Repayment Time Research Articles

A Stackelberg game-theoretic trade credit model with credit response time length through credit function

The nature and effect of credit period CP has been one of the major focuses and concerns in modelling TC settings. Only very little has been done on the distance in time between credit periods of channel members, which can be referred to as credit response time length. This work considers a supplier-retailer supply channel in which the supplier provides trade credit to the retailer, and allows a delayed repayment time. The retailer in-turn allows a delayed repayment time, and also aids sales by engaging in product promotion. It models the channel members’ payoff using credit function, and explores two channel structures: a situation involving TC, and another without TC. It obtains a closed-form optimal promotion effort, credit period and Stackelberg equilibrium solutions for the payoffs. The work examines the effect of the supplier’s CP and credit response time length on promotion and payoffs. It shows that while large credit period provision from the supplier will translate into large promotion effort, a large credit response time length – early repayment – requires a large promotion effort. It further shows that both players’ payoffs continuously increase with credit period, with the supplier benefiting more from the increase. On the other hand while the supplier’s payoff continuously reduces with increasing credit response time length, the reverse is the case with the retailer. Being the channel leader, the supplier’s interest, can lead to making policies that can constrain the retailer to delay repayment until his optimal profit is achieved. In general the players perform better with credit scenario than no-credit scenario. Further, the supplier can opt for very early repayment provided he has a favourable agreement which will earn him larger payoff than what obtains in the other scenarios since the channel payoff in this situation is larger.

Loan repayment behavior of beneficiary farmers in primary agricultural cooperative societies in Haryana (India)

Abstract Subject and purpose of work The study examined the loan repayment behavior of beneficiary farmers in Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies in the State of Haryana, India. Material and methods The findings were based on primary as well as secondary data. The secondary data was collected for the period of 2006-2007 to 2018-2019. The primary data was collected in the second quarter of 2022. Results The study concluded that year-wise the maximum percentage of defaulter farmers was 34.97% in 2008-2009 due to the debt relief scheme announced by the Government of India in 2008. Furthermore, it revealed that about 75% of beneficiary farmers repaid their loans regularly after receiving the benefit of interest subvention at 7% by the government of India and the state government. The findings on primary data concluded that most farmers have been repaying their loans regularly, and less than 10% of beneficiary farmers defaulted. The main reason for the default was a loan without security and the anticipation of a loan waive-off scheme. About 19% of beneficiary farmers have been repaying their loans irregularly due to the short time within which loan repayments needed to be made. Conclusions The short time of loan repayment is the main cause of irregular loan repayment behavior. The period of repayment of loans should be extended for one year and it should be considered from the loan issuance date.

Financial Mathematical Analysis in Applying Interest Rates, Installments, Amortization, Present and Future Values to Home Ownership Loans

Home ownership credit has become a choice for many people to own a home, so that credit repayment runs smoothly, there needs to be an analysis from a financial perspective and a strategy for repayment. This paper aims to analyze and calculate the application of financial mathematical concepts in the context of home ownership credit. The main focus involves interest rates, installments, amortization, present and future value. Through a quantitative approach, we investigate the impact of changes in interest rates on monthly payments, explain the amortization mechanism, and evaluate the implications of payment policies on loan repayment times. The result is that by using the application of financial mathematics you can calculate monthly payments, analyze amortization, calculate present value and so on. So this paper can be useful for planning home ownership loans.

Determinants of Loan Repayment Among Microfinance Beneficiaries in Lagos State, Nigeria

This study examines the determinants of loan repayment among microfinance institutions (MFIs) among their 384 microenterprises. The research found that age, gender, marital status, educational level, business experience, family size, type of business, interest rate, profit level, lending method, training/business enhancement program, and loan repayment time are not significant determinants of loan repayment among MEs in the study area. Prompt loan repayment can encourage cordial relationships between MFIs and their customers, and thus, MFIs and stakeholders should consider these significant variables when extending loans to their clients. This highlights the importance of timely loan repayment for MFIs' survival and growth.

Comparative investigation on the thermodynamic performance of coal-fired power plant integrating with the molten salt thermal storage system

Comparative investigation on the thermodynamic performance of coal-fired power plant integrating with the molten salt thermal storage system

Performance of rotational speed controlled small-scale head-dependent hydroelectric power plant

Small scale or micro scale hydroelectric power production is characterized by high investment costs compared to operation costs. In addition, the repayment time is often long, more than ten years (if not subsidized heavily) which requires that a small-scale hydropower plants can be profitable only if both the investment costs and the running costs are low. The performance and efficiency of a plant is very important because having long repayment time means that the efficiency improvement of one percentage unit often means the ten percentage unit improvement in profit. The most economical way to control the flow is sometimes a two point control where generators are switched on and off depending on high water level used as control variable. The water level cannot be kept constant using this method, but the traditionally used mechanical blade angle adjustment system is too expensive in very small (approximately <100 kW) units. The new method of controlling the upper water level (head) is the use of rotational speed control of turbine, implemented by a four quadrant frequency converter. The efficiency of a 4-quadrant frequency converter is approximately 97 %, which reduces the income compared to the situation where the generators are directly connected to electricity network. However, when the head is kept constant using a frequency converter, it is not required to switch off the generator circuit breakers which have a finite life time and the head height can be kept optimal in terms of performance. In this paper, a system structure, a pilot plant installation and example calculations on the feasibility of a frequency converter driven fixed blade hydro power turbine is given.

Implementation of Bailouts on Umrah Financing Products at FIFGROUP Amitra Syariah in the Perspective of Positive Law and Islamic Law

The implementation of Umrah financing through bailouts is a product issued by PT. FIFGROUP (AMITRA) for Umrah financing through Umrah bailout funds using ijarah contracts, referring to Fatwa DSN MUI No. 09/DSN-MUI/VI/2000 concerning Ijarah Financing and Fatwa DSN MUI No. 44/DSN-MUI/VIII/2004 related to multiservice financing. Implementation of Umrah bailout funding at PT. FIFGROUP (AMITRA) benefits Ujrah by considering the customer’s repayment time rather than taking advantage of salaries and administrative services provided by PT. FIFGROUP (AMITRA) to customers. The view of Islamic law and positive law regarding the financial arrangement of Umrah through PT FIFGROUP (AMITRA) Genteng uses the Qardh Wal Ijarah contract because the implementation of the contract is not in accordance with what is regulated in fatwa DSN No. 29/DSN-MUI/VI/2002, where the amount of all-ijărah service compensation cannot be borne based on bailouts. Al-Qardh, or the provisions of Islamic law, tend to contain elements of usury.

Investigation of a new solar-wind energy-based heat pump dryer for food waste drying based on different weather conditions

Investigation of a new solar-wind energy-based heat pump dryer for food waste drying based on different weather conditions

До поняття посткримінальної поведінки правопорушника, що вчинив кримінальне протиправне діяння

Abstract. The article focuses on the fact that the sphere of behavior of a person, which today is regulated by the legislation of Ukraine on criminal liability, and which in connection with this becomes the object of an official assessment, is actually much wider than criminally punishable acts, and primarily, it concerns legally significant treatment of a person after committing a criminal offense. Such behavior is called "post-criminal", "post-criminal" or "post-criminal". At the same time, it is noted that, taking into account the changes introduced by the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Simplifying Pretrial Investigation of Certain Categories of Criminal Offenses" dated November 22, 2018 No. 2617 VIII (entered into force on July 1, 2020), the use of phrases "post-criminal behavior" or "post-criminal behavior" is inappropriate and incorrect. Therefore, the updated classification of criminally punishable acts and the introduction of the concept of "criminal offense" allows the use of the concept of "post-criminal". Based on the analysis of the work of leading scientists in the field of criminal law, as well as evaluating the legal construction of post-criminal behavior, taking into account the linguistic analysis of the content of the concept, it was established that post-criminal behavior can be defined as a legally significant action or inaction (more often a combination of them) of a person after committing a criminal offense offense and until the time of repayment (removal) of the criminal record or the occurrence of other legally significant consequences, which indicate the termination of criminal-legal relations and are caused by such behavior (release of a person from criminal responsibility, release from punishment, etc.).

Manajemen Penerapan Sistem Gadai Emas Pada Unit Pegadian Syariah Bonder Kantor Cabang Renteng Lombok Tengah

Gadai Emas is the provision of funds to customers using pawn financing that can meet the financial needs of customers by using gold as collateral for financing. This study aims to describe the application of the Gold Pawn System at PT. Pegadaian Syariah Renteng branch office as well as describe the constraints faced by PT. Pegadaian Syariah Renteng Branch Office is in the process of beingimplemented. This research is a field research, which is descriptive qualitative by conducting in-depth interviews with PT. Pegadaian Syariah, the data is then analyzed and produces conclusions. From the results of the study, it can be explained that in its application it has implemented easy steps but still in accordance with existing operational standards, including; through the stages of submitting financing, stages of estimating gold as collateral, stages of disbursement of financing funds, stages at maturity and stages at the time of repayment. Meanwhile, the obstacles that are often faced are due to difficulties in communicating with customers who cannot make payments and face complaints from customers on collateral items.

Tinjauan Hukum Islam Pada Cerai Talak Terhadap Pernikahan dengan Mahar Tidak Tunai

The purpose of this research is to find out: (1) the legal consequences of talak divorce on marriages with non-cash dowry, (2) to find out the legal status of the husband's unpaid dowry debt after talak divorce. The type of research used in this research is qualitative research. In this qualitative method, research is carried out directly in the field or at the research location. The research approach used in this research is in the form of a library study (Library Research). Based on the results of the research and discussion in this study, it can be concluded that: For a husband who divorces his wife even though he has not had sexual relations with her, he only has the obligation to pay half of the dowry amount that has been determined before the marriage contract is carried out. However, a husband who has had sex with his wife and then divorces or des not divorce, still has the obligation to pay all the dowry that has been determined by the prospective husband. Meanwhile, for a husband who dies, according to the opinion of most Islamic law experts, it is still obligatory to pay the specified dowry even though during his lifetime he never had sexual intercourse with her (dukhul). Paying debts in Islam is obligatory and you cannot delay paying off all your debts. Likewise, the dowry law must be paid by the prospective husband to the prospective wife at the time of the marriage contract, but if the dowry is postponed then it is still permissible as long as the time for repayment is clear. Paying dowry debts according to the Compilation of Islamic Law is permissible to be owed and may also be deferred if the bride-to-be is happy and gives permission if the dowry is deferred. In this case, the dowry is still owed in the event of separation (divorce), a husband's obligation is to pay the dowry from the assets owned by a husband during the marriage and the dowry owed can be settled after the divorce occurs.

Dampak inflasi dan Nilai Tukar Uang Bagi Pelunasan Hutang Pada Masyarakat Trebungan Mlandingan Situbondo Perspektif Fiqh Muamalah

We all know that the currency we use always experiences a decline in exchange rates from time to time. If it is associated with debt transactions, of course this is a problem. Do you still have to pay with the same amount as when borrowing, or with the currency value when paying off after experiencing inflation? This study aims so that people can find out the correct repayment of debt after inflation occurs or not and avoid usury. From the results of the study it can be concluded that inflation and exchange rates do not have a major impact on repayment of debts to the people of Trebungan Mlandingan Situbondo. Although there are some who ask for additional payments to be charged to borrowers due to inflation, the majority of them do not take into account the fluctuations in the exchange rate when paying off debt. So that inflation and fluctuations in the value of money do not affect the time of repayment of debt.

Several Possible Causes of Credit Card Default

Credit card default has always existed. In this case, understanding what causes credit card default has become a matter of concern for banks and the whole society. It is necessary to understand the reasons and reduce the risk of default. This paper explores the possible causes of credit card default by studying individual credit card limit, gender, education, marriage, repayment time, bill statement and consumption amount, and combining the comparison, regression, and factor analysis in SPSS. After analysis and research, the first four possible reasons are bill statement, repayment time, consumption amount and age. In this paper, the analysis of possible causes of credit card default can help banks better understand risks, improve risk control strategies and marketing strategies.

