Replacement Of Natural Fine Aggregate Research Articles

Effect of Addition of LD Slag Aggregate on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Cement Concrete

Cement concrete lends itself to a multitude of unique designs because of its many beneficial characteristics. Because of its inexpensive cost and desirable physical qualities, concrete is one of the most extensively utilised civil engineering materials. In this article, LD (Linz and Donawitz) slag is used to partially replace fine aggregate. This research mainly concentrates on partial replacement of natural fine aggregate with LD slag fine aggregate. Since the construction industry activity in India is gaining its momentum there is a scarcity of natural resources to overcome this problem substitute materials should be used to make the concrete and studies have to be conducted. In this study such an attempt is made where natural fine aggregate is partially replaced with LD slag fine aggregate. The purpose of this work is to investigate the fresh and hardened qualities of M-30 grade concrete in which LD slag has been partially replaced by the weight of natural fine aggregate in the ratios of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. The slump test is used to investigate the features of workability. Compressive and split tensile strength tests are used to investigate the hardened characteristics of concrete. After 28 days of curing, the test is performed, and a mathematical regression model is constructed for the same.

Prediction and optimization of properties of concrete containing crushed stone dust and nylon fiber using response surface methodology

Over-extraction of aggregates from natural sources with rapid urbanization as well as massive waste generation in construction industry have imposed the need to utilize waste material as concrete constituent. Crushed Stone Dust (CSD) is such a supplementary material that can be utilized for the production of sustainable concrete. This study attempts to predict and optimize fresh and hardened properties of concrete utilizing CSD as a partial replacement of natural fine aggregate and Nylon Fiber (NF) as fiber reinforcement using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A three-level factorial design of Box-Behnken was incorporated to investigate the effect of CSD, NF and W/C as three independent variables on compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, fresh density and workability of concrete as desired responses. All the developed probabilistic models were found to be significant in predicting the responses at 95% confidence level. Regression analysis in terms of correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination, coefficient of variation, adequate precision, chi-square, mean square error, root mean square error, and mean absolute error also indicated the accuracy and functionality of the developed models. The results reveal that both compressive and splitting tensile strength increase with increased NF content, but the rise in CSD percentages beyond a certain level has negative impact on strength of concrete. However, fresh density and workability of concrete show a declining trend with rise in both CSD and NF levels. From multi-objective optimization, 20% CSD, 0.75% NF and W/C of 0.49 have been found to be the optimum proportions for concrete mixture with a desirability of 0.915. Finally, an experimental validation was carried out with optimum mixture contents and relative error between the experimental and predicted optimized values was observed to be less than 5%.

Experimental investigation on the mechanical properties and damage evolution of steel-fiber-reinforced crumb rubber concrete with porcelain tile waste

The utility of crumb rubber concrete (CRC), a green concrete containing waste tire rubber particles as partial replacement for natural fine aggregate, is limited by its lack of strength. It is found that the addition of steel fibers is a solution to the limitation. This study proposes using porcelain waste coarse aggregates and steel fibers to improve the cubic compressive strength and flexural strength of CRC and avoid the pollution caused by porcelain waste. Porcelain waste was incorporated at replacement percentages of 25%, 50% and 100% by volume. Steel fibers were incorporated at volume fractions of 1% and 1.25%. The cubic compressive strength and flexural strength of CRC, steel-fiber-reinforced CRC (SFRRC) and SFRRC with porcelain waste were then tested. The results obtained show that the strengths of CRC are greatly improved by the incorporation of steel fibers and 25% porcelain waste. With the increase in porcelain waste content, the strengths of SFRRC containing porcelain waste decrease. Scanning electron microscopy was then conducted and the findings show that the strengths decrease at high porcelain waste content due to the weak bond between the glaze of porcelain waste and the cement matrix. The fracture processes of three types of concrete under four-point bending were monitored by using acoustic emission (AE) technique. Based on the AE data, the parametric analyses, including cumulative hits analysis, b-value analysis and RA-AF analysis, were performed for three types of concrete and presented characteristics of damage evolution of them. This paper provides information about the mechanical properties and fracture process of a new type of green concrete that can be used in bending members of concrete structures.

Engineering properties and stability of high-performance mortar incorporating untreated and treated steel reducing slag aggregate

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of steel reducing slag aggregate (SRSA) on the mechanical and durability properties of high-performance mortar specimens. Two series of mortar specimens were produced for this study using treated and untreated SRSA. Each type of SRSA was used as a partial-to-complete replacement for natural fine aggregate at the following ratios: 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The water-to-binder ratio (w/b) in all of the specimens was designed at 0.35. The mechanical properties and durability of the specimens were observed using slump flow, fresh unit weight, compressive strength, water absorption and porosity, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), electrical surface resistivity (ESR), thermal conductivity (TC), sulfate attack resistance, and expansion rate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted for the microstructure analysis. The findings indicate that increasing the SRSA content is negatively correlated with mortar strength development and durability, with higher SRSA content reduced mortar compressive strength and durability performance comparing with reference mixture. However, most of the SRSA mortar mixtures exhibited good strength and excellent durability, with high UPV (≥3660 m/s) and ESR (≥20KΩ-cm) values. Notably, compared to the mortar specimens made using untreated SRSA, those made using treated SRSA exhibited better performance and better volume stability.

Metaheuristic‐based machine learning modeling of the compressive strength of concrete containing waste glass

AbstractWaste glass (WG) can be used as fine aggregate and powder in concrete mixtures, preventing pollution induced by this non‐biodegradable material. The properties of WG‐included concrete should be examined before its practical use. Compressive strength (CS) is one of the most crucial characteristics of concrete, and the measurement of which needs time‐consuming and expensive experiments. The use of machine learning (ML) methods for modeling the CS of concrete can help achieve more reliable and precise models. In this study, a comprehensive database of WG‐included concrete was collected from the literature. Next, four ML methods, including support vector regression (SVR), least‐square support vector regression (LSSVR), adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP) were served in the CS modeling. A recently proposed metaheuristic method, called marine predators algorithm (MPA), was proposed to optimize the control parameters of the ML models to guarantee generalized accuracy. Results indicate that the hybrid LSSVR‐MPA model outperforms the other developed ML models comparing the error metrics with an RMSE = 2.447 MPa and R2 = 0.983. The sensitivity analysis reveals that replacing the cement with WG powder decreases the CS, whereas serving the WG as the replacement for natural fine aggregate improves the CS.

Durability behaviour of high-volume fly ash self-compacting recycled aggregate concrete

This study presents utilisation of high-volume fly ash (HVFA) in the design of self-compacting concrete (SCC) containing alternative aggregate particles. Class F fly ash was used in a binary blend of Portland cement at a fixed dosage of 50% by weight of powder, and natural coarse and fine aggregates were replaced with coarse and fine recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs), respectively, at replacement levels of 0, 50 and 100% by volume. The durability properties of the SCC mixes were studied using the rapid chloride penetration test, initial surface absorption test and capillary suction test. The results of the study showed that the concrete mix made with replacement of natural coarse aggregates with 50% coarse RCAs, the concrete mix made replacement of natural fine aggregates with 50% fine RCAs and the concrete mix made with replacement of both natural coarse and fine aggregates with the respective RCAs at 50% replacement levels had satisfactory performance without compromising their fresh and hardened-state properties. Furthermore, the incorporation of HVFA in SCCs improved the hardened-state properties at later ages of curing due to the secondary pozzolanic reaction.

EXPLORING CRUSHED CONCRETE WASTE AS RECYCLED FINE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION

Concrete waste is generally a challenge that is left to accumulate in illegal dumping areas and landfills. This research focused on how structural concrete waste could be crushed and used as recycled fine aggregate in the production of concrete. Experiments were carried out to establish the performance of this 0.6 water-cement ratio concrete containing partially recycled fine aggregate. Concrete fluidity and compressive strength tests were carried out at 7 days and 28 days only because the study was exploratory in nature. Results indicated that replacement of 20% natural fine aggregate with recycled fine aggregate resulted in the increase of concrete compressive strength by 8% from 28 MPa to 30 MPa at 28 days. 40% replacement of natural fine aggregate resulted in a drop of compressive strength by 11% yet retaining compressive strength at 25 MPa. 20% and 40% replacement of natural aggregate resulted in the concrete fluidity reduction of 5% and 17%, respectively. The average theoretical density was 2538 kg/m3. The study concluded that normal grade structural concrete can be attained using crushed concrete waste resulting in taking out the concrete waste from landfills and illegal dumping sites. These results established an environmentally friendly mode of handling concrete waste sustainably. Further, this solution would result in slowing down the depletion of natural fine aggregate bodies.

Prediction of Compressive Strength of Normal Concrete with Partial Replacement of Sand by Waste Glass Using Fuzzy Model

The objective of the study is a partial replacement of natural fine aggregate with crushed waste glass for M 30 concrete production. To determine the compressive strength of such concrete for using 10% 15%, 20%, and 25% of partial replacement including control samples using 0.45, 0.47, and 0.50 water-cement ratios. Quality tests, slump, compressive strength, density, permeability, and Ultrasonic pulse velocity test are performed; the cube of concrete mix design test follows the American Concrete Institution (ACI) guideline. And to develop a predictive model for the 7days and 28days compressive strength using a fuzzy model. The result has shown that the physical properties, of course, fine aggregate and crushed waste glass satisfy the standard specification, when the replacement percent increases, the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of concrete are increased up to 15% of replacement level Due to the angular nature of waste glass particles contributes more effective cement past. Thus reduction of microscopic voids in concrete. The study also found the depth of penetration for concrete indicates the increased replacement percent increase in the depth of penetration increase due to increase microscopic void space. It was concluded that the natural sand is effectively partially replaced by crushed waste glass, maximum compressive strength was achieved at 15% of replacement level. The result showed that quite satisfactory in predicting the Compressive strength for 7 and 28 days strength of the M-30 concrete mix using the fuzzy logic technique with a coefficient of correlation, R2 of 0.87 and 0.85 respectively for training and validation set. The significance of the study is that the compressive strength of concrete made with partial replacement of natural fine aggregate by the crushed waste glass can be predicted by using the predictive model developed.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CONCRETE WITH RECYCLED TYRE-RUBBER WASTE AS FINE AGGREGATE MATERIAL

Waste tyre-rubber disposal is a serious global problem, posing a severe danger to the environment. This present study aims to investigate the performance of concrete utilizing recycled tyre-rubber waste as a partial replacement for natural fine aggregate. Three different sizes of crumb rubber were combined to produce a well-graded sample. Based on various trials, mixed proportions of M30 grade concrete and the crumb rubber replacement percentages were determined. The test specimens were prepared. Experimental investigations have been carried out to study the mechanical, durability and temperature properties of the developed Crumb rubber concrete (CRC). In this study, crumb rubber replaced the fine aggregate in various percentages, such as (0, 5, 7.5, 10 and 15) %. Microstructural analysis was also carried out with EDX and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to visualize the performance of rubber with CSH gel under different temperature conditions. The study found that (CRC5) a 5 % replacement of crumb rubber is the optimum percentage to replace the natural fine aggregate to develop the crumb rubber concrete. The durability tests concluded that the proposed model of rubberized concrete is suitable for any structural elements exposed to acidic environmental conditions.

Engineering properties and durability of concrete samples designed by densified mixture design algorithm (DMDA) method incorporating steel reducing slag aggregate

This research aimed to examine concrete specimens' mechanical and durability properties that included the steel reducing slag aggregate (SRSA) as a complete replacement for natural fine and coarse aggregate. The concrete samples were designed using the DMDA method with water content controlled around 160 kg/m3 and the water to binder (W/B) ratio at 0.3 and 0.4. The SRSA was used as a total replacement for natural fine aggregate, natural coarse aggregate, etc. The experimental tests including slump, slump flow, fresh unit weight, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, water absorption and porosity, electrical surface resistivity (ESR), thermal conductivity (TC), drying shrinkage, sulfate attack resistance were used to conduct the engineering properties and durability of concrete samples, while microstructure analysis was observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs. The experimental results illustrated that using SRSA improved the compressive strength of concrete samples in early and reduced in later age. The incorporating SRSA reduced the mechanical properties and durability of concrete specimens. However, all the concrete exhibited a good corrosion resistance with a high ESR value and stable mass change under sulfate attack solution. Besides, the utilization of fine SRSA showed a better performance than coarse SRSA.

Comparative study on recycled iron filings and glass particles as a potential fine aggregate in concrete

This study comparatively investigated the strength characteristics and workability performance of partial replacement of natural fine aggregate with waste glass particles and iron filings in concrete production. Fine aggregate was replaced with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of waste glass particles and iron filings respectively at a water-cement ratio of 0.55. The result indicated that an increase in percentage replacement of iron filings reduced the slump value and workability of the concrete, while the increase in the percentage content of glass particles increased its slump value and workability. The result showed that concrete with 20% replacement of sand by iron filing and waste glass particles attained the optimum strength. Furthermore, concrete samples containing glass particles exhibited a steady increase in flexural strength at all replacement levels. The use of iron filings and glass particles in the production of concrete will enhance preservation of natural resources and waste management

Utilization of steel slag in development of sustainable and durable concrete.

This paper reflects the results of an experimental investigation of the strength, permeability, abrasion, carbonation, and shrinkage characteristics of concrete containing various percentages of steel slag as partial replacement of natural fine aggregates. M 30 Grade concrete was designed as per specific national specifications. Steel slag was used to replace natural sand in the range of 0– 50%. It was observed that the steel slag blended concrete with up to 50% substitution exhibited a comparable compressive and flexural strength when compared to the control specimens. From the Dorry’s abrasion test, it was noted that the specimens could be implemented in heavy-duty floor tiles and even extended to pavement construction. The shrinkage strains, water permeability, and carbonation of steel slag blended concrete were observed to be increasing with increasing replacement amounts of steel slag in the place of natural fine aggregates. The concrete containing steel slag replacing up to 40% of natural fine aggregates can be recommended for all heavy load involving structural applications, and substitution levels beyond 40% could be recommended for non-structural applications, pavements, etc.

Performance enhancement of rubberised-alkali-activated-concrete utilising ultra-fine slag and fly ash

This paper investigates the strength and durability properties of low calcium fly ash based rubberised alkali-activated concrete (RAAC) with a replacement of natural fine aggregate (NFA) with crumb rubber (CR) at different percentages. RAAC was prepared using a mix of Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and 8 M Sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The prepared specimens were cured at ambient room temperature and an elevated temperature of 60°C. The properties of RAAC, including density, slump, air content, compressive and flexural strengths, and elastic modulus were examined. The durability characteristics like carbonation depth, water penetration, and electrical resistivity were also investigated. The experiments indicated that slump, density, and strengths declined with increasing CR%. In addition, RAAC also displayed a higher water absorption and carbonation depth than conventional alkali-activated concrete (AAC) and was more prone to chemical, water, and chloride attacks. However, the higher electrical resistivity (ER) of RAAC indicated a higher compressive strength. The heat curing further enhanced the strength of RAAC and marginally improved its durability. Finally, the findings are supported with microstructural investigations. The heat-cured specimens possessed a comparatively denser microstructure compared to ambient-cured specimens. It is concluded that the discarded tyres can be used in RAAC production for structural applications, hence providing a sustainable solution for waste utilisation.

Assessment of bio-aggregate concretes’ properties with rice residue

Agro-industrial activity leads to abundant generation and disposal of waste, which is an attractive source of material for the replacement of fine natural aggregates. These materials are known as bio-aggregates. The study aims to evaluate bio-concretes with bio-aggregates from rice. For this purpose, a SCM of rice husk ash (RHA) was used in partial substitution to cement at 8% (by mass), and the incorporation of rice husk (RH) was performed by replacing natural sand at 5% and 10% levels, by volume. The mechanical and thermal behavior, as well as some physical properties were evaluated in comparison to a reference concrete (without RH), over time and up to 6 months. Based on the results, it was found that the incorporation of RH produced bio-concretes with a good thermal performance due to its lower density, despite the reduction in the mechanical properties and the increase of levels of plastic deformation. This study shows the potential of bio-concretes cast with bio-aggregates from rice waste to be applied for panels or insulating components for buildings.

Correlation of porosity and properties of recycled fine aggregate concrete with fly ash

In this paper, we presented the experimental discussion of samples of recycled aggregate concrete with replacement of natural fine aggregate by recycled fine aggregate. Three mix kinds were produced and, for each of these three kinds, two levels of water to blinder ratio were used with 0%, 10% and 20% of FA. The result of the tests of drying shrinkage and compressive strength of recycled concrete were used for comparison with tests of mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), in which the cumulative pore volume and different intervals of pore volume were studied at ages of 28 and 91 days. Correlation graph of compressive strength and cumulative pore volume might be predicted with given W/B, days and FA of the concrete or none given and drying shrinkage might be predicted with given FA.

Effect of partial replacement of E-waste as a fine aggregate on compressive behavior of concrete specimens having different geometry with and without CFRP confinement

Nowadays, the improper disposal of electronic waste (E-waste) is leading to environmental pollution and health problems majorly in developing countries. The current research examines the behavior of shredded E-waste fine aggregate concrete strengthened by the use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) confinement under axial compressive load. The main objective of this study is to investigate the structural behavior of circular and non-circular concrete specimens by partial replacement of E-waste as fine aggregates and confined with CFRP sheets. Tests were performed on a total of 36 concrete specimens. The parameters considered were cross-sectional geometry of circular, rectangular and square concrete specimens, 20% partial replacement of fine aggregates by E-waste, the effect of the corner in case of non-circular specimens, and the number of CFRP sheets. These tests portrayed that the partial replacement of fine aggregates by E-waste aggregates results in decreasing axial compressive strength of concrete specimens. However, the external CFRP confinement increases the axial strength of specimens (a maximum of 71% for circular specimens, 33% for square specimens, and 25% for rectangular specimens). It was also observed that partial replacement of natural fine aggregates by E-waste increased the failure time. For the case of square and rectangular concrete specimens, the ultimate strength was lower than circular specimens for both (with and without CFRP confinement) specimens. Finally, existing strength and strain models developed for FRP-confined concrete were used for theoretical calculations. The theoretical declaration of the existing models indicates that a few of the ultimate strain models lie on the high side and few of the ultimate strain models on the low side in comparison with the experimental findings.

Non-Fired Building Blocks Using Industrial Wastes

Bricks produced from traditional techniques and agricultural clay contribute considerably to the air pollutions in the world. Therefore, an urgent need to start using an environment-friendly alternative material/approach to save the fertile topsoil and conserve a clean environment. This research is aimed to produce non-fired bricks incorporating industrial solid waste from steel and power plants, including Fly ash and Ladle Furnace Slag (LFS), as a partial replacement of CEM I and lime. Induction Furnace Slag (IFS) is used as a partial/full replacement of natural fine aggregate (local sand) in the laboratory scale manufacturing process. The prepared building blocks conform to the minimum compressive strength requirement of 10.3 MPa per ASTM C62 and BDS 208 while the maximum compressive strength was 40.6 MPa. This highly promising performance pronounced the use of industrial waste materials in non-fired brick production to achieve a cleaner environment for a sustainable society. ournal of Engineering Science 12(3), 2021, 1-10

Mechanical properties of sustainable concrete made with ceramic and sandcrete block wastes

