Renal Malignancy Research Articles

Development and Validation of a Competitive Risk Model in Elderly Patients With Chromophobe Cell Renal Carcinoma: A Population-Based Study.

BackgroundRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common renal malignancy in adults, and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC) is the third most common subtype of RCC. We aimed to construct a competitive risk model to predict cancer-specific survival (CSS) in elderly patients with chRCC.MethodsThe clinicopathological information of the patients was downloaded from the SEER database, and the patients were randomly divided into the training and validation cohorts. Patients' risk factors for cancer-specific death (CSM) were analyzed using proportional subdistribution hazard (SH). We constructed a competitive risk model to predict the CSS of elderly chRCC patients. Consistency index (C-index), the area under receiver operating curve (AUC), and a calibration curve were used to validate the model's accuracy. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to test the clinical value of the model.ResultsA total of 3,522 elderly patients with chRCC were included in the analysis. Patients were randomly assigned to either the training cohort (N = 2,474) or the validation cohort (N = 1,048). SH analysis found that age, race, T, N, and M stage, tumor size, and surgery were risk factors for CSM. We constructed a competitive risk model to predict patients' CSS. In the training set, the model predicted patients' 1-, 3-, and 5-year CSS with C-indices of 82.2, 80.8, and 78.2, respectively. The model predicted patient 1-, 3-, and 5-year CSS in the validation cohort with C-indices of 84.7, 83.4, and 76.9, respectively. The calibration curve showed that the model's predicted value is almost consistent with the observed value, which indicated that the model has good accuracy. The AUC of the training set and validation queue also suggested that the model has good discrimination. The clinical utility of the DCA model in predicting patients' CSS is higher than that of traditional TNM staging.ConclusionsWe constructed a competitive risk model to predict CSS in elderly patients with chRCC. The model has good accuracy and reliability, which can help doctors and patients to make clinical decisions and follow-up strategies.

Differences in CRP and De Ritis ratio predictive abilities of cancer specific survival between ethnic groups.

394 Background: Studies have discussed the prognostic use of C-reactive protein (CRP) and De Ritis ratio (AST/ALT or AAR) in the evaluation of renal malignant masses. Elevated pre-treatment CRP has been shown to be associated with non-cancer mortality. Additionally increased preoperative AAR has been found to be a prognostic factor for overall survival. With studies showing the ethnic disparities in mortality rate in certain underserved ethnic groups, there is a need for investigation into possible ethnic differences. Our aim is to evaluate the association between these elevated preoperative markers and all-cause mortality (ACM) and cancer specific mortality (CSM) among ethnic groups. Methods: Retrospective review of the International Marker Consortium for Renal Cancer (INMARC) was performed. Patients with renal malignancies who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy (PN, RN) were included. Patients were grouped according to ethnicity and African American (AA), White, Asian, and Hispanic ethnic groups were selected for descriptive, survival and multivariable analysis of outcomes. A Cox-regression multivariable analysis (MVA) was performed for each group. The primary outcome was overall survival and cancer specific survival from time of surgery to last follow-up, which was evaluated using Kaplan-Meyer Analysis (KMA). Results: A total of 4,810 patients were analyzed (627 AA, 2,344 White, 462 Hispanic, 1,094 Asian). Preoperative CRP and AAR were considered elevated if above 5 mg/L and 1.26, respectively. Descriptive analysis showed significant differences in age, diabetes mellitus status, hypertension status, tumor size, surgery type (PN vs. RN), preoperative CRP, preoperative AAR, ACM and CSM between ethnicities (p-value <0.001). MVA revealed elevated CRP to be predictive of ACM in AA (p<0.001, HR 2.830, 95% CI [1.728, 4.635]) and White (p<0.001, HR 2.933, 95% CI [2.272, 3.785]) patients. Elevated AAR was only predictive for all ACM in Asian (p=0.004, HR 2.546, 95% CI [1.358, 4.775]) patients. MVA showed similar results for CSM with elevated CRP found to be a significant independent risk factor for CSM in AA (p<0.001, HR 7.006, 95% CI [2.649, 18.531]) and White (p<0.001, HR 3.391, 95% CI [2.403, 4.784]) patients while elevated AAR is a significant independent risk factor for all CSM in Asian (p=0.041, HR 2.374, 95% CI [1.034, 5.448]) patients. KMA revealed statistically significant impact of elevated CRP on ACM and CSM in AA, White, and Asian patients (p<0.001). It also showed a statistically significant effect of elevated AAR in Asian patients (p<0.001). Conclusions: CRP has broad utilities in prognostic abilities for non-Asian ethnic sub-cohorts. However, AAR has predictive abilities in Asian patients. These results show the importance of using different lab markers for preoperative assessment in renal masses and the need for further research in ethnic differences in clinical presentation.

Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes and Associated Renal Malignancies: A Pictorial Review—Part II

In this second article in this series, we present a pictorial review of common renal neoplasms and renal malignancy mimics, including urothelial carcinoma, liposarcoma, oncocytoma, renal pseudotumors, and renal metastases. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtypes and their respective radiologic findings were discussed in Part I of this series. Principles of management of select RCC subtypes and other renal neoplasms, including urothelial carcinoma and angiomyolipoma (AML), will be discussed. Management of solitary renal masses via active surveillance (AS) or surgical intervention and the indications for renal mass biopsy as part of the diagnostic workup will also be reviewed.

The association between comorbidities and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multicenter, cross-sectional cohort study in Japan with the highest proportion of elderly individuals

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the association of disease activity with the presence of comorbidities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, using the Akita Orthopedic Group on Rheumatoid Arthritis (AORA) registry, a multicenter, cross-sectional registry in Japan with the highest proportion of elderly people. We included 1838 patients (mean age: 66.4 years old) who visited our affiliated institutions between April 2018 and March 2019. The patients were divided into two groups based on the disease activity in 28 joints based on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) into the remission or low disease activity group (L group) and the moderate or high disease activity group (H group). Patient demographics and comorbidities in the two groups were compared.ResultsThe most common comorbidity was hypertension (33.7%), followed by renal disease (25.2%), respiratory disease (12.2%), diabetes mellitus (8.1%), cardiovascular disease (8.0%), malignancies (5.7%), and cerebrovascular disease (4.7%). The H group was older (p<0.0001); had a higher prevalence of hypertension (p<0.0001), diabetes (p=0.0011), respiratory disease (p<0.0001), cerebrovascular disease (p<0.0001), and cardiovascular disease (p=0.0030); and was less likely to use anti-rheumatic drugs. The prevalence of comorbidities other than renal disease and malignant tumor was higher in the H group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that female sex (p=0.0054), advanced Steinbrocker class (p<0.0001), high anti-citrullinated protein antibody levels (p=0.0211), high prednisolone dose (p<0.0001), and absence of biologics’ or JAK inhibitors’ use (p<0.0001) were risk factors for high disease activity, and shorter treatment period was a low-risk factor for high disease activity (p=0.0041). Among comorbidities, the presence of cerebrovascular disease (p=0.0334) was the only independent risk factor for high disease activity.ConclusionsIn our registry study with a high proportion of elderly RA patients, cerebrovascular disease was associated with high disease activity in patients with RA. Therefore, when treating elderly patients with RA, we need to pay careful attention to cerebrovascular disease, and treatment should be aimed at achieving adequate control of RA.

Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes and Associated Renal Malignancies: A Pictorial Review—Part II

Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes and Associated Renal Malignancies: A Pictorial Review—Part II

Infections Due to Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus Complex: Escalation of Antimicrobial Resistance and Evolving Treatment Options.

Bacteria within the genus Acinetobacter (principally A. baumannii-calcoaceticus complex [ABC]) are gram-negative coccobacilli that most often cause infections in nosocomial settings. Community-acquired infections are rare, but may occur in patients with comorbidities, advanced age, diabetes mellitus, chronic lung or renal disease, malignancy, or impaired immunity. Most common sites of infections include blood stream, skin/soft-tissue/surgical wounds, ventilator-associated pneumonia, orthopaedic or neurosurgical procedures, and urinary tract. Acinetobacter species are intrinsically resistant to multiple antimicrobials, and have a remarkable ability to acquire new resistance determinants via plasmids, transposons, integrons, and resistance islands. Since the 1990s, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has escalated dramatically among ABC. Global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR)-ABC strains reflects dissemination of a few clones between hospitals, geographic regions, and continents; excessive antibiotic use amplifies this spread. Many isolates are resistant to all antimicrobials except colistimethate sodium and tetracyclines (minocycline or tigecycline); some infections are untreatable with existing antimicrobial agents. AMR poses a serious threat to effectively treat or prevent ABC infections. Strategies to curtail environmental colonization with MDR-ABC require aggressive infection-control efforts and cohorting of infected patients. Thoughtful antibiotic strategies are essential to limit the spread of MDR-ABC. Optimal therapy will likely require combination antimicrobial therapy with existing antibiotics as well as development of novel antibiotic classes.

Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes and Associated Renal Malignancies: A Pictorial Review—Part I

Contemporary Diagnostic Radiology: January 31, 2022 - Volume 45 - Issue 3 - p 6 doi: 10.1097/01.CDR.0000820624.69702.f6

Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes and Associated Renal Malignancies: A Pictorial Review—Part I

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 3% of all adult malignancies, with clear cell subtype representing the majority of these cases. In the United States, the number of new cases of kidney and renal pelvis cancers was 15.6 per 100,000 men and women per year. Although the incidence of RCC has been increasing for several years, the landscape of RCC has changed significantly due to the use of highly sensitive imaging modalities. The percentage of early-stage T1 Kidney cancers has increased from 43% to more than 60% over the past two decades, with a 5-year survival rate of more than 90% for these early-stage tumors.1 As diagnostic imaging plays a significant role in the detection and management of these cancers, a fundamental understanding of RCC and its various subtypes is essential for all medical imaging specialists.

A Clinicopathological and Molecular Analysis of Fumarate Hydratase (FH)-deficient Renal Cell Carcinomas with Heterogeneous Loss of FH Expression

Aims. Fumarate hydratase (FH)-deficient renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a rare aggressive renal malignancy associated with hereditary leiomyomatosis and RCC syndrome (HLRCC). Tumors exhibiting heterogeneous (ie, patchy) FH loss by immunohistochemistry have rarely been described, may be diagnostically challenging, and have never been the focus of a study. We aimed to investigate the FH mutational status of FH-deficient RCC with heterogeneous versus complete FH loss, to characterize additional genetic drivers, and to evaluate 2SC immunohistochemistry in this setting. Methods and Results. We studied FH-deficient RCC with heterogeneous (n = 3) and complete (n = 4) FH loss. Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on all tumors. No patients had a known history of HLRCC. All tumors had histological features within the morphologic spectrum described for FH-deficient RCC. All 7 tumors were immunoreactive for 2SC. Molecularly, all 7 tumors revealed multiple hits involving the FH locus resulting in complete loss of wild-type alleles. All tumors with heterogeneous FH loss harbored FH missense variants within domain 2 of the protein, and each had concomitant copy neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN-LOH). In complete FH loss tumors, FH alterations included splice variants with concomitant loss of heterozygosity (n = 2) and homozygous gene deletions (n = 2). Other non-recurrent alterations included biallelic alterations of TP53, NF2, SMAD4 and activation of PIK3CA. Conclusions. Our series highlights how heterogeneous FH loss (patchy positive staining) is an important staining pattern to recognize since it is compatible with a diagnosis of FH-deficient RCC and should prompt additional ancillary studies (confirmatory 2SC immunohistochemistry and/or molecular testing) and genetic evaluation.

What does a Bosniak Iv Renal Cyst Obscure?

One of the challenges urologists encounter when dealing with renal cysts is distinguishing between benign and malignant cystic tumours. Approximately 5-7 percent of renal malignancies have a cystic appearance, and clear cell renal cell carcinoma is the most common histological type found (half of the cases), followed by papillary carcinoma. Specific management should be performed in accordance with the Bosniak classification stage. Stage IV is a form of complex cystic tumour with a high risk of malignancy. We report the case of a 51 year old patient, followed for gout, in whom a left renal remanent cyst, measuring about 8 cm, was incidentally discovered during a routine check-up on abdominal ultrasound and classified as Bosniak IV on CT urogram. A left Neohrectomy was performed, and a pathologic examination revealed papillary carcinoma, stage pT2a (intermediate risk according to the UISS). The short- and long-term outcomes were both satisfactory, with a normal CT TAP six months after surgery and normal renal function. To summarise, a Bosniak IV renal cyst needs special attention and full surgical excision to reduce the risk of malignancy progression nd survival is unquestionably satisfactory.

