Remote control and virtual scene interaction for unmanned excavator in disaster rescue

Large language model-assisted digital twin for remote monitoring and control of advanced reactors

Remote control of bacterial gene expression: Optogenetics, electrogenetics, sonogenetics and magnetogenetics

Hydroponic salad cultivation is becoming increasingly popular. However, a common challenge is the lack of time to maintain hydroponic vegetables due to other responