It is urgent to develop non precious metal electrode materials with significant efficiency and ultrahigh stability to meet the growing demand for renewable energy conversion devices. Herein, heterogeneous nickel-iron sulfide decorated nitrogen-doped-graphene ((Ni,Fe)-Sx-Fe/NGr) with regulated local electronic structure, rich defects, and honeycomb shaped geometric form is synthesized using facile solvothermal and annealing phase transition technology. The obtained target catalyst was characterized for use in a water splitting device, revealing that (Ni,Fe)-Sx-Fe/NGr has lower overpotentials (203 (OER)/166 mV (HER)) for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reaction (OER and HER) compared to NiFeSx (235 (OER)/235 mV (HER)) and NiFe LDH (255 (OER)/308 mV (HER)) at 10 mA/cm2, as well as most reported electrode materials. Meanwhile, (Ni,Fe)-Sx-Fe/NGr demonstrated excellent geometric/chemical stability after 210 h long-term stability testing. Typically, as a dual-functional overall water-splitting electrode, (Ni,Fe)-Sx-Fe/NGr demonstrates lower driving voltage (1.44 V) and considerable stability (110 h) at 10 mA/cm2. Therefore, the developed bimetallic sulfide coupled nitrogen doped graphene with notable activity and stability provides a reference for green and efficient industrial production of green hydrogen.

A new robust bi-level optimization framework for biomass supply chain network and its accelerated Benders decomposition

In the last ten years, the North African Countries (NAC) have reached remarkable rates of the development of renewable energy in last ten years, with an overall growth of the EU’s renewable generation up to 40%. This can be attributed to 4.5 GW of new onshore and offshore wind, PV and solar thermal capacity that has been added to the system. If we take hydropower out of the mix, capacity from renewable sources is up by nearly 560% (with the overall total growing just 80%). This has happened, incredibly enough, at a time of seismic activity from socio-political earthquakes in the area. The purpose of this article is to provide full overview of renewable energy in NAC, assessing its resource potential, deployment, investment, and policies. By assessing key drivers, challenges, and opportunities, the article will provide strategic suggestions and policy recommendations that could help to accelerate renewable energy growth and long-term sustainability in the region. With respect to data collection, this study primarily investigates the adoption trajectory and current status of renewable energy deployment across the NAC, drawing on evidence synthesized from IRENA, the IEA, and the World Bank. In addition, the article incorporates an assessment of the region’s prospective capacity for renewable energy installations, contextualizing deployment patterns against the underlying resource potential and enabling conditions. The region, statistically, has considerable renewable energy potential, with estimates of annual generation of 147,729, 181,718, and 168,205 TWh for CSP, PV, and wind, respectively. By 2040, Algeria's solar PV could achieve a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of only €0.019/kWh and wind energy in Morocco could come in at a range of €0.077 - €0.111/kWh. Energy efficiency measures could also save a total of 35 TWh of electricity consumption per year by 2040, amounting to an 8.6%, or 35 TWh less than the current demand. The total consumption savings would be a total of 437 TWh and savings of $39.7 billion in electricity bills. In addition, these savings will amount to emissions • Mapping the technical potential of solar, wind, green hydrogen, and storage technologies across North Africa. • Assessing investment requirements and financial feasibility for large-scale deployment. • Presenting transition scenarios from 2025–2040 based on realistic energy demand, CO 2 reduction pathways, and grid integration constraints. • Identifying key opportunities and challenges for accelerating the clean energy transition. • Providing strategic policy recommendations for regional decision-makers and international partners.

Single-atom catalysts architecture on quantum dots: A new catalytic frontier for renewable energy and environmental applications.

Taiwan’s nuclear energy debate has intensified amid rising electricity demand, recurring blackout incidents, and growing decarbonization pressures, yet public acceptance remains polarized following the 2021 referendum rejecting nuclear plant reactivation. This study examined the determinants of public acceptance using a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making framework integrating Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and Analytic Network Process (ANP). Thirty Taiwanese citizens completed a DEMATEL-based pairwise comparison questionnaire covering four dimensions and sixteen criteria related to perceived risk, perceived benefit, trust and governance, and knowledge and communication. DEMATEL results showed that perceived benefit and perceived risk were the main causal drivers, while trust and governance and knowledge and communication were dependent dimensions. Key causal criteria included environmental contamination, low-carbon electricity, and complementarity with renewable energy. ANP weighting analysis indicated that trust and governance was the most influential dimension, with safety oversight, environmental contamination, public education, emergency preparedness, and regulatory competence ranked as the top criteria. The findings reveal a governance paradox: although benefit framing may increase openness to reactivation, public acceptance ultimately depends on credible regulatory competence, transparent safety assurance, and participatory communication. Finally, the DANP framework offers a robust, generalizable, and decision-oriented tool for systematically evaluating nuclear energy acceptance within complex and contested energy transition landscapes. • A DEMATEL–ANP framework was applied to evaluate nuclear reactivation acceptance. • Perceived risks and benefits were identified as primary causal drivers of acceptance. • Trust and governance were determined as the most influential evaluative dimension. • Safety oversight and environmental contamination were ranked as top-priority criteria. • Climate-benefit framing was shown effective only when credible regulation was ensured.

Discovering technology convergence opportunities based on interactions between science and technology convergence: The case of artificial intelligence and renewable energy

The role of green finance, hydrogen technologies and high-tech exports in climate action: Introducing a new green-based index of finance (GFINI).

The global transition toward renewable energy and carbon neutrality has sharply increased the demand for energy-storage systems with higher energy density, improved safety, and extended service life. Despite the dominance of lithium-ion batteries, their development is greatly limited by the flammability and electrochemical instability of liquid electrolytes. Solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs) provide a promising alternative because solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) eliminate electrolyte leakage, enhance thermal stability, and enable the use of high-voltage cathodes and lithium-metal anodes. Among candidate cathode materials, high-nickel layered oxides (LiNixCoyMn1- x - yO2, x≥0.8) are the most viable for practical deployment, owing to their high specific capacity, moderate cost, and industrial maturity. However, their integration with SSEs introduces severe challenges, including structural degradation, oxygen release, and interfacial instability, which collectively impede lithium-ion transport and compromise cycling durability. This review summarizes recent progress in SSLBs with high-nickel cathodes, focusing on (1) structural and surface engineering of high-nickel cathodes, (2) optimization of oxide-, sulfide-, halide-, and polymer-based SSEs, and (3) interface-engineering strategies, including buffer layers and in situ interfacial design. Finally, perspectives are provided on material innovation, interfacial characterization, and scalable manufacturing, aiming to guide the development of next-generation SSLBs that combine high energy density with intrinsic safety.

Africa's energy security remains fragile amid unreliable supply, high import exposure, and climate shocks, even as the continent pursues a low carbon transition. This study examines how climate-oriented finance and renewable energy deployment relate to energy security in 16 African countries from 2000 to 2021 using a Panel Vector Autoregression framework. To ensure conceptual clarity, external financial inflows, foreign direct investment and mitigation related development finance, are distinguished from renewable energy consumption as an energy system outcome. Energy security is measured using energy import dependence, energy intensity, and energy productivity. Results show that shocks to renewable energy consumption are followed by medium run improvements in energy intensity and productivity, alongside volatile short run dynamics. In contrast, foreign direct investment exhibits weak average effects in pooled models, becoming more evident when conditioning on institutional quality and income groups. Robustness checks using alternative finance proxies and stratified models confirm the main patterns. The findings are interpreted as time ordered dynamic relationships rather than structural causal effects. • Reframed abstract and introduction to foreground Africa’s energy security and financing constraints, linking strategy. • Expanded and structured contributions across theory, empirics, and policy, distinguishing finance flows and renewables. • Strengthened theory and empirics by integrating development and energy theories, synthesizing African literature, and justifying. • Improved transparency by motivating Panel VAR, comparing alternatives, and interpreting dynamics against theory and evidence.

Large-scale photovoltaic (PV)–hydrogen production systems are increasingly regarded as a promising solution for mitigating renewable energy curtailment and supporting the transition toward low-carbon energy systems. However, when connected to weak grids, such systems often suffer from insufficient voltage–frequency support capability and pronounced Direct current (DC) bus voltage fluctuations, which limit their operational stability and practical deployment. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a dual virtual motor coordinated control strategy for PV-based hydrogen production systems, integrating a grid-forming virtual synchronous generator (VSG) with a virtual DC motor (VDCM). By exploiting the complementary dynamic characteristics of grid-side converters and hydrogen production loads, the proposed approach enhances grid support capability while simultaneously providing inertia and damping to the hydrogen production DC bus without relying on additional physical energy storage. Dynamic response analysis is conducted to investigate the influence of virtual inertia and damping parameters on system stability. Simulation results under weak-grid conditions demonstrate that the proposed strategy effectively improves frequency and voltage support performance and significantly suppresses DC bus voltage fluctuations during load and power disturbances. The proposed control framework offers a practical and scalable solution for improving the operational robustness of PV–hydrogen production systems, contributing to the reliable integration of renewable energy and the development of green hydrogen infrastructure.

