Repair Of Agricultural Machinery Research Articles

ФАКТОРЫ, ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА ИЗНОС ОСНОВНЫХ МЕХАНИЗМОВ И СИСТЕМ ДВИГАТЕЛЯ ВНУТРЕННЕГО СГОРАНИЯ

In the course of operation of transport and technological machines (tractors, cars, grain and forage harvesters and other complex agricultural machinery), the joints in the nodes, aggregates, and mechanisms are worn out. The amount of wear depends on the service life and operating conditions. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in searching for the most acceptable method for practical application of determining the optimal frequency of technical service to ensure high reliability and efficiency through reducing the intensity of wear of the interfaces of components, aggregates, mechanisms of the transport and technological machine; proposing coefficients for adjusting the frequency standards when planning and organizing maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery. (Materials and methods) The condition of the crankshafts of internal combustion engines at the operating time close to carrying out major repairs, 5000 hours (maintenance - 3) for tractors, 192,000 km and 150,000 km (routine repairs) for vehicles like KAMAZ and GAZ-3309. Authors applied the methods used to determine the optimal frequency of maintenance and repair, which characterize the quality of technical impacts. (Results and discussion) The article presents calculations performed to determine the maximum performance of the unit as part of a tractor with different maintenance intervals and an agricultural machine based on the use of a statistical method (according to the probability of failure). Authors found that the most acceptable method for determining the optimal frequency of technical impacts is the "unit cost" method. The article proposes coefficients for adjusting the frequency of technical impacts. (Conclusions) Determining the optimal frequency of technical impacts will minimize operating costs and prevent possible failures. To do this, it is necessary to choose an acceptable method that determines the optimal frequency and ensures minimal wear of the interfaces in the nodes, aggregates, mechanisms of transport and technological machines.

Possibilities of 3D scanning of parts during repair of agricultural machinery

New high-precision and productive tools are needed due to the increasing requirements to the finishing accuracy of reworked parts and the assembly of units and machines in repair production. One of the most dynamically developing areas of digital production is the use of 3D technologies. They are most actively used in the aviation and automotive industry, as well as in the manufacture of machine elements from various parts. In recent years, there have been some publications on the use of 3D technologies in the repair of machines, including the reconditioning and hardening of parts. The current global trend is the creation of digital measurements and systems for contactless optical quality control of products. The paper and analyzes 3D scanning technologies developed by scientific and educational organizations, as well as presented at various international specialized exhibitions. The analysis and synthesis of information revealed that various laser scanners have been developed and used for 3D scanning, mainly for manufacturing quality control. The study analyzes the possibilities of their use to monitor the geometric parameters of parts of agric ultural machines during the input control of spare parts and repair of machines. 3D scanning has been found to improve measurement accuracy and performance compared to contact tools. The paper presents the main directions of 3D technologies in repair production. A promising area of introducing 3D technologies into repair production is the integrated use of additive technologies and 3D scanning. In case of fault detection using a 3D scanner, the wear value is determined, and the 3D printer recovers the wornout surface taking into account the non-uniformity of wear. Thus, the additive material consumption is reduced from 20 to 90%.

Digitalization of Agricultural Machinery Rehabilitation

Introduction. The aim of the study is to develop the basic principles for digitalization of the processes of providing the diagnostics and repair of agricultural machinery. Materials and Methods. The specifics of agricultural machinery functioning are work in worst-on-worst operating conditions, such as significant abrasive contamination (soil particles, dust and other substances), operation in the conditions of exposure to natural climatic conditions, intensive use during the work shift and other factors that result in a regular need for testing and repairing. These factors significantly extend the time of maintenance and repair works. The study of the information environment for planning the distribution of agricultural machinery by repair enterprises has showed that the methods of this activity are not sufficiently developed. The authors propose a solution to the problem of rational distribution of agricultural machinery for repair and rehabilitation. Results. This article describes the main principles for developing structural relationships of databases used to find rational solutions for organizing repair and rehabilitation of agricultural machinery. Due to the fact that the solution of such a problem is time-consuming and is carried out under conditions that dynamically change over time, a mathematical model for the production environment of repair organizations is proposed, which is implemented by means of computer technology. The requirements for models describing the state of the production system of repair organizations are defined. A model of a generalized production system is proposed. Discussion and Conclusion. The model developed by the authors allows increasing the automation level of processes of distributing agricultural machinery by repair enterprises. The implementation of a new approach to planning repair works and distributing repairable agricultural machinery by repair enterprises will increase the efficiency of repair works, improve their quality parameters, reduce time, and optimize the structure of technological equipment of repair enterprises.

TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS OF INCREASING WEAR RESISTANCE AND DURABILITY OF DETAILS

Improving the reliability and service life of machines, components, units is an important factor in reducing the cost of restoration, downtime of equipment in repair, reducing the number of spare parts. The introduction of the latest technologies of agricultural production, as well as constant modern improvement, the complexity of agricultural machinery is a natural result of its development. Parts restoration technologies are among the most resource-saving, because compared to the manufacture of new parts costs are reduced by up to 70%. The main source of resource savings is the cost of materials. At longtime use of machines wear of details is followed by decrease in operational indicators, causes deterioration of quality of products. The tractor PTO shaft is subjected to significant static and dynamic loads. The high wear rate is due to constant friction with the grafting disc, gear, inner bearing rings. The production of a new power take-off shaft requires significant costs, so the development of new technological processes of repair and restoration is relevant. It is rational at restoration of the previous sizes and return of a detail of normal mechanical properties. The remanufactured part is consuming its life, like a new part, and may exceed the service life of the new part. With the increase in the equipment of agricultural production with more advanced equipment, the conduct of complex mechanization and increasing the efficiency of the use of equipment, repair production is developing and changing. The development of the field of restoration of worn parts is based on close cooperation of repair production with branch and basic science, and achievement of scientific and technical progress. A promising direction of restoration technology in the organizational plan is the deepening of the method of group restoration technology - the creation of a unified group equipment for the restoration of surfaces. It is established that the majority of details of the restored cars are rejected at the expense of insignificant wear of working surfaces, making no more than 1% of initial weight of details. Experiments and practice show that the repair of agricultural machinery is technically impossible to avoid. Most worn parts have a high residual value: their restoration consumes 20-30 times less metal and materials than the manufacture of new ones, which is economically feasible. Problems are considered: the choice of technological process of restoration, the choice of technological equipment, tools.

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ КОАГУЛЯЦИИ ЧАСТИЦ В МАГНИТНОМ ОТСТОЙНИКЕ

In agriculture, a large number of different lubricating and cooling liquids are used in the operation, maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery. In the process of use, technical fluids become contaminated with foreign impurities and require periodic cleaning. Magnetic sedimentation tanks are well suited for this. The studies were carried out in order to determine the parameters (the magnitude and gradient of the magnetic field strength, the height of the apparatus, the concentration of particles), at which coagulation of particles is observed in a non-uniform magnetic settler. The experiments were carried out on a laboratory setup for studying coagulation in the working area of a magnetic sump. For a given magnetic system, the geometric dimensions of the apparatus were determined in such a way that the magnetic field acts in the entire working volume of the sump and effectively traps foreign metal impurities. The value of the magnetic induction of the field B is proportional to the square of the distance from the investigated point to the pole of the electromagnet Н0. At a distance of 300 mm and further, the magnetic force has almost no effect on the particle, so the height of the sump should be less. The lowest magnetic induction is observed in the middle of the coil. A decrease in the current in the winding entails a reduction in the length of the floccule; magnetic coagulation takes place when the concentration of particles in the coolant is more than 0.3 g/l, with a lower content, it is not observed due to significant distances between the particles; the effect of coagulation is noted in the entire area of action of the magnetic field, while the length of the floccules decreases with a decrease in concentration. The distance at which the effect of coagulation between particles is observed is determined by a complex function that depends on the current in the winding, the field strength, their distance from the pole of the electromagnet, and also on the size of the particles.

