, political and cultural contexts and ended up denominating present-day Spain. Its local inhabitants assimilated the term as early as Republican times, regardless of whether they were born in Corduba, Emerita Augusta, Lucus Augusti, Tarraco or any other small town in their respective provinces. This assimilation was not identical at all social levels, and evolved over time. Finally, the use of the formula natione Hispanus/a in roman epigraphy is examined in detail.

Cuba and the United States in Democratic and Republican times: continuity or change?

For a comprehensive understanding, one as close to reality as possible, of the U.S.-Cuban relations it is necessary to study in detail the conceptual foundations and historical background of the U.S. foreign policy towards the Latin American region in general, and towards Cuba in particular. To this end, the author offers a retrospective overview of the U.S. policy in interaction with the Cuban state, taking as a starting point the very formation of the United States as a state from thirteen original colonies. The origins of the U.S.-Cuban interaction, the context of the victory of the Cuban Revolution in 1959, as well as the political motivation of American leaders, both Democratic and Republican, in the context of building relations with Cuba are examined. The political decisions of the U.S. leadership regarding Cuba are immersed into the global dynamics of world political processes and the positioning of the U.S. in the international arena in different periods. Building the sequence of the U.S. relations with the island the author comes to the conclusion that the dialogue with Cuba has always been from the position of force, and it is proven in the article that such approach, often accompanied by unfair destructive actions, remained in place even in the moment of warming, namely during the restoration of relations with Cuba in the years of Barack Obama’s presidency. The author is convinced that the solution of the conflict between the two countries will be realistically possible only when the U.S. government fully recognizes Cuba’s sovereignty and ambitions to be more actively involved in the regional and international agenda.

All About the Money? Authorship and Copyright in Ancient Rome

This paper aims at studying some aspects of intellectual property in ancient Rome, from the beginnings of Roman literature to the times of Trajan, and especially the tie between writing and rewards. If this tie is clearly established for some authors such as Plautus, it was not the most important for most of Roman authors of the Republican times, and the material rewarding was even inexistant for many of them including Pliny the Younger. Thus the ancient Rome offers an another model to consider at a time where the copyright rules in the field of intellectual property.

Civilising urban public space: An analysis of ideology and governance strategies

In this paper I show the path dependency and development of how today’s urban public space is governed, concentrating on the Southern metropolis of Guangzhou as a case study. I first give a short historical overview of the discourse of modernisation, civilising urban citizens and urban public space in republican times. I then elucidate the growing governmental interest in everyday public space since the early reform policies of the 1980s and in the context of the campaign “Building a Spiritual Civilisation”. This ideological thought work campaign was re-interpreted as a city development campaign which aimed to clean Guangzhou’s streets and induce proper behaviour. In the new millennium, the campaign culminated in the “National Civilised City” competition, which seeks to generate both economic and political profits. The paper sheds light on how the civilisation discourse is entangled with the communist party’s claim to power and how public space is developed as a space of education and of representation to steer China on the path to modernity.

Recurring damages on earthen heritage. Diagnosis and possible interventions in the highlands of Jujuy (Argentina)

A significant number of the existing National Historical Monuments in the highlands of northwestern Argentina are built with different earthen constructive techniques. These architecures, which correspond mostly to colonial and republican times, have presented damage of different severity over time, associated with both environmental and anthropic factors, including conservation actions. Since the first half of the twentieth century, different institutions carried out systematic conservation projects on this heritage using foreign techniques and materials, which instead of favoring their consolidation caused new damages. This paper sets out to recognize which are the usual damages in this architectural heritage, considering their mechanisms of degradation, and observing the implications of the interventions carried. Finally, based on the working experience in the area, the recommendations from different researches and international standards, it will be possible to recognize potential forms of intervention consistent with these technologies and with the corpus of local knowledge. This paper will focus in different case studies in the Puna and Quebrada de Humahuaca, based on field and laboratory research carried out in recent years, specifically focused on the study of current and historical earthen constructive technologies. As part of these researches, there were made various diagnoses and intervention proposals that will also be included in this article.

An den Grenzen der Vernunft: Beamte und ›Barbaren‹ in den Peripherien Lateinamerikas, 18.–19. Jahrhundert

Abstract This contribution investigates the role of emotions for the administration of indigenous people in the Latin American periphery, considered “barbarians” by colonial and republican officials. Drawing on case studies from Northwest Mexico and the Southern Cone, the article examines the Spanish-European self-image as “people of reason” vis-á-vis indigenous “people without reason” or “people of custom”. The concept of trust is employed to explore the boundaries and overlappings between emotion and rationality in interethnic relations during colonial and republican times. Giving examples from archival material such as letters and reports of state agents, this paper concludes that there was no monopoly on rationality, as claimed by the public officials, but always a possibility to establish trusting relationships between indigenous groups and state society.

Ciudadanía y elecciones en la Nueva Granada. Las definiciones y su reglamentación, 1821 – 1853

El proceso de consolidación de la ciudadanía en las primeras décadas de la era republicana del siglo XIX, ha implicado la tensión que se registra cuando se entrecruzan variables tan particulares como sus connotaciones civil y política, los debates en el contexto del ordenamiento jurídico y las demandas de la sociedad. El objetivo del artículo es examinar las prácticas y su reglamentación electoral en los inicios de la vida republicana de la Nueva Granada entre 1821 a 1853. De esta manera, el análisis de la participación se propone desde la Nueva Historia Política, perspectiva que además del estudio de los datos electorales y su reglamentación, busca relacionar elementos sociales para comprender la noción de ciudadanía. Así, las distintas expresiones y circunstancias son consideradas para entender la correlación entre individuo y estructura política, así como para retomar algunos aspectos de lo social, entre los que están la opinión pública, las sociabilidades y las variaciones discursivas en torno a la ciudadanía.