Localisation Buccale Secondaire D’un Carcinome Renal

Renal cell carcinomas are tumors known for their metastatic potential. The lungs, the lymph nodes, the lungs, the spleen, the adrenal gland and the cervix remain the metastatic sites of predisposition. The symptoms of metastatic lesion may be due to the initial manifestation of renal malignancy. We report in this work a buccal localization of metastases from renal cell carcinoma to clear cells in a patient aged 65 years or less in our department of otolaryngology and cervical-facial surgery.

Oncological Outcomes of Primary Renal Malignancies other than Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Centre in Southern India

Introduction: A lot of research is available about clear cell Renal Carcinomas (ccRCC). But there are lesser known facts about other subtypes of renal malignancies. With advances in immunohistochemical and cytogenetic techniques, new variants of renal tumours are being increasingly reported. The treatment and prognosis of such rare malignancies is still an enigma. Aim: To analyse the incidence, clinicopathological features, surgical treatment, and survival of non clear cell RCC at the tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods: The present study was a retrospective study in which histopathological reports of 77 nephrectomy specimens who underwent surgical treatment for suspected renal tumours from 2013-2018 were reviewed. Of which 19 (24%) patients had documented uncommon histologic variants of RCC. The clinical, demographic, and histologic characteristics of these patients were analysed, and survival was evaluated. The characteristic light microscopy and immunohistochemical features of these lesions were documented. Results: Mean age was 45 years (21-67 years). Out of 19 patients, 14 (73.6%) were males, and 5 (26.4%) were females. Mean tumour size was 8.8 cm (range 6-36) in the largest dimension. About 17 (22%) patients underwent radical nephrectomy, and 2 (2.5%) were treated with partial nephrectomy. Patients with collecting duct, synovial sarcoma, and primitive Neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) had associated inferior vena caval thrombus and underwent venous thrombectomy. Adjuvant treatment in the form of chemotherapy was instituted in collecting duct, adult Wilms and pure sarcomas. There was no mortality in the papillary carcinoma, and the worst prognosis was encountered in collecting duct carcinoma. Conclusion: Papillary variant had a good outcome as compared to other non clear cell carcinomas. RCC with sarcomatoid variant has a poor prognosis. Variants like renal sarcomas are rare but can be managed by nephron sparing surgeries with adjuvant therapies.

Identification and Mitigation of Risks using Quality Risk Assessment Tools for Formulation Development of Pazopanib HCl Extrudates by using HME Technique: A Systematic QbD Approach

Introduction: Pharmaceutical development ensures to design a valued product and robust manufacturing process to consistently deliver intended performance. It is necessary to recognize that quality cannot be tested into drug products but it should be built in during formulation design and development. Pazopanib HCl is a protein kinase inhibitor molecule approved by USFDA and European agencies for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients and other renal malignancies, but it has very poor aqueous solubility and drug release. Therefore, it is essential need to improve the solubility and in vitro dissolution characteristics. Objective/Aim: The main objective of this study was to prepare stable Pazopanib HCl extrudates (PZP-Ex) by using the Quality by Design (QbD) approach. Method: Pazopanib HCl extrudates (PZP-Ex) was manufactured using hot melt extrusion technique. Initially, the quality target product profile (QTPP) and critical quality attributes (CQAs) were identified, and then risk assessment was done using a heat map and failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) approach. A full factorial design (FFD) was used to study the impact of two continuous variables i.e., level of polymer, milling speed and one categorical (milling screen type) factor on particle size distribution (PSD), disintegration time and dissolution of extrudates. Results: The significance (p) value for studied response variables i.e., percent retention on 40 mesh ASTM sieve (420 µ), disintegration time and percent drug release in 15 min were 0.006, 0.0243 and 0.0355 respectively from the actual by a predicted plot which signifies that the model is significant. The polymer-to-drug ratio has a significant impact on drug release and disintegration time of extrudates. Conclusion: Pazopanib HCl extrudates were successfully prepared by HME technique. Critical formulation and process parameters such as polymer to drug ratio, milling screen size and milling speed were optimized using FFD.