Strategies of maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery

Modern machines are subject to progressive wear that occurs at different rates, which leads to unpredictable failures that reduce the reliability and durability of machines. The strategy of maintenance and repair is aimed at eliminating these problems. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing the basic principles of the strategy of maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery in order to ensure control of the technical condition of machine parts. (Materials and methods) When resource diagnostics is used, , the allowable value of the parameter is set in advance for a part . This value is the tolerance that corresponds to a certain wear rate of the part. The tolerance is set based on the condition that if the current value of the controlled resource parameter during the next diagnosis is less than the set value, then such a part at the current value of the wear rate can be finalized until the next inter-control check. Taking into account the wear rate of the same type of parts from the group when determining the allowable wear during their resource diagnostics becomes an urgent task. (Results and discussions) As a result of research, the article presents "Methodology for determining the main indicators of reliability of parts of agricultural machines with different wear rates" and "Methodology for determining the tolerance system of parts of agricultural machines with different wear rates". (Conclusions) The article presents the tolerance system that reduces the probability of failure of machine parts in operation. During resource diagnostics, those parts whose resource parameters exceed the tolerance are rejected.

Standards recommended for farms and repair enterprises with the period of their use in 2018-2020

Based on the results of the work of agricultural enterprises of the Russian Federation for 2017 (data from annual reports), an analysis of the state of the fleet of machines was carried out. The age composition of the available equipment is revealed. The analysis of material and technical equipment of repair shops of farms, expenses of financial resources for repair and maintenance of equipment is made. The share of agricultural machinery repairs carried out in specialized repair enterprises is determined. A draft of standards for planning the repair of agricultural machinery has been developed.

The method of determining technical resources of mobile agricultural machinery and destination terms of repair and service work

Annotation Purpose. Optimization terms of repair and maintenance works due to monitoring of the technical condition in mobile agricultural machinery on the basis statistical simulation using of its technical resource. Methods. System analysis and methods for statistical processing results of operational reliability tractors in experimental farms on NAAS. For the development statistical simulation models, discrete-event simulation, “Any Logic” simulation environment is provided. Results. The intensity using of mobile agricultural machinery during the year by the amount of fuel consumption is established, which makes it possible to plan the terms and scope of repair and maintenance works during the period of minimum load of equipment. The advantages strategy of adaptive maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery in comparison with the planning and warning system, which consist in determining the periods of repair and maintenance work, taking into account the intensity using mobile equipment and residual resource, which is basis for the development and implementation of operational management plans for its technical. Prerequisites for statistical simulation of the process of using the technical resource of mobile equipment are highlighted; the stages of establishment of its residual resource and appointment of terms of repair and maintenance works are defined. Conclusions. The economic effect on the results of research will be to monitor the technical state of mobile equipment, minimization of downtime for technical reasons during intense field work and effective use of technical resources maintaining a crop of potential losses by 8–10% due to the timely implementation processes. Keywords: mobile technology, adaptive repair strategy, initial data, modeling process, modeling algorithm, statistical simulation model, technical condition, residual life, terms of repair works.

Justification of priority factors affecting the efficiency of the tractor fleet

Analysis of numerous sources shows that the following group of factors can be distinguished, which can be said to be the main ones: Qualification of machine operator, Annual load of tractors, Number of tractors per 1000 ha of arable land, Age of machinery in the tractor fleet, Agrotechnical terms of harvesting and sowing within the agro-term, General technical level of technology in the tractor fleet, The costs of maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery in the tractor fleet, Tractor technical readiness factor. Based on the methodology for calculating the coefficient of concordance for each group of factors, as a measure of the consistency of a group of experts, priority factors are identified that affect the operation of the tractor fleet. Experts of farms and workers of agricultural departments of Russia took part in the examination, namely: Kaluga region, Kostroma region, Tula region, Yaroslavl region and other organizations. In total, 30 people independently participated in the examination: farm managers, chief engineers, agronomists, etc.