Akibat Hukum dalam Proses Penyelesaian Roya

This study aims to find out the nature or meaning of arranged royalties and find out the legal consequences in the settlement process of royalties. The negligence of the debtor in committing roya or writing off the mortgage right after paying off the debt at the bank can result in the debtor being harmed. This research method uses normative legal research using a statutory approach. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the nature or meaning of roya is regulated based on Article 18 paragraph (1) of Law Number 4 of 1996 concerning Mortgage Rights on Land and Objects Related to Land requiring that mortgage rights be carried out at Regency/City Land Offices. The legal consequences in the roya settlement process include causing fines for taking Credit Principal Documents at the time of repayment of debt at the bank if there is a delay, the mortgage guarantee still has the status of being a debt guarantee at the Bank and has not fully become property. The results of the analysis of this study indicate that roya is essentially an important document that has an important role with its main benefit being proof of the mortgage debt of the house or land taken. In accordance with the Mortgage Law regulations, it is explained that with the existence of roya, it proves the existence of a legal certainty that the debt agreement period that has occurred between the creditor and the debtor has expired

RICE FARMERS COOPERATIVE GROUP MEMBERS’ PERCEPTION ON LOAN REPAYMENT IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA

The study examined the perception of cooperative rice farmers on loan repayment in Edu Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria. Interview schedule was employed in obtaining information from 138 cooperative rice farmers randomly selected from twenty-three rice cooperative groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The result shows that the mean age of the respondents was 41 years and household size of 7 persons, majority (70.3%) were males, married (84.1%), with average rice farming experience 25 years. Also majority (98.6%) of the respondents have high perception on loan repayment. Loans were used for buying planting materials (98.6%), paying of laborers (92.8) and managing of farm activities (91.3) among others. Preferred timing of loan repayment are fortnightly (94.9%) and weekly (65.2%). The constraints timely repayment of loan were diversion of funds to non-farm ventures ( = 2.18), late disbursement of loan ( = 2.02) high interest rate ( = 1.99), and lack of government support ( = 1.96). Correlation result shows that the age of the respondents (r=0.688, p<0.027), household size (r=0.727, p<0.021), educational level (r=0.923, p<0.014), and years of farming experience (r=0.661, p< 0.036) showed a positive significant relationship with perception of loan repayment. The study established that respondents have high perception for the loan repayment. Socio-economic variables also contributed to the loan repayment. It was recommended that rice farmers should have access to soft loan since they have high repayment, this would help to expand rice farming and boost production as well as constant capacity building training on positive perception on loan repayment

Applicability Of Incineration Technology In Waste Management: Istanbul Case Study

The purpose of this study is to make a technological and financial forecast for the future construction of similar facilities based on feasibility data from the Istanbul Domestic Waste Incineration and Energy Production Facility, which was constructed to minimize environmental damage and give domestic solid wastes economic value, as opposed to storing and disposing of them. The study examined the initial investment and operating costs of the facility, the repayment time and profitability calculations, the financial and economic profitability of the project, and the cost and internal profitability rates for other waste disposal facilities to be established, in addition to comparisons with conventional waste management systems (storage or composting) and incineration techniques. By separating themselves as much as possible from conventional waste management systems, systems employing technological methods will be more realistic and cost-effective, both financially and in terms of the environment. To meet rising energy demands and lessen reliance on foreign sources, investments in sustainable renewable energy systems other than fossil fuels must be increased now. It is crucial to accelerate and support investments in environmentally friendly energy technologies through their development. This is the first study conducted in Turkey on obtaining energy by burning domestic solid waste as opposed to storing it.

Integrated Pricing and Inventory Control for Perishable Products, Taking into Account the Lack of Backlog and Inventory Management Policy by the Seller

Abstract Recently, utilizing appropriate inventory control policy and determining the optimal selling price for various goods has been the main topic of scientific and industrial research. Inventory management policy 1 by the seller is one solution that improves the chain’s performance by creating coordination between members of the supply chain. The current study attempts to devise an integrated model of inventory pricing and control under the inventory management policy by the seller for perishable goods with shortages is considered. The purpose of presenting the model is to determine the optimal price, the optimal repayment time, and the order size, in order to maximize the profit. To acquire those optimal values, the profit functions of the buyer and the seller are taken into account. Given the results acquired, it is demonstrated that at any cost, the repayment time is unique and optimal. It is concluded that with the optimal recovery time available, the objective function is a concave function of price, and its optimal value is available. Furthermore, utilizing the inventory management policy by the seller could be a proper means to reducing retailer costs while raising their profit.

