Representation Of Norms Research Articles

Ozzie and Harriet Never Were: A Century Review of Family and Consumer Sciences and the Changing American Family

As North Carolina FCS celebrates its 100-year centennial, it is time to reflect. For a century, FCS professionals have helped families apply research-based knowledge and principles. This article describes how American families have changed and how we have met those changes in our Extension roles. We also challenge FCS professionals to view the changing trends without bias. Ozzie and Harriet never were a fair representation of family norms, and we must accept the variety of family forms and functions so that our services can be of use to all families, especially those that may not fit the ideal American family.

Hitchcock and Race: Is the Wrong Man a White Man?

SO MUCH SCHOLARSHIP HAS APPEARED ON Alfred hitchcock that Thomas Leiten has written that makes sense speak of Hitchcock studies as a field of study (Hitchcock and Company i). Yet representation of race and ethnicity in has been neglected. Only two essays, James Morrison's Hitchcock's Ireland: The Performance of Irish Identity in Juno and Paycock and Under Capricorn and Richard Allen's John and Half-Caste: Identity and Representation in purport treat this important topic in any kind of detail. Morrison treats Irish identity not as a cultural phenomenon but rather as a political one. That is, identities are framed in relation political borders within which characters operate (Ireland and Australia, respectively) and their relationships British colonial power. Methods of communication, stereotypes, food, kinship patterns, cultural roles, and other folkways are largely ignored. Allen's essay investigates cinematic adaptation of Clemence Dane's Enter Sir John. In Dane's novel, murderous villain's (Handel Fane) racial identity as a half-caste assures his guilt and thereby plays a more significant narrative role than in Murder! (1930). Allen argues that decision emphasize Fane's sexual identity while reducing his racial background a MacGuffin represents the achievement of work while simultaneously pointing to limits ofthat achievement. Hitchcock uses racial/racist theme of novel complicate idea of an overly simplistic notion of sexual Identities, but in so doing, he leaves casual racism of 'half-caste' moniker unresolved (123). The Wrong Man (1956) employs a similar strategy by tempering Manny Balestrero's (Henry Fonda) Italian background even as it preserves his ethnic name, ethnicness of his Italian relatives, and his Catholic beliefs. Whereas Murder! retreated from a more radical statement about ethnic/racial inequality in favor of an interest in sexual, The Wrong Man Anglicizes Manny moderate film's challenge toward stereotypical association (especially in Hollywood films) between Italian ethnicity and criminality. In so doing, film, which levels a strong critique at 1950s American conformity, ultimately conforms itself by refusing offer a protagonist who is both innocent and blatantly ethnic. Unfortunately, ethnic and racial aspects of this and other Hitchcock films has been largely ignored by Hitchcock scholars, who have tended marginalize these issues in favor of an interest in representation of gender norms, psychoanalytic aspects of his work, and formal mastery of his films. The Wrong Man is one of many Hitchcock films that deals significantly with issues of race and ethnicity, and investigation of these topics should be a primary concern of Hitchcock studies. The Wrong Man is a downbeat film about a middle-class Italian American wrongly accused of robbery. After being falsely charged, Balestrero passively accepts injustices that befall him because he feels he does not have means or right protest. Rather than encouraging audiences sympathize with his plight, film castigates oppressive conformity that resulted from and, in rhetoric of Senator Joseph McCarthy and others, supposedly assured security of 1950s (Sterriti 66-67).1 As Donald Spoto writes, [t]o view The Wrong Man primarily as condemnation of a harsh and impersonal judicial system is miss its wider scope and limit its provocative potential . . . [Hitchcock's] mistrust and fear are directed at whole of society, at tenuous psychological structures we build as a defense against that society (The Art of Alfred Hitchcock 288). In some ways, then, Manny Balestrero is similar one of his literary contemporaries, Tom Rath. The protagonist of Sloan Wilson's 1955 best-selling novel The Man in Gray Flannel Suit is similarly obsessed with kowtowing (at least at start of novel) society's expectations. …

Normative conflicts in electronic contracts

We are concerned with normative conflicts that arise for agents engaging in electronic contracting within an electronic marketplace. We identify a set of primitive conflict patterns, examine other analyses of conflicts found in the literature of distributed systems, legal reasoning and multi-agent interaction, and show how these may be seen as instances of primitive patterns. We also present additional patterns that have not been identified previously. Moreover, this work proposes and illustrates the representation of e-contracts in default logic, and argues that such a representation of contract norms as default rules facilitates the detection, prediction and resolution of normative conflicts.

Norms, preferences, and conditional behavior

This article addresses several issues raised by Nichols, Gintis, and Skyrms and Zollman in their comments on my book, The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms. In particular, I explore the relation between social and personal norms, what an adequate game-theoretic representation of norms should be, and what models of norms emergence should tell us about the formation of normative expectations.

Lifestyle Programs on Russian Television

This article explores representations of Russian middle class in the lifestyle television shows. It focuses on Russian lifestyle television programmes (2000-2010) and the ways in which these programmes portray the everyday life of the middle class. Although the format of lifestyle programmes is generic, the Russian series have their own peculiar features. They range from the rhetoric and stories told by protagonists to the fact that the shows offer images of everyday life that are often absent or misinterpreted in series, documentaries and news. This is coupled with the variation of approaches to representations of cultural norms and gender roles in the shows. The article scrutinises these representations of middle class lifestyle on Russian television screen and questions whether they reflect the dynamism and fluidity of their prime target audience — the middle class in Russia.

Representation and monitoring of commitments and norms using OWL

Monitoring the temporal evolution of obligations and prohibitions is a crucial aspect in the design of open interaction systems. In this paper we regard such obligations and prohibitions as cases of social commitment with starting points and deadlines, and propose to model them in OWL, the logical language recommended by the W3C for Semantic Web applications. In particular we propose an application-independent ontology of the notions of social commitment, temporal proposition, event, agent, role and norm, that can be used in the specification of any open interaction system. We then delineate a hybrid solution that uses the OWL ontology, SWRL rules and a Java program to dynamically monitor the temporal evolution of social commitments, taking into account the elapsing of time and the actions performed by the agents interacting within the system.

Three Roads to P2P Systems and Their Impact on Business Practices and Ethics

This article examines some of the most relevant issues concerning P2P systems so as to take sides in today’s strongly polarized debate. The idea is to integrate a context-based perspective with an ontological representation of informational norms; thanks to a procedural outlook which is presented in terms of burden of proof. More particularly, we examine three “roads.” First, the topological approach to complex social networks allows us to comprehend the laws according to which information is distributed through P2P systems and how a “short route” has joined, and sometimes replaced, the traditional “long route” between creator, business, and the public. The second road is the context-based perspective elaborated by Helen Nissenbaum, and developed by Francis Grodzinsky and Herman Tavani: The goal is to determine the norms that govern such an informational flow as norms of appropriateness and distribution. The final road is the informational viewpoint on ethics proposed by Luciano Floridi with the idea that standard ethical theories cannot easily be adapted to deal with the new informational issues emerging with digital technology. While empirical evidence on the impact of P2P systems is still quite controversial, it is crucial to determine on whom the burden of proof falls in a given context, on censors or advocates, by singling out both the default norms and exceptions in the use and development of P2P software.

Social cognition and the brain: A meta‐analysis

This meta-analysis explores the location and function of brain areas involved in social cognition, or the capacity to understand people's behavioral intentions, social beliefs, and personality traits. On the basis of over 200 fMRI studies, it tests alternative theoretical proposals that attempt to explain how several brain areas process information relevant for social cognition. The results suggest that inferring temporary states such as goals, intentions, and desires of other people-even when they are false and unjust from our own perspective--strongly engages the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ). Inferring more enduring dispositions of others and the self, or interpersonal norms and scripts, engages the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), although temporal states can also activate the mPFC. Other candidate tasks reflecting general-purpose brain processes that may potentially subserve social cognition are briefly reviewed, such as sequence learning, causality detection, emotion processing, and executive functioning (action monitoring, attention, dual task monitoring, episodic memory retrieval), but none of them overlaps uniquely with the regions activated during social cognition. Hence, it appears that social cognition particularly engages the TPJ and mPFC regions. The available evidence is consistent with the role of a TPJ-related mirror system for inferring temporary goals and intentions at a relatively perceptual level of representation, and the mPFC as a module that integrates social information across time and allows reflection and representation of traits and norms, and presumably also of intentionality, at a more abstract cognitive level.

Normas condicionales y falacia naturalista

Este trabajo muestra en qué medida la representación de las normas condicionales como «p → Oq» (la concepción puente de las normas condicionales) conduce a conclusiones paradójicas, por ejemplo, que un mundo proposicionalmente consistente es materialmente equivalente a mundos deónticamente contradictorios. Esta conclusión no sólo implica que es posible inferir normas de proposiciones descriptivas (y viceversa) sino que también compromete con atribuir a las normas condicionales una naturaleza híbrida, que mezcla características tanto de las normas como de proposiciones.

Mapping deontic operators to abductive expectations

Deontic concepts and operators have been widely used in several fields where representation of norms is needed, including legal reasoning and normative multi-agent systems.The EU-funded SOCS project has provided a language to specify the agent interaction in open multi-agent systems. The language is equipped with a declarative semantics based on abductive logic programming, and an operational semantics consisting of a (sound and complete) abductive proof procedure. In the SOCS framework, the specification is used directly as a program for the verification procedure.In this paper, we propose a mapping of the usual deontic operators (obligations, prohibition, permission) to language entities, called expectations, available in the SOCS social framework. Although expectations and deontic operators can be quite different from a philosophical viewpoint, we support our mapping by showing a similarity between the abductive semantics for expectations and the Kripke semantics that can be given to deontic operators.The main purpose of this work is to make the computational machinery from the SOCS social framework available for the specification and verification of systems by means of deontic operators.

CERTAIN ISOMETRIES RELATED TO THE BILATERAL LAPLACE TRANSFORM

We study certain isometries between Hilbert spaces, which are generated by the bilateral Laplace transform In particular, we construct an analog of the Bargmann‐Fock type reproducing kernel Hilbert space related to this transformation. It is shown that under some integra‐bility conditions on $ the Laplace transform FF(z), z = x + iy is an entire function belonging to this space. The corresponding isometrical identities, representations of norms, analogs of the Paley‐Wiener and Plancherel's theorems are established. As an application this approach drives us to a different type of real inversion formulas for the bilateral Laplace transform in the mean convergence sense.

Communication and Normative Influence: An Introduction to the Special Issue

In recent years, we have witnessed a resurgence of interest in the study of normative influences. The multitude of scholars who approach the topic from a variety of disciplinary perspectives widely share the convention, backed by strong empirical evidence, that social norms exert a great deal of influence on human behavior and that processes of normative influence exist in a variety of contexts and situations that people encounter in their everyday lives. Still, despite several efforts to link norms to behavior more explicitly, much about the actual mechanisms and processes through which normative influence is exerted remains unclear. Much more work also needs to be done in specifying the role that human communication processes play in how norms are understood and disseminated in a social group. It is worth noting that much of this theoretical ambiguity stems from the inherent tension between social and individual conceptualization of norms and their influence on behavior. The social perspective views norms as the property of the group and the process of normative influence as one that is essentially grounded in a person's relationships with other group members. Norms are said to be an important source of influence on personal behavior primarily when group members are present and are able to provide rewards for compliance or sanctions for noncompliance. According to the individual perspective, mental representations of group norms (or perceived norms), and not the norms themselves, exert the most influence on behavior. Here, norms are influential to the extent that people seek to self-validate their opinions and behaviors by comparing themselves to other group members, regardless of whether or not group members are physically present and without necessarily having to experience any form of group coercion. The strongest and most enduring form of normative influence, internalization, occurs when personal and perceived group norms converge. Although the process of internalization may be initiated in the presence of the group, its influence on individual behavior is thought to occur even when group members are not present to exert their influence (Kelman, 1958), supposedly because individuals have internalized the appropriate mode of conduct (Sherif, 1935).

On the Ontological Status of Plans and Norms

This article describes an ontological model of norms. The basic assumption is that a substantial part of a legal system is grounded on the concept of agency. Since a legal system aims at regulating a society, then its goal can be achieved only by affecting the behaviour of the members of the society. We assume that a society is made up of agents (which can be individuals, institutions, software programs, etc.), that agents have beliefs, goals and preferences, and that they commit to intentions in order to choose a line of behaviour. The role of norms, within a legal system, is to specify how and when the chosen behaviour agrees with the basic principles of the legal system. In this article, we show how a model based on plans can be the basis for the ontological representation of norms, which are expressed as constraints on the possible plans an agent may choose to guide its behaviour. Moreover, the paper describes how the proposed model can be linked to the upper level of a philosophically well-founded ontology (DOLCE); in this way, the model is set in a wider perspective, which opens the way to further developments.

Automatic Normative Behavior In Environments: The Moderating Role Of Conformity In Activating Situational Norms

Previous research (Aarts & Dijksterhuis, 2003) has shown that mental representations of situational norms (e.g., behaving quietly in libraries) and corresponding overt behaviors are capable of being automatically activated. Two experiments extended this line of research by investigating the conditional role of the tendency to conform to social norms in these effects. Participants explored a picture of a library and were given the goal to visit this library or not. Accessibility of representations of normative behavior was assessed in a lexical decision task. In the first experiment, individual differences in conformity to social norms were measured, whereas in the second experiment conformity was primed. Results indicated that the goal to visit the environment caused participants to automatically access representations of normative behavior. Importantly, in both experiments conformity was shown to moderate these accessibility effects: Automatic access to representations of normative behavior emerged when conformity tendencies were active.

Using finite element tools in proving shift theorems for elliptic boundary value problems

AbstractWe consider the Laplace equation under mixed boundary conditions on a polygonal domain Ω. Regularity estimates in terms of Sobolev norms of fractional order for this type of problem are proved. The analysis is based on new interpolation results and multilevel representation of norms on the Sobolev spaces Hα(Ω). The Fourier transform and the construction of extension operators to Sobolev spaces on ℝ2 are avoided in the proofs of the interpolation theorems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Regularity estimates for elliptic boundary value problems in Besov spaces

We consider the Dirichlet problem for Poisson’s equation on a nonconvex plane polygonal domain $\Omega$. New regularity estimates for its solution in terms of Besov and Sobolev norms of fractional order are proved. The analysis is based on new interpolation results and multilevel representations of norms on Sobolev and Besov spaces. The results can be extended to a large class of elliptic boundary value problems. Some new sharp finite element error estimates are deduced.

Russian Cultural Scripts: The Theory of Cultural Scripts and Its Applications

"Cultural scripts" as understood in this article are representations of cultural norms that are widely held in a given society and that are reflected in language (in culture‐specific "keywords," phrases, conversational routines, and so on). A key methodological principle in the theory underlying this article is that the proposed cultural scripts must be formulated in the Natural Semantic Metalanguage, that is, in terms of empirically established universal human concepts, encoded in words that have exact semantic equivalents in all languages.As D'Andrade notes, the Natural Semantic Metalanguage "offers a potential means to ground all complex concepts in ordinary language and translate concepts from one language to another without loss or distortion in meaning" (2001:246). What applies to concepts applies to shared understandings, that is, to what the author and colleagues have been calling, for more than a decade, "cultural scripts." The author argues that "cultural scripts" formulated in universal human concepts allow us to understand cultural norms and attitudes from within, that is, from the point of view of the "actors," while at the same time making them intelligible to outsiders.In this article, the theory of cultural scripts is applied to Russian culture and, in particular, the Russian cultural scripts concerning speech, truth, and interpersonal communication("obenie").

The Structure of Values and Norms

Formal representations of values and norms are employed in several academic disciplines and specialties, such as economics, jurisprudence, decision theory and social choice theory. Sven Ove Hansson closely examines such foundational issues as the values of wholes and the values of their parts, the connections between values and norms, how values can be decision-guiding and the structure of normative codes with formal precision. Models of change in both preferences and norms are offered, as well as a method to base the logic of norms on that of preferences. Hansson has developed a unified formal representation of values and norms that reflects both their static and their dynamic properties. This formalized treatment, carried out in terms of both informal value theory and precise logical detail, will contribute to the clarification of certain issues in the basic philosophical theory of values and norms.

Representation and the Body of Power in French Academic Painting

It seems natural, even obvious, to distinguish between representations and what they are representations of. A picture of a dog is no more a dog than the word "dog" is a furry, tail-wagging mammal. Nor are properties belonging to the object of a representation necessarily properties of the representation: a picture of a big dog need not be big, a picture of a dog that resembles Fido need not resemble Fido; even a picture of brown Fido need not be brown. And no number of pictures of Fido will sympathetically induce changes in Fido or any other dog. But however clear-cut this distinction may be when what is in question are pictorial references to ordinary, middle-sized material particulars such as dogs, it is much less clear in other cases. It is no violation of common-sense to consider "representations" of such things as gender norms or national identities or selves as non-neutral in the face of what they represent. The representations of gender norms, for example, can extend and enforce them, can change or undermine them, and may well lend a hand in constituting them in the first place.

Taking Our Seats: The Consequences of Positioning in Reading Assessments

ested in the social politics of reading regard readers, texts, and the particular social situations that involve reading as highly interdependent. We want to know what texts are used and why, what we assume about the fit between readers and texts, and how readers interpret texts as representations of social norms that guide immediate and longterm relations among self, others, and society. Across these interests, the concept of positioning provides a useful tool for understanding the ways readers interpret the text, themselves, and others in the midst of school life. Positioning (Davies & Harre, 1990; Langenhove & Harre, 1999) is associated with speakers in particular settings who assume they can know one another and act on their taken-for-granted relations of power and status, like the relations between students and teachers in classrooms. As we interact with one another