View Of Representation Research Articles

Decision Rules Construction: Algorithm Based on EAV Model.

In the paper, an approach for decision rules construction is proposed. It is studied from the point of view of the supervised machine learning task, i.e., classification, and from the point of view of knowledge representation. Generated rules provide comparable classification results to the dynamic programming approach for optimization of decision rules relative to length or support. However, the proposed algorithm is based on transformation of decision table into entity–attribute–value (EAV) format. Additionally, standard deviation function for computation of averages’ values of attributes in particular decision classes was introduced. It allows to select from the whole set of attributes only these which provide the highest degree of information about the decision. Construction of decision rules is performed based on idea of partitioning of a decision table into corresponding subtables. In opposite to dynamic programming approach, not all attributes need to be taken into account but only these with the highest values of standard deviation per decision classes. Consequently, the proposed solution is more time efficient because of lower computational complexity. In the framework of experimental results, support and length of decision rules were computed and compared with the values of optimal rules. The classification error for data sets from UCI Machine Learning Repository was also obtained and compared with the ones for dynamic programming approach. Performed experiments show that constructed rules are not far from the optimal ones and classification results are comparable to these obtained in the framework of the dynamic programming extension.

Do cinema à análise do discurso dos media.

How can film be operative in the analysis of media discourse?From the point of view of the work of analysis, one thing is the object of study (a piece of press, radio, television or digital based) arriving at the hands of the analyst or the student while finished; another thing is that same object considered referring it to the historical, social and personal context in its genesis. We consider that there is an undeniable addition of value when this happens: given our experience of analysis and teaching, this is what we see that film “does”.We want to bring to the discussion two films: “The Post” (Steven Spielberg, 2017) and “All The President’s Men” (Alan J. Pakula, 1976). From the point of view of the analysis of the discourse of the media, what approximation to space and objects, to the gestation time of journalistic work, to the very physicality of the process do these two films bring? From the point of view of film, since both refer in different ways to the same epoch - one, directly, once is made three years after the narrated events, as is the case of “All The President’s Men ‘; and another as a ‘vintage’ movie, therefore, as a reconstitution, with other objects and other bodies, as is the case of “The Post” - what are the differences between one and the other, from the point of view of representation? What, finally, does film document?

Philosophical Essence of Democracy

Democracy is the product of the politico - economical systems of human society and is always evaluated from the point of view of the populace representation and their role. Continuously, to the democracy, are devoted countless number of theories which intent to explain the causes of the birth of democratic regimes and the power of civil society within such social systems. But in the philosophical plane, require answers a number of questions related to its origin and need, such as: Why did mankind leave the natural state of freedom when it was governed only by the instincts and the law of the jungle? What factors were imposed on the natural state of freedom and called to the stage of history the need for democracy? According to philosophers who refer to the determining role of elites, society is perceived as a single pyramid, at the head of which stands the elite of society itself. Philosophers, who refer to the role of pluralism, represent society as a number of billiard balls which collide with one another and with the governance itself, by producing the respective policies. Both views can be discussed. A society can be seen in the shape of a pyramid led by its elites. Robert Dahl called this kind of democracy a "polyarchy", which means leaded by the leaders of various groups who have managed to have an understanding with one another, while another scholar Arend Lijphart has called it "constitutional democracy". He argues that elites of every important group reach an agreement to run society under constitutional rules. This study provides a detailed analysis of the notion of "Democracy" seen from the point of view of elitism and pluralism. The breadth and depth of the subject consists of an intricate initiative in itself, for the fact that no study, old or new, or even all of the studies together on this subject, with all the depth and attentive care, can be complete, let alone conclusive, when they try to shed light on the etymological roots of humanity's democracy, on the abysses and the depths that it needs to overcome at present, as well as in its future. The study also puts forward a number of concerns related to the implementation of democracy as a theory and as a practice.

Multiview Feature Learning With Multiatlas-Based Functional Connectivity Networks for MCI Diagnosis.

Functional connectivity (FC) networks built from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has shown promising results for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and its prodromal stage, that is, mild cognitive impairment (MCI). FC is usually estimated as a temporal correlation of regional mean rs-fMRI signals between any pair of brain regions, and these regions are traditionally parcellated with a particular brain atlas. Most existing studies have adopted a predefined brain atlas for all subjects. However, the constructed FC networks inevitably ignore the potentially important subject-specific information, particularly, the subject-specific brain parcellation. Similar to the drawback of the "single view" (versus the "multiview" learning) in medical image-based classification, FC networks constructed based on a single atlas may not be sufficient to reveal the underlying complicated differences between normal controls and disease-affected patients due to the potential bias from that particular atlas. In this study, we propose a multiview feature learning method with multiatlas-based FC networks to improve MCI diagnosis. Specifically, a three-step transformation is implemented to generate multiple individually specified atlases from the standard automated anatomical labeling template, from which a set of atlas exemplars is selected. Multiple FC networks are constructed based on these preselected atlas exemplars, providing multiple views of the FC network-based feature representations for each subject. We then devise a multitask learning algorithm for joint feature selection from the constructed multiple FC networks. The selected features are jointly fed into a support vector machine classifier for multiatlas-based MCI diagnosis. Extensive experimental comparisons are carried out between the proposed method and other competing approaches, including the traditional single-atlas-based method. The results indicate that our method significantly improves the MCI classification, demonstrating its promise in the brain connectome-based individualized diagnosis of brain diseases.