Climate change impacts on water sustainability of South African crop production

Agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions is particularly vulnerable to climate change, which, combined with projected food requirements, makes the sustainable management of water resources critical to ensure national and global food security. Using South Africa as an example, we map the spatial distribution of water use by seventeen major crops under current and future climate scenarios, and assess their sustainability in terms of water resources, using the water debt repayment time indicator. We find high water debts, indicating unsustainable production, for potatoes, pulses, grapes, cotton, rice, and wheat due to irrigation in arid areas. Climate change scenarios suggest an intensification of such pressure on water resources, especially in regions already vulnerable, with a country-scale increase in irrigation demand of between 6.5% and 32% by 2090. Future land use planning and management should carefully consider the spatial distribution and local sustainability of crop water requirements to reduce water consumption in water risk hotspots and guarantee long-term food security.

PRAKTIK PINJAM MEMINJAM BENIH PADI DALAM TINJAUAN FIQH MUAMALAH (Studi Kasus di Nagari Sungai Jambu)

This study examines the practice of borrowing and borrowing rice seed in Nagari Sungai Jambu, pariangan sub-district. The problem is that in the implementation of lending and borrowing rice seeds at the time of repayment there is a price difference between the returns in the from of rice and paddy. From these problems question arise: 1.) how is the practice of implementing the loan and borrowing agreement for rice seeds in nagari Sungai Jambu, sub-district pariangan. 2.) how does fiqh muamalah review the practice implementing rice seed lending and borrowing contracts in Nagari Sungai Jambu, kec, pariangan. This research is a field research data obtained through interviews and documentation between rice seed owners and rice seed borrowers, after the collected data is processed by means of a research process and systematic compilation of data obtained from interviews, field notes, documentation so that they can be understood by themselves and others another and analysed by 1) collecting data sources related to the problem studied, both rice seed owners and riceseed borrowers. 2) reading, analysing and recording data sources that have been collected from rice seed owner and rice seed borrowers. 3) discussing the problems being reviewed and analising them descriptively, qualitatively, namely by looking directly at the study found that the practice of implementing rice seed lending and borrowing contracts in Nagari Sungai Jambu district, pariangan is a loan agreement between the seed owner and the seed borrower with different forms of return, both in terms of price and object, namely rice and rice. The price difference does not include usury because the price in the market is not required by the owner of the seed pack, because there are benefits in the form of helping and avoiding waste.

OPTIMIZATION OF INVESTMENT STRATEGY FOR THE ACQUISITION OF MEANS OF MECHANIZATION

The aim of the paper is to identify the optimal investment strategy of acquiring the means of mechanization of an agricultural enterprise. A suitable mean to meet the goal is the application of a multiperiodic optimization model, which is designed in the spreadsheet program Excel (including Solver). Objective function is represented by property maximization at the end of considered period via Net present value. The set of restrictive conditions is represented by the balance of production and financial factors, the balance of cost and production indicators, production and credit restrictions, as well as the conditions of securing the company's liquidity in each time period through positive cumulative cash flow and sufficient financial resources to cover capital investment and working capital. The comparison of NPV values ​​of individual variants of optimization models documents the logical consequences of the gradual optimization of plant and animal production, the time of acquisition of mechanization means without and with the limitation of credit resources and the time of loan repayment. The most suitable solution, with additional restrictive conditions for limited credit resources of up to € 50,000 per year, an interest rate of 6% and a repayment period of up to 7 years, is to procure a Vogel-nootHektor plow in the first year, Horch Pronto seed drills in the second, fertilizer spreaders Rauch in the third, a Fendt combine with a rape cutter and a pea straw crusher in the fourth year and a corn header in the fifth year. The resulting value of NPV represents the amount of € 343,922, while the required amount of credit resources in the first year is € 42,595 with a repayment period of 4 years, in the second year € 31,079 with a repayment of 3 years and in the fourth year € 48,284 with a repayment period of 7 years.