An incidental papillary renal cell carcinoma in a unilocular renal cyst: A case report

Cystic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a malignant epithelial tumor arising in a pre-existing renal cyst. The renal cyst maybe multilocular or unilocular with the latter being an even rarer occurrence. Cystic renal malignancy arising in a unilocular cyst is quite rare with only a few cases reported till date, most of which are clear cell RCCs. Literature available with regard to staging tumor nodule in a benign unilocular cyst is limited. We report a case of a 52-year-old male presenting with a single large unilocular cyst which had a small solid nodule of papillary RCC in its posterior wall which was detected on microsopy. On pathologic examination, all cases of clinically/ radiologically benign renal cysts should be examined with a high index of suspicion as a small tumor focus may be present in the form of a nodule or in the free wall of the cyst which was initially missed.

A rare case of primary renal leiomyosarcoma with peritoneal sarcomatosis – A case report

Primary renal leiomyosarcoma is an extremely rare renal malignancy. This case report presents clinicopathological and immunophenotypic features of a case of primary renal leiomyosarcoma with peritoneal sarcomatosis.

Частота встречаемости гломерулопатий при новообразованиях почек в Красноярске

Introduction. Renal malignancies accounted for 3.9% of all malignant neoplasms in Russia in 2019 and were among the top ten most common. Paraneoplastic syndrome can occur in malignant neoplasms and manifest as paraneoplastic nephropathies and glomerulopathies. The aim of the study was to analyze archival renal specimens to assess the incidence of glomerulopathies in renal neoplasms. Materials and methods. We analyzed 122 kidney samples with a tumor after nephrectomy in Krasnoyarsk regional clinical oncologic hospital named after A.I. Kryzhanovsky. To assess the cellular composition of the glomeruli and basement membrane structure, the following histochemical stains were used: PAS reaction, Masson’s trichrome stain, methenamine silver, and congo red stain. Results. The age of the patients ranged from 28 to 84 years. Malignant neoplasms were diagnosed in 114 cases (93.4%), whereas benign neoplasms were detected in 8 patients (6.6%). Fifty-six cases (45.9%) showed glomerulopathies. In 55 cases, glomerulopathies were found in malignant neoplasms (98.2%) and one case was found in a patient with a benign neoplasm (1.8%). Diabetic nephropathy was detected in 43 cases, ac-counting for 76.8%. Glomerulonephritis was diagnosed in 7 patients (12.5%) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was revealed in 6 cases (10.7%). Conclusion. Glomerulopathies in renal tumors are rather common and therefore their diagnosis is important in the study of the operative material. Keywords: kidney, tumour, glomerulopathies, paraneoplastic syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis

Nephron-Sparing Surgery in Nonsyndromic Unilateral Wilms' tumor: An Insight into the Ongoing Surgical Controversy.

Background:Unilateral Wilms' tumor (uWT) is the most common renal malignancy in the pediatric population. Although the onset of surgical intervention like radical nephrectomy (RN) has substantially reduced the mortality rate, recent evidence has raised concerns regarding several postoperative complications associated with this procedure. Nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) has been reported to avoid such postoperative complications and have high technical success rate. However, not much literature is available comparing the efficacy of RN and NSS for managing nonsyndromic uWT, which makes it less acceptable globally.Materials and Methods and Results:A systematic identification of the literature was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines on four academic databases: MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, and CENTRAL. Out of 1017 records, 20 manuscripts including 312 patients were included in the review; 4 patients treated by the author (unpublished data) have also been included. The studies included 7 retrospective case series with no comparison group, 4 retrospective case series with comparison group, 4 retrospective series with a cursory mention of NSS in uWT, 2 case reports, 1 protocolized prospective trial with comparison group, 1 administrative database analysis with comparison group, and 1 randomized controlled study. In all, 316 patients with nonsyndromic uWT were studied. The pretherapy volumes of the WT ranged from 2.4 to 640 ml. Majority of them were administered preoperative chemotherapy. About half of the patients (n = 159) (50.3%) were Stage I tumors. Stage II, III, and IV tumors were seen in 23 (7.3%), 20 (6.3%), and 3 (1%) patients. Stage was not specified in 111 (35.1%) patients. Majority of them were “intermediate risk” WT. All these tumors were nonanaplastic. Surgical margins were reported positive in 13 (4%) patients. Overall and event-free survivals were 100% in most of the studies; only handful of relapses were noted in this systematic review.Conclusions:This qualitative systematic review recommends the use of NSS for nonsyndromic uWT. The procedure accounts for higher postoperative renal function and lesser incidence of hypertension as compared to the radical nephrectomy. Overall and event-free survivals are comparable or even better with NSS.