Пионерская «легкая кавалерия»

“Light horsemen,” a Komsomol initiative for performing functions of social control over the work of state machinery, played an important part in the life of Soviet society in late 1920s–1950s. It encompassed various social spheres and strata. The article draws on the documents from the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History to offer a first inquiry into the “light horsemen.” Pioneer “horsemen” helped to prevent train accidents and tampering on the national railways. At postal enterprises, they checked the quality and promptness of letters and newspapers delivery to the addressees, hanged mailboxes, protected telegraph and telephone wires from damage. “Horsemen” helped the half-educated to write their letters. 1933-1935 saw the high point of the young “horsemen” movement; rural pioneers were the most active. Pioneer units took an active part in inspection and repair of agricultural machinery, protection of horses and young animals, grain sorting, inspection of mineral fertilizers storage, protection of crops from birds. When involving pioneers and schoolchildren in the movement, the authorities tried to cultivate their sense of inviolable socialist property. The idea was ever enforced that only enemies can convert a part of the kolkhoz harvest. The cult of pioneer heroes included idealization of pioneers’ delations. Pioneers protecting the harvest were virtually a part of punitive institution. They were actively drawn into searching for “class enemies.” The author explains the decrease of pioneers’ interest in the tasks of the “light horsemen” by condescending and even neglectful attitude to their work on the ground. Pioneers’ tutors from party and Komsomol felt that their active participation in economic and political campaigns distracts them from their studies, which were more important at their age; children’s emotional reaction to what was going on went hand in hand with incompetence and inability to deal with elementary problems.

Quality of agricultural machinery and control of its manufacture and repair

The article considers the factors influencing on the quality of manufacture and repair of agricultural machinery from the perspective of application of one of the newest methods of the quality analysis known as Principle of 5 M - men, methods, materials, machines, measures. It is defined that in all five indices the domestic agricultural machinery considerably lags behind the foreign one. The main reasons are the use of cheap raw materials, the lack of modern processing equipment with high precision, the lack of highly skilled and highly paid workers, the designing of machines by means of archaic methods, the small degree of information support on modern technologies and specifics of branch machinery, especially internationally. The role of control in formation of quality of manufacture and repair of agricultural machinery is highlighted. The purchasing manager of a large repair enterprise has to provide in the contract for delivery of incoming production the conditions on the presence of a defined limit of defects with selective check of incoming consignment. For a small enterprise, there is the simple recommendation to take a technical documentation and instruments of control along when going on a warehouse for spares, and to buy only good products of manufacturer or well-established similar products. The main objectives of metrological service in repair enterprises are defined. Modern metrological provision during machine repair is the system ensuring the quality of control that includes: the strict ensuring unity of measurements; the choice of critical control points, which are subject to rigid control; the feasibility study of choice of measuring instruments by criteria of minimization of costs and losses for controlled products; the regular actions on adjustment of measuring instruments, the tests and control during maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery.

Internal environment of an agricultural farm

Zemspol, Dešná, Ltd is a large corporation engaged in various aspects of agriculture in the Czech Republic, including agricultural production, the assembly, maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery, the production of feed stuffs and feed mixtures,special agricultural services demanding special entitlement, business related matters and accounting. This paper focuses on agricultural production. The farm manages 2 100 hectares of agricultural land suitable for growing potatoes, although the largest area is used for growing wheat. The range of produce remains constant. Regarding livestock, the corporation specializes in cattle with the steady head count 250 for the past 15 years. These are predominantly red and white cattle, optimized for both milk and meat production. The average annual production is 1 350 000 litres of milk and 250 tons of beef. The agricultural farm can be described as being a strong perfomer with a very stable base, good reputation and very attractive products, both of crops and livestock. In order to keep this enviable status, frequent internal and external environmental analyses are undertaken.