This review emphasizes the significance of insect cell lines in transcriptomic research, highlighting their role as vital tools for uncovering cellular and molecular mechanisms of insect physiology, immune responses, and adaptation to environmental stressors. Cell lines derived from tissues such as the midgut, fat body, nervous system, and reproductive organs enable researchers to examine gene expression changes in a controlled setting, making discoveries that are difficult to achieve through whole-organism studies. High-throughput sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have identified genes linked to detoxification, stress response, development, and immune defense, offering valuable insights for future applications in agriculture, pest control, and biotechnology. To organize this information clearly, we have summarized key findings in a table, providing an accessible overview of each cell line's important roles in transcriptomic research. This method not only highlights the adaptability of insect cell lines in functional genomics but also underscores their usefulness as model systems in pest management, virology, and bioengineering. Through utilizing transcriptomics, insect cell lines continue to advance our understanding of insect biology and foster the development of innovative strategies for sustainable crop protection and biotechnological use.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a clinically heterogeneous disease in which early and atypical presentations frequently challenge existing classification frameworks. The Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Risk Probability Index (SLERPI) was developed as a probabilistic diagnostic aid, but its real-world performance relative to established classification criteria across disease phenotypes remains incompletely characterized. In this multicenter, cross-sectional study, we evaluated 1,281 participants, including 655 expert-confirmed SLE patients and 626 controls with other rheumatic diseases. Diagnostic performance of SLERPI, ACR-1997, SLICC-2012, and EULAR/ACR-2019 criteria was assessed against expert clinical diagnosis as the reference standard. Subgroup analyses were performed for early disease (≤ 1 year), sex, disease duration, and major organ involvement. Concordance and discordance between criteria were examined using UpSet plots, detailed phenotypic comparisons, and hierarchical cluster analysis of discordant cases. Net reclassification improvement (NRI) was used to quantify incremental diagnostic information. All four systems demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, with sensitivities ranging from 95.1-99.2% and specificities from 87.7-90.4%. SLERPI achieved the highest sensitivity (99.2%) and AUC (0.989), particularly excelling in early disease (≤ 1 year, sensitivity 98.0%, AUC 0.987). Net reclassification improvement favored SLERPI over ACR-1997 (+ 2.7%), SLICC-2012 (+ 1.6%), and EULAR/ACR-2019 (+ 4.3%). Concordance across systems was substantial, with 91.6% of patients classified by all four sets. Discordant cases (8.4%) revealed phenotype-specific patterns: ACR-1997 frequently missed immunologically active or hematologic-dominant cases, while EULAR/ACR-2019 underperformed in mucocutaneous-predominant disease. Cluster analysis identified four coherent subgroups, underscoring heterogeneity in missed classifications. SLERPI showed the lowest discordance, with residual misclassifications confined to hematologic-dominant phenotypes. SLE classification frameworks show substantial overlap in real-world practice, with discordance driven by phenotype-specific prioritization of disease domains rather than random failure. SLERPI complements established classification criteria by supporting identification of early and atypical SLE presentations, while traditional criteria remain essential for research standardization. Integrating probabilistic diagnostic tools with classification frameworks may enhance SLE recognition across diverse clinical contexts.

Gynecologic function and dysfunction in transmasculine and gender diverse individuals using testosterone therapy: a systematic review.

Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants with significant bioaccumulation potential, posing a growing threat to global health through multi-organ toxicity. This review systematically synthesizes current knowledge on MPs-induced organ-specific damage and its systemic health implications. We detail the accumulation of MPs in major organ systems, including the liver, brain, lungs, kidneys, intestines, heart, and reproductive organs. Furthermore, we emphasize the critical role of inter-organ communication in amplifying toxicity, such as gut-liver axis-mediated hepatotoxicity and gut-brain axis-driven neurotoxicity. Emerging evidence on the transgenerational adverse effects of parental MPs exposure is also discussed. The core cellular and molecular mechanisms across these organs are examined, with a particular focus on oxidative stress, inflammatory activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and programmed cell death. This review is distinct in its integrative approach, offering a novel perspective by synthesizing organ-specific pathologies with cross-organ communication networks and transgenerational effects, thereby providing a more holistic understanding of MPs’ systemic toxicity. Collectively, this review elucidates the exposure-organ damage correlation, analyzes the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, and aims to provide a scientific foundation for public health risk assessment and informed environmental policy formulation.