Material reuse has become one of the most active areas of research being investigated by various researchers. The amount of waste produced and the rate at which naturally occurring resources are being depleted is becoming alarming. As a result, researchers have been looking into viable methods of reusing these wastes, directly reducing the rate at which our limited natural resources are consumed. This study presents the findings on an experimental investigation of the partial replacement of natural fine aggregate (NFA), ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with recycled fine ceramic (RFC), and calcined granulated ceramic (CGC); and the complete replacement of the NFA with recycled fine aggregate (RFA) from the crushed sandcrete block and partially replaced it with RFC. The aggregates were replaced from 10% to 50% in step of 10%, while the cement was replaced from 5% to 25% in step of 5%. A mix ratio of 1:2:4 by weight was used with a w/c ratio of 0.55, and the compressive strength of the concretes produced using a cube size of 150 × 150 × 150 mm was carried out after being cured 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. The result showed that the workability of the concrete decreases as the percentage replacement increases. However, there was an increase in the compressive strength for the partial replacement of NFA as the replacement increased. A decrease in strength, at 40% and 50% replacement was observed. Similarly, the compressive strength decreases with an increase in replacement of OPC with CGC, and the highest decrease occurred at 25%, while the slightest drop was at 5%, which resulted in 27.87% to 33.60% and 4.18% to 5.17% decrease in strength respectively at 28 and 56 days. In addition, complete replacement of NFA with RFA and partially replaced with RFC resulted in a decrease in strength. It was observed that the highest reduction in strength was at 50% replacement resulting in a 24.85% and 24.91% decrease in strength at 28 days and 56 days, respectively. The use of recycled sanitary ceramics (RSC) and recycled sandcrete block (RSB) wastes would help get them used in concrete and other construction materials, but it would also help reduce landfill space and protect the environment from potential pollution impacts.

A review on the influence of copper slag as a natural fine aggregate replacement on the mechanical properties of concrete

Over the years, the construction industry is highly dependent on concrete for meeting the global demand of building new infrastructure. Various advancements in normal concrete have been made to make the concrete industry more efficient and developed. High strength concrete (HSC), and self-compacting concrete (SCC) are two revolutionary developments in the concrete industry that have increased the dependency of the world on concrete due to their enhanced mechanical and durability properties. However, CO2 emissions associated with cement and concrete manufacturing have created an alarming situation, and as the world is looking for sustainability and cleaner production, the pressure on the concrete industry to minimize the use of natural aggregates and cement is also increasing. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is a type of concrete that uses various industrial wastes as a binder instead of cement and these by-products are activated by alkali. GPC is still under research and yet to be developed as a reliable product, however, the available research validates the lesser environmental impacts in GPC as compared to cement-based concrete. Other efforts have also been made to reduce the environmental impacts in concrete and substitution of natural fine aggregate (NFA) with industrial by-products is one such step that not only provides an efficient method of waste disposal but also reduces the dependency of concrete on natural resources. Copper slag (CS) is a type of nontoxic industrial waste that is obtained during matte smelting and refining of copper. CS resembles the size of NFA and can be used as partial or full replacement of NFA in various types of concrete. Various researchers have investigated the potential use of CS as NFA replacement in conventional concrete, HSC, SCC, and GPC. The current study summarizes the up-to-date trends as reported in available literature wherein CS has been used as fine aggregate in conventional concrete, HSC, SCC, and GPC. Present investigations support the use of CS as a fine aggregate in concrete. Apart from the key findings, various identified gaps, challenges, and future scope challenges have also been discussed to develop CS as a sustainable material in the construction industry.

Evaluating the Possibility of Replacing Natural Fine Aggregates in Concrete with Recycled Aggregates

This paper presents an investigation on the possibility of replacing natural fine aggregates with recycled aggregates in concrete. The studied recycled aggregates were acquired from crushed waste concrete from demolishing works. The rate of replacement of natural fine aggregates was 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight. Compressive and flexural tensile strength of concrete incorporating recycled aggregates was investigated at 28 days of curing. The results show that the compressive and flexural strength of concrete is strongly affected by the percentage of recycled aggregates. It has been found that the strength decreases linearly with increasing recycled aggregate content. So, in order to apply recycled waste to concrete as fine aggregates, it is necessary to perform supplement research with appropriate additives to compensate for the loss of compressive and flexural strength.