Some Remarks on the Entanglement Number

Gudder, in a recent paper, defined a candidate entanglement measure which is called the entanglement number. The entanglement number is first defined on pure states and then it extends to mixed states by the convex roof construction. In Gudder's article it was left as an open problem to show that Optimal Pure State Ensembles (OPSE) exist for the convex roof extension of the entanglement number from pure to mixed states. We answer Gudder's question in the affirmative, and therefore we obtain that the entanglement number vanishes only on the separable states. More generally we show that OPSE exist for the convex roof extension of any function that is norm continuous on the pure states of a finite dimensional Hilbert space. Further we prove that the entanglement number is an LOCC monotone, (and thus an entanglement measure), by using a criterion that was developed by Vidal in 2000. We present a simplified proof of Vidal's result where moreover we use an interesting point of view of tree representations for LOCC communications. Lastly, we generalize Gudder's entanglement number by producing a monotonic family of entanglement measures which converge in a natural way to the entropy of entanglement.Quanta 2020; 9: 22–36.

How to lose a hand: Sensory updating drives disembodiment

Body representations are readily expanded based on sensorimotor experience. A dynamic view of body representations, however, holds that these representations cannot only be expanded but that they can also be narrowed down by disembodying elements of the body representation that are no longer warranted. Here we induced illusory ownership in terms of a moving rubber hand illusion and studied the maintenance of this illusion across different conditions. We observed ownership experience to decrease gradually unless participants continued to receive confirmatory multisensory input. Moreover, a single instance of multisensory mismatch – a hammer striking the rubber hand but not the real hand – triggered substantial and immediate disembodiment. Together, these findings support and extend previous theoretical efforts to model body representations through basic mechanisms of multisensory integration. They further support an updating model suggesting that embodied entities fade from the body representation if they are not refreshed continuously.

The Development of Representation in American Political Institutions

At the forefront of American democracy lies the representative. There has been ample debate over congressional representation and how members of Congress are to act in response to their constituents. We take on the task of assessing the path to congressional representation by analyzing eight institutional dimensions of representation during the founding. We uncover why term limits, recall, annual terms, small constituencies, and the right of instruction were rejected under the Constitution after they had been so highly regarded a short time earlier. The Federalists sought to promote their view of good representation through institutional design, rejecting prior views of representation used in state governments. Instead, the Constitution was designed to encourage representatives to serve according to their own judgment as trustees. This analysis contributes to our understanding of how institutions were created to shape representation and provides insight into the development of the electoral connection.

Subalternitas dan Representasi Ganda dalam Cerita Pendek "Kalabaka" Karya Iksaka Banu

In the short story titled "Kalabaka" which revolves around the colonial period, the problem of the colonizers and the colonized always involves the problem of the East-West dichotomy. This short story also concerns about power relations, identity, and space. Related to the power relations between the colonizers and the colonized, then, the role of the dominant and subalterns emerged. In this case, the dominant one is certainly the colonialist, and subalterns are the colonized indigenous people. These issues make this research choose to use Gayatri Spivak's view of subalternity and representation. Therefore, the research seeks to explain the subaltern position constructed by the structure of the short story and the role of representation as a form of the perpetuation of colonialism. In the short story "Kalabaka", subalternity is created because of the dominant position of the colonialist leader over the indigenous people. This Western perspective then always looks down on the East. This then led to the emergence of representations that tried to fill the position of Kalabaka figures and the Banda community by Dutch figures in the story.

A questão da identidade de provas, a tese da normalização e alguns de seus pressupostos semânticos básicos

O artigo oferece , em primeiro lugar, uma caracterização da questão da identidade de provas como um problema concernente à semântica de argumentos dedutivos, pertinente à lógica e à filosofia da linguagem. Em seguida, é dada uma descrição dos principais aspectos formais e conceituais daquela que é provavelmente a proposta de abordagem formal dessa questão mais bem de-senvolvida na literatura: a chamada tese da normalização, proposta em caráter conjectural em Prawitz 1971. Finalmente, alguns dos pressupostos semânticos que alicerçam a formulação dessa tese – componentes importantes da concepção representacionalista de provas que ela instancia – são expostos e discutidos quanto a suas possíveis motivações e consequências relevantes. Para além dos objetivos atinentes ao seu teor, este tem a meta pedagógica de tornar acessível e fomentar a consideração da questão da identidade de provas no seio da comunidade filosófica de língua portuguesa.