Understanding oocyte and ovarian aging has become critically important, as trends in family planning evolve, with many women choosing to have children later in life. The ovary, a crucial organ in female reproduction, is particularly susceptible to age-related changes and is one of the organs that exhibit functional deterioration most distinctly with age. The aging of female reproductive systems also affects longevity and various health outcomes. A better understanding of both oocyte and ovarian aging will lay the cornerstone to elucidate the phenomenon of longevity in women. Here, clinical data from 400 women of various ages undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) have been analyzed, including Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) levels, the number of recovered oocytes, blastocyst rates, pregnancy rates, and live birth rates. Our analyses revealed significant differences in the aforementioned rates between patients of young and advanced age. For the biomarker analysis, we further utilised a novel predictive performance of age-associated gene expression signatures for oocyte aging, demonstrating its potential to provide molecular-level insights into oocyte quality over time. By analyzing RNA sequencing data generated from human oocytes of different ages, a genome-wide landscape of age-associated gene expression has been described. Additionally, metabolome profiling has been performed on young and reproductively aged mice, serving as a model for human ovaries. Changes in metabolites of the murine ovaries during aging have been recorded. In conjunction with traditional biomarkers, multiomics data represent a transformative approach in reproductive health, and they may offer personalised risk assessments and interventions to mitigate age-related fertility decline in women. Our metabolome profiling provides a valuable resource for elucidating the metabolomic basis of ovarian aging. Our findings offer novel insights into systemic shifts associated with oocyte and ovarian aging. This integrated approach may unlock new avenues for fertility preservation, ovarian rejuvenation, and assisted reproduction.

In vivo aphrodisiac efficacy of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaf and root bark of Citropsis articulata(Willd. ex Spreng.) Swingle & M.Kellerm. in male Wistar rats.

Cellular senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cumulative oxidative stress (OS) are the main causes of the progressive decreases in oocyte and sperm quality that define reproductive age. There is growing evidence that these processes are controlled by systemic variables, such as metabolites produced from the gut microbiome and extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated intercellular communication, rather than being exclusively regulated at the tissue level. Antioxidant enzymes, regulatory microRNAs, and bioactive lipids that regulate mitochondrial redox balance, mitophagy, and inflammatory signaling are transported by EVs derived from reproductive organs, stem cells, immune cells, and the gut microbiota. Concurrently, microbiome-derived metabolites such as urolithin A, short-chain fatty acids, and polyphenol derivatives enhance mitochondrial quality control, activate antioxidant pathways, and suppress senescence-associated secretory phenotypes. This narrative review integrates the most recent research on the relationship between redox homeostasis, mitochondrial function, gut microbiota activity, and EV signaling in the context of male and female reproductive aging. We propose an emerging gut–EV–mitochondria axis as a unified framework through which systemic metabolic and antioxidant signals affect gamete competence, reproductive tissue function, and fertility longevity. Finally, we discuss therapeutic implications, including microbiome modulation, EV-based interventions, and senotherapeutic strategies, highlighting key knowledge gaps and future research directions necessary for clinical translation.

Based on article (Shelley, 2010) Human Trafficking is the act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, harboring, or receiving individuals through force, fraud, or corcecion for the purpose of exploiting them profit. This exploitation may include forced labor, sexual slavery, or other forms of commercial sexual exploitation. It is considered a serious violation of human rights and includes a form of modern slavery, a crime against humanity. Human trafficking is a global threat that requires serious attention and real action. Factors such as poverty, political instability, and lack of public awareness make human trafficking increasingly difficult to eradicate. Therefore, there is a need for international cooperation, government, and community cooperation to prevent, protect, and recover victims of human trafficking. Human trafficking is a serious crime that continues to grow, including in Cambodia, which is vulnerable due to geographical and socioeconomic factors. This study aims to analyze the handling of human trafficking cases in Cambodia from the perspective of international legal policy. Sexual exploitation, forced labor, and organ trafficking are the main forms of this crime. Although Cambodia has adopted various laws, its implementation is still hampered by limited resources, corruption, and weak cooperation between countries. International community support such as the Palermo Protocol has helped, but law enforcement remains inconsistent. This study emphasizes the importance of stricter law enforcement and an adequate rehabilitation system for victims. Collaboration between governments and NGOs is urgently needed to create effective solutions and better protection for victims of human trafficking.

Abstract Background: Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is likely to occur when tourniquets or clamps are applied to uterine blood vessels during uterine surgeries and may impair reproductive functions. However, the impact on reproductive functions is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of IRI on the female rabbit reproductive organs. Methods: 12 rabbits were divided into 6 groups with varying tourniquet application durations (0-240) minutes respectively. Midline incisions were made above the pubic area, uterine arteries were identified and occluded with silk suture. Groups 3 - 6 had bilateral uterine vessels occluded for 60 - 240 minutes, respectively. The uterus, ovaries as well as the fallopian tubes were removed after reperfusion for 2 hours and sent for biochemical analysis of oxidative stress and antioxidant markers. Results: IRI caused oxidative stress, decreasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Each organ exhibited unique responses, with the ovaries being most sensitive and the uterus being most resistant. The third hour post-ischemia appeared to be a critical time point for introducing antioxidant therapy. The ovary exhibited the highest antioxidant response with glutathione peaking at 3 hours (135.25 nmol/dl) and 103.9 nmol/dl at the 4th hours. Conclusion: IRI has significant implications for reproductive health, and targeted antioxidant interventions may help mitigate oxidative damage. The findings suggest that the third hour post-ischemia is a crucial time point for therapeutic intervention to minimize IRI-related damage in reproductive surgeries.

Abstract Pollinators are key drivers of floral evolution and diversification. While floral traits often converge in response to shared pollinators, they may diverge following pollinator shifts. Here, we examine the evolution of floral traits in Brandisia , a hemiparasitic genus endemic to East and Southeast Asia that shows notable interspecific variation. We combined field observations, a literature survey of pollination systems across Orobanchaceae, measurements of 14 floral traits, and phylogenetically informed comparative analyses. Our results show that Brandisia species are primarily bird‐pollinated, probably derived from the bee‐pollinated condition predominant in Orobanchaceae. Their flowers show typical bird‐pollination traits, including tubular corollas, exserted reproductive organs, and abundant dilute nectar. Several traits may also function to avoid antagonists through visual (e.g., red coloration inconspicuous to bees), morphological (e.g., reduced or recurved corolla lobes), or physiological (e.g., dilute nectar) barriers. Ancestral state reconstruction indicates that the common ancestor of Brandisia had moderately specialized floral traits, including solitary axillary flowers, orange‐yellow coloration, short tubular corollas, and hexose‐dominated nectar. From this ancestral condition, both more specialized and more generalized phenotypes evolved, involving 11 shifts across eight traits. Together, our findings indicate that Brandisia is predominantly bird‐pollinated in the Asian flora. Rather than resulting from major pollinator shifts, floral trait variation in Brandisia reflects a continuum of adaptation to bird pollinators, potentially shaped by fine‐scale niche partitioning. Some floral traits may also have evolved under additional selective pressures, such as avoiding bees. This study advances understanding of how bird pollinators shape floral diversification in angiosperm.

Ecotoxicological effects of soil microplastic types and concentrations on earthworms.

Source-sink interactions play a critical but mechanistically underexplored role in coordinating reproductive output and longevity in plants. Here, we investigated the role of FT1, the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) homolog of the florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), in regulating source (leaf) and sink (inflorescence) development and metabolism. Using ft1 knock-out mutants in the spring barley cultivar Golden Promise, which carries a mutated PHOTOPERIOD 1 (ppd-H1) allele, and in an introgression line with a wild-type Ppd-H1 allele, we showed that Ppd-H1 primarily regulates the timing of inflorescence development and flowering through FT1. In contrast, variation in tiller number and leaf size was determined by the genetic background. ft1 mutants exhibited reduced determinacy of both leaf and inflorescence meristems, resulting in increased leaf and spikelet numbers and size, but severely reduced inflorescence fertility, altered senescence patterns, and significantly extended plant longevity. The ft1 mutants exhibited a strong transcriptional reprogramming of genes involved in both the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis in the leaf, alongside an upregulation of genes associated with carbon catabolism and stress responses in the leaf and inflorescence. Elevated soluble sugar and starch levels in ft1 inflorescences indicated that the impaired development and fertility of ft1 inflorescences were not caused by carbon limitation, but instead reflected a reduced sink strength. Our work reveals that FT1 coordinates the development of vegetative and reproductive meristems and organs with plant physiology and metabolism, thereby regulating source-sink relationships and balancing plant longevity with reproductive output.

This study evaluated the effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder on ovarian morphology and internal organ weight of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). A total of 108 birds were randomly assigned to six treatments: control, 5% ginger (5G), 10% ginger (10G), 5% turmeric (5T), 10% turmeric (10T) and 5% ginger + 5% turmeric (5G+5T), administered in drinking water for six weeks in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Data collected on ovarian morphology (follicular count and stroma weight) and internal organs (liver, heart, spleen, kidney, gizzard, intestine) were weighed relative to body weight and analyzed using JMP version 17.0 with means separated by Tukey’s HSD test at p<0.05. Results showed that while follicular counts (small white, large white, small yellow, and large yellow follicles) were not significantly altered (p>0.05), the ovarian stroma weight was significantly influenced (p<0.05). Stroma weight was significantly higher in the 5% ginger group (0.82g vs. 0.15g in the control). The internal organ weights remained unaffected (p>0.05), indicating no adverse physiological burden. The study concludes that the addition of ginger and turmeric powder at 5% specifically enhanced stroma tissue development, a key supportive compartment for folliculogenesis, without inducing significant changes in the major internal organs of Japanese quails. This suggests a beneficial effect of ginger on reproductive organ morphology.

Background: Adolescence, which occurs between the ages of 11 and 20, is also a period of maturation of the human reproductive organs, also known as puberty. Menstruation is the most common problem experienced by teenagers today. Early menarche, lack of exercise, abnormal menstrual cycles, and alcohol consumption are some of the causes of dysmenorrhea. The World Health Organization reported in 2020 that 1,769,425 adolescent girls experienced dysmenorrhea (90%) of the total and 10%-15% of them experienced severe dysmenorrhea. In Indonesia, 64.25% of productive women experience menstrual pain. Purpose: To identify the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy in reducing dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Method: This research was quantitative, with a pre-experimental design using a single-group pre-post test approach. The study was conducted MTS Mumbulsari Jember with 40 respondents. Data collection used purposive sampling and a Numeric Rating Scale (RRS) instrument to determine pain intensity and aromatherapy candles. Results: From the T-Test calculation with a p value of 0.000 < α (0.05), which means there is a relationship between lavender aromatherapy in reducing dysmenorrhea. Aromatherapy works by influencing the emotional center in the limbic system, providing a calming and relaxing effect on the body, which can reduce pain. Conclusion: Relaxation therapy with aromatherapy is recommended as a self-administered technique to treat dysmenorrhea, thereby reducing the use of analgesics. Suggestion: The results of this study are expected to be a reference for female students regarding non-pharmacological methods to reduce menstrual pain.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the modus operandi of human trafficking in Indonesia, its legal framework, and the application of criminal sanctions to perpetrators based on the legal objectives of justice, certainty, and utility. Methodology/approach: Using secondary sources and a normative juridical approach, this study analyzes statutes, regulations, and legal concepts through a descriptive-analytical method to assess the consistency of legislation and its application in human trafficking cases. Results/findings: Findings show that human trafficking in Indonesia involves sexual exploitation, forced labor, child trafficking, and organ trade, regulated under Law No. 21/2007, the Criminal Code, and Law No. 35/2014 on Child Protection. Conclusions: Human trafficking in Indonesia includes sexual exploitation, forced labor, child trafficking, and organ trade. It is addressed through Law No. 21/2007 as a lex specialis, supported by the Criminal Code and Child Protection Law. Limitations: This study uses a normative juridical analysis at a macro level, without empirical field data or direct perspectives, so it does not fully capture local implementation issues or judicial inconsistencies. Contribution: This research offers a theoretical and practical framework for harmonizing the trilogy of legal objectives in criminalizing human trafficking and sentencing policies in Indonesia.

Background: Perineal hygiene is a way to treat and maintain cleanliness of the genital area to preserve the health of reproductive organs. Knowledge and attitudes can improve perineal hygiene. This study aimed to determine the effect of a mobile application on knowledge and attitudes among adolescents about perineal hygiene for preventing vaginal discharge. Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental pretest and posttest with a control group. The sampling technique used was consecutive sampling, with 84 respondents divided into two groups of 42 each. The instrument used was the Perineal Hygiene Knowledge and Attitude Questionnaire. The data were analysed using the T-test and the Mann-Whitney U. Results: The study showed differences in the pre- and post-intervention knowledge and attitudes scores in the intervention group (p=0.001;<0.05). In the control group, there was no difference in the pre- and post-test scores of knowledge (p=0.884; p>0.05) and attitudes (p=0.343; p>0.05). The results of the knowledge and attitude post-test scores between the intervention and control groups were significantly different (p=0.001; p <0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that there was an increase in knowledge and attitudes towards perineal hygiene after providing health education through the “Pergiene Care” application. The Pergiene Care application can be used as an educational medium for adolescents to improve perineal hygiene.

Florivory is the consumption or damage of flowers by herbivorous animals. It can directly affect plant fitness by damaging reproductive organs or indirectly by negatively influencing flower attractiveness to pollinators. We investigated florivory in field bindweed Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae) by combining data from natural surveys, experimental damage, and laboratory experiments on flower preferences of florivores. Surveys showed that flowers suffer damage from predators, including Leptophyes albovittata Kollar (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), which causes partial corolla damage, and from unknown predators that cause holes in the corolla. Experimentally damaged flowers had significantly lower reproductive success (number of seeds and proportion of total reproductive failure) than intact flowers. However, laboratory experiments with naïve bumblebees Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) failed to detect a preference for undamaged flowers. This may be because B. terrestris is not a frequent pollinator of C. arvensis at our field sites, and naïve foragers, lacking prior experience, had not learned to associate corolla damage with reduced floral rewards. Our research shows that florivory negatively impacts C. arvensis reproductive success by altering pollinator behavior through reduced flower attractiveness.

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a tropical trioecious crop with males, hermaphrodites, and females. There is a sequence difference between male and hermaphrodite SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (CpSVP), making SVP a strong candidate gene controlling peduncle length in papaya. To study the spatial and temporal expression and function of CpSVP in Arabidopsis, we constructed a translation fusion structure based on the native promoter of SVP in papaya. In the 2kb promoter, strong GUS staining was observed in the floral organs and pedicels. In the 1kb promoter, there is no GUS expression in the floral organs, and it is barely detectable in pedicels. Removal of a GA responsive P-box cis-element in the 1kb promoter enhanced expression in the floral organs and pedicels, and elongated pedicels. In the transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the male CpSVP allele, there was an increase in pedicel length, but not in the plants expressing the hermaphrodite CpSVP allele. CpSVP-Y is capable of pedicel elongation, with no defects in reproductive organs. These findings imply that CpSVP-Y and this P-box play a major role in peduncle elongation but not sex determination in papaya.

Morphometric and histochemical studies provide valuable insights into the structural and functional characteristics of reproductive organs of animals. The experiment was conducted with the aim to evaluate the morphometry of ewe reproductive organs in relation to age and to investigate the effect of age on the histological structure of the ovary, oviduct and uterus. From 9 (nine) reproductive organs of ewe 18 ovaries, 18 oviducts, 18 horns of uterus and 9 uterine bodies were obtained from the local abattoir of Mymensingh municipality, Bangladesh and then categorized based on age (confirmed through dentition pattern and butcher’s report) into two categories: 1-2 years and 2.5-4 years. In the morphometric study, the weight, length and width of ovary, oviduct, body of the uterus, and uterine horns were significantly higher (p<0.05) in ewes aged 2.5-4 years, except for the weight of the ovary and the length and width of the oviduct, which did not differ significantly (p>0.05). In the histological study of ovary, the number of normal primordial, primary, secondary, and antral follicles were non-significantly (p>0.05) higher in ewes at the age of 2.5-4 years than 1-2 years. In case of thickness of layer in oviduct, the serosa and mucosal folds were non-significantly (p>0.05) thicker in the older age compared to the younger group. However, the muscularis layer was significantly (p<0.05) thicker in the older age group (46.42±5.70 μm) than in the younger group (30.97±3.91 μm). In the uterine horn, all assessed layers (perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium) increased with age. Significant differences were found in the perimetrium and myometrium, but not in endometrial thickness. Within the body of the uterus, all layers were thicker in the older age group, with highly significant differences observed in the myometrium (982.46±8.93 μm vs. 648.50±9.75 μm) and endometrium (1174.79±54.1 μm vs. 697.41±63.0 μm), while the perimetrium also showed a significant increase (43.89±5.73 μm vs. 23.51±3.71 μm). These findings indicate that age significantly influences morphometric characteristics and histological structure of ewe’s reproductive organ, which may have implications for reproductive performance and productivity. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 54 (4): 66-73, 2025

Bones, reproductive organs and carcass characteristics of entire, early and late immunocastrated male pigs.