Post nephrectomy renal function: Donor nephrectomy vs. radical nephrectomy

Background/Aim. Monitoring the renal function following donor nephrectomy (DN) or radical nephrectomy (RN) due to kidney tumors is considered essential. The aim of this study was to compare pre-operative and post-operative renal function in patients who underwent DN in relation to patients who underwent RN due to renal malignancy. Methods. A retrospective case-control study was performed, which included 199 patients divided into two groups: group 1 (105 patients) were patients who underwent DN due to living-related/unrelated kidney transplantation, while group 2 (94 patients) was a control group, and included patients who underwent RN due to clear cell renal cell carcinoma in the T1bNoM0 clinical stage, where this surgical procedure was the final form of treatment. Results. Preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) according to the Chronic Kidney Disease?Epidemiology Collaboration (EPI) equation (eGFR EPI) in the DN group was 94.95 mL/min/1.73 m2, while in the RN group, it was 71.00 mL/min/1.73 m2. Patients who underwent RN tended to have eGFR EPI below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 after ten years of follow-up compared with patients who underwent DN. In the DN group, the average eGFR EPI was 80.40 mL/min/1.73 m2, and in the RN group, it was 56.00 mL/min/1.73 m2. A higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and arterial hypertension (AH) was also observed in the DN group of patients compared to the RN group (AH: 44.3% vs. 21.3%; DM: 22.6% vs. 9.6%, respectively). Conclusion. Comparative monitoring of these two groups showed that in both groups, the recovery of the renal reserve was achieved one year after nephrectomy due to the known adaptive mechanisms. Even though the initial renal reserve in a kidney donor is reduced after living kidney transplantation (nephrectomy, permanent loss of renal mass), kidney donors recover kidney function within the first year after surgery due to the adaptive mechanisms.

Role of Imaging in the Diagnosis of Isolated Renal Echinococcosis: A Case Report

Echinococcosis is a parasitic infection caused by Echinococcus tapeworm. The most common organs involved are liver, lungs and spleen. Primary renal echinococcosis is a very rare manifestation of hydatid disease. Clinical manifestations in primary renal echinococcosis are variable and can have varied symptomatologies which are non specific. A 62-year-old female patient presented with abdominal fullness since six months, palpable mass and left flank pain since three months. On imaging, a large multiloculated cyst and multiple peripherally situated daughter cysts involving the middle and lower pole of left kidney with gross dilatation of upper pole calyx with severe cortical thinning was noted. It usually presents as a cystic renal mass on imaging and often gets misdiagnosed and operated as a cystic renal malignancy. Hence, radiological imaging plays an important role and care should be taken when dealing with a cystic renal mass to avoid unnecessary nephrectomies.

Urogenital Malignancies Seen in Radiotherapy Department of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto

Background: The pervasive nature of urogenital malignancies (UGM) is evident in previous epidemiological studies despite the uniqueness in the pattern of distribution. This study seeks to describe the spectrum, clinicopathologic characteristics and treatment options of UGM in the department of radiotherapy and oncology UDUTH, Sokoto within the study period. Materials and Methods: This was a 5-year retrospective review from 2nd January 2014 to 31 August 2019 of all the UGM referred to the radiotherapy and oncology Centre, UDUTH, Sokoto. The analyzed variables included the patient's age, sex, the organs involved, histopathological diagnosis and the treatment. Results: Ninety-eight (98) UGM were referred to our facility, however only 90 had complete clinical record during the 5-year period under review; the male-to-female ratio was 7.3:1. The organs involved were the prostate (27; 27.5%), the bladder (49; 50.0%), the kidney (8; 8.2%), the testes (3; 3.0%), the penis (2; 2.0%) and the adrenal (1; 1.0%). The prostate histological variant was adenocarcinoma (100.0%). Squamous cell carcinomas constituted 67.3% of bladder cancers, whereas 62.5% of renal malignancies were renal cell carcinomas. The commonest form of treatment was the External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) constituting 34;34.3% however the aim of treatment was adjuvant in 52.9% and palliative in 47.1%. Conclusion: This study shows the commonest UGM seen in UDUTH are prostate and bladder cancers. Furthermore, the study revealed a high rate of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder in the region which correlate with schistosomiasis as the possible etiological agent as majority of them were farmers.