Envisioning the World Within or Without Limits: on Representation and Creativity in the Aesthetics of 17th Century China

AbstractThis essay examines a number of statements on painting and visual perception by Chinese literati artists of the late Ming – early Qing periods. It argues that the approaches to pictorial representation and creativity entailed in these statements reveal a considerable impact of Buddhist theories of consciousness. In the theories analyzed, pictorial representation is discussed in terms of ways and modes of how the mind relates to the world. As will be demonstrated, the function of expressing cognitive organization in representation is given more prominence than the function of rendering an external reality. The view of pictorial representation as being essentially what the mind produces in its relation to the world provides a basis for the assumption of a fundamental affinity between the creation of an image and the process how phenomenal reality unfolds by virtue of cognitive operations. This assumption seems to broadly underpin the painting theories discussed. And it is this assumption that provides a clue how and why the literati artists adopt Buddhist theories of cognition to the understanding of art. In the last section of the essay, we turn to the sources which cast still another perspective on artistic practice, namely a practice which captures a single moment of pure direct perception.

Ensemble Perception: A Review of the Field

Ensemble perception refers to the ability of an observer to precisely estimate summary statistics of multiple objects (average, range, numerosity, etc.) at a glance. This article reviews the properties and research methodology of ensemble perception. Further, we consider the theoretical debate around mechanisms of information sampling and summary statistics calculation. One theory suggests a coarse, parallel and exhaustive mechanism, whereas another theory assumes high-precision processing of a small subsample of items to accomplish proxy statistics for the entire ensemble. We describe the evolving view of the internal ensemble representation that initially was viewed as a single magnitude (e.g., average) but later thought of as the entire feature distribution of all items. We also discuss the role of ensemble representations in various perceptual tasks. Finally, we describe potential neural correlates and neurally plausible models of ensemble perception.

Data identity and perspectivism

This paper uses several case studies to suggest that (1) two prominent definitions of data do not on their own capture how scientists use data and (2) a novel perspectival account of data is needed. It then outlines some key features of what this account could look like. Those prominent views, the relational and representational, do not fully capture what data are and how they function in science. The representational view is insensitive to the scientific context in which data are used. The relational account does not fully account for the empirical nature of data and how it is possible for data to be evidentially useful. The perspectival account surmounts these problems by accommodating a representational element to data. At the same time, data depend upon the epistemic context because they are the product of situated and informed judgements.

Situated imagination

AbstractImagination is often considered the pinnacle of representational cognition. Looking at the concrete details of imagining in context, this paper aims to contribute to the emerging literature that is challenging this representational view by offering a relational and radically situated alternative. On the basis of observing architects in the process of making an architectural art installation, we show how to consider imagination not as de-contextualized achievement by an individual but as an opening up to larger-scale “affordances,” i.e. the unfolding possibilities for action. We show how the architects coordinate the enactment of multiple affordances across different timescales, from small-scale affordances of picking up a mobile phone to the large-scale affordance of making the installation that takes months to unfold. These affordances get co-determined as they are jointly enacted. It is within this determining process that imagination too finds its place. On our view it is the indeterminacy of multiple affordances unfolding in action simultaneously that can be experienced as imaginative. The indeterminate character of this coordinative process allows activities to widen and open up, letting new possibilities for action enter into them.

Representing Silence in Politics

Democratic representation focuses onvoice: it conceives voice as that which is represented and as the prime mode of representing. This article argues that this focus is problematic and turns instead tosilenceto ask a fundamental question: Can representation empower citizens from their silent positions? I approach the question in three parts. First, I offer a new conceptualization of silence, arguing that silence is best understood as the site of a potential or actualpresence.Second, I use criteria of domination and displaced involvement to assess attempts to enfranchise silence within the transmission-belt model of representation. Third, I critically engage and strengthen constructivist views of representation by developing these criteria to assess the legitimacy of claims to represent—speakaboutandfor—silent constituencies—namely, the claim to represent an (alleged) silent majority.

Is Complex Visual Information Implicated During Language Comprehension? The Case of Cast Shadows.