Systematic review of justice-based transitions in climate, renewable energy, and food security from 2009 to 2025

Renewable energy investment and electricity procurement with ambiguity aversion under carbon emission trading and tradable green certificate policies

A dual-stage optimization strategy for power allocation of hybrid energy storage system to smooth renewable energy source power fluctuations using successive variational mode decomposition and evolution of mode division

Deep reinforcement learning-based energy management strategy integrating physics information and expert system: efficient regenerative braking energy recovery in urban rail transit traction power system

Upcycling PET waste into CoNi-based electrocatalysts for ethylene glycol oxidation integrated with energy-efficient H2 evolution.

Techno-economic and environmental analysis of a hybrid renewable energy system with V2H support for remote Australian communities

• A Python model for semi-islanded green ammonia production was developed. • The LCOA ranges from 669.30 to 867.94 €/tNH 3 . • Power generation represents the largest share of total system costs. • The LCOA decreases by up to 15.15 % over the next two decades. • Dynamic operation achieves up to a 6 % reduction compared with continuous operation. The study presents a technical and economic assessment of green ammonia production in several counties in Ireland. The system is based on renewable energy sources, namely photovoltaic and offshore wind. Three locations were chosen based on their renewable potential and the availability of export ports to EU (European Union) markets. A high-temporal-resolution model for green ammonia production has been developed for the first time in Ireland. The WSA (Wind Solar Ammonia) model was developed specifically for this research. It uses MILP (Mixed Integer Linear Programming) and optimisation techniques to simulate scenarios at the lowest possible cost. The Python-based model incorporates all relevant energy subsystems and use functions from specialised libraries. The WSA model includes large-scale hydrogen production with proton exchange membrane electrolysers, air separation to produce nitrogen, Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis, desalination unit. Storages buffers were implemented for green hydrogen, green ammonia, purified sea water, and nitrogen. Both continuous and dynamic operation were simulated, continuous operation reflects industrial reliability, stable equipment performance, and maximised lifetime, while dynamic operation captures renewable intermittency, curtailment reduction, and system flexibility. Cork is identified as the least-cost location, with the dynamic operation system achieving the lowest LCOA (Levelised Cost Of Ammonia) at 791.07 €/t in 2030 and 731.45 €/t in 2040, outperforming the continuous operation system, which records 834.27 €/t in 2030 and 741.62 €/t in 2040. The system achieve a carbon saving up to 94.63 % compared to the ammonia fossil fuel-based comparator.

Energy transition for sustainable development in Saudi Arabia: Renewable energy growth and emission reduction

How renewable energy innovation policies reshape industrial systems: Cross-sectoral dynamics in China

This paper presents a two-phase framework for the optimal operation of renewable energy communities that balances operational efficiency with equitable benefit distribution. We propose a two-phase stochastic programming framework: the first phase maximizes internal energy exchange, and the second ensures fair cost-benefit allocation. This integrated approach addresses both operational efficiency and equity under uncertainty. Our methodology addresses uncertainty in renewable generation and demand through stochastic programming, incorporating flexible loads and energy storage to enhance system performance. A key innovation is the fairness mechanism that guarantees minimum benefits for each participant, promoting community cohesion and long-term viability. Computational experiments, carried out on a realistic test case, validate the advantages of our approach, demonstrating improved efficiency through uncertainty management and equitable distribution of community benefits. The results show that our framework successfully navigates the technical and social dimensions of community energy systems, offering a practical solution for sustainable energy communities development that aligns individual interests with collective goals. • Novel stochastic program optimizes Renewable Energy Community (REC) operations fairly. • Two-phase methodology: novel energy exchange first, then fair cost-benefit split. • Models uncertainty via stochastic scenarios for robust, novel REC decisions. • Integration of flexible loads & energy storage to boost efficiency & sustainability. • Fair pricing mechanism to promote inclusivity and long-term community trust.