Previous research showed that sensorimotor information affects the perception of properties associated with implied perceptual context during language comprehension. Three experiments addressed a novel question of whether perceptual context may contribute to a simulation of information about such out-of-sight objects as cast shadows. In Experiment 1, participants read a sentence that implied a particular shadow cast on a target (blinds vs. an open window) and then verified the picture of the object onto which a shadow was cast. Responses were faster when the shadow of blinds cast on the object matched that implied by the sentence. However, the data did not show the same matching effect for pictures with cast shadows from an open window. In Experiments 2 and 3, we found that verification times for pictures with no cast shadows were faster when preceded by an "open window" sentence, thus suggesting that reading the sentence does not elicit a visual simulation of any specific shadow. Experiment 3 showed that the objects superimposed with a cast shadow of the blinds and blinds themselves were verified faster after reading a "blinds" sentence. However, the results of an order analysis showed the temporal stability of the "blinds shadows" effect, but the disappearance of the "blinds" effect in the second half of the data. We conclude that the results are compatible, to a lesser or greater extent, with multiple accounts, and discuss our findings in the context of a mental imagery view, a mental simulation view, and an amodal representation view.

Representation of Culture in Three FFL Textbooks

In this paper, we analyze the cultural elements present in a set of French as a Foreign Language textbooks. We focus mainly on the iconographic elements, that is, the photographs and illustrations accompanying each unit. The idea that language and culture are interdependent products of a single process becomes even more evident in language textbooks, since here the latter regularly serves as a support to graphically represent the former. This research has two objectives: 1) to describe the use and evolution of images as an element of cultural representation in a set of French language textbooks and 2) to analyze how these images relate to the content of different lessons. The methodology consists of examining three textbooks of French as a Foreign Language that have been published a few years apart. We compare quantitatively and qualitatively the use of images in these materials and we retrace their characteristics and differences. The analysis reveals that in the most recent textbooks there is a greater number of images, especially photographs. These are also much more complex from the point of view of culture representation. In general, the results point to an increasing interest in presenting multiculturalism in language textbooks through the use of a well-defined iconographic collection.

A new framework for ethical creation and evaluation of multi-perspective knowledge organization systems

PurposeThis study aims to present a new framework for ethical creation and evaluation of multi-perspective knowledge organization systems.Design/methodology/approachApplying Held's understanding of the ethics of care, this paper proposes five operative criteria for ethical building and evaluation of multi-perspective knowledge representation and organization systems.FindingsThis paper argues that a carefully designed multipoint view of representation and organization conforms to the proposed ethical criteria and shifts concerns associated with the expectation of neutrality of library information professionals to the necessity to humanize and diversify the representation and organization of knowledge to build inclusive and equitable systems.Originality/valueThis paper presents multi-perspectiveness as key to ethical knowledge organization. The paper proposes a generic taxonomy of the main stages in the creation of multi-perspective knowledge representation and organization systems and demonstrates how to apply the proposed framework in each stage to ensure ethical outcomes.

Tomato contrasting genotypes responses under combined salinity and viral stresses.

Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) and salinity stress adversely affect tomato production worldwide by causing extensive damages. In Tunisia, identifying TYLCD resistant cultivars selected in different environments is useful to devise counter-measures. To this end, 20 tomato commercial cultivars were screened for different Ty gene alleles' combinations and evaluated either for TYLCD incidence or salinity constraint. We built a biological multi-layer network for integrating, visualizing and modelling generated data. It is a simple representation view linking allelic combinations to tomato cultivars behaviour under viral and salt stresses. In addition, we analyzed differential expression of transcriptions factors (TFs) belonging to WRKY and ERF families in selected resistant(R) and susceptible (S)tomato cultivars. Gene expression was evaluated for short- and long stress exposure to either TYLCSV infection or to both viral and salinity stresses. Evidence is that TFs promote resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses through a complex regulatory network.

LINGUAGEM E ENATIVISMO

Language does not have to be held as a problem for radical enactivists. The scope objection usually presented to criticize enactivist explanations is a problem only if we have a referentialist and representationalist view of the nature of language. Here we present a normative hypothesis for the great question concerning the hard problem of content, namely, on how linguistic practices develop from minds without content. We carry representational content when we master inferential relations and we master inferential relations when we master normative relations, especially when we are introduced into frameworks of authorizations and prohibitions. Inspired by the anti-intellectualism of the later Wittgenstein and Brandom’s inferentialism, we present the hypothesis that language emerges from inferentially articulated action from normative elements and not from manipulation in internal mental states of contents fixed by reference to external things.

Representative Government in the Dutch Provinces

This article reconsiders the way political representation was understood in the early modern Netherlands by focusing on the contemporary contribution of Simon van Slingelandt. His views of the representative nature of the government of the Dutch Republic were deeply polemical when he developed them, but went on to have a profound influence on the later literature and are notably sustained in modern histories of the subject. The best way to nuance the view of political representation our historiography has inherited from Van Slingelandt is by returning to the earlier views he set out to discredit. By examining both views, I thus hope to shed some new light on the representative nature of early modern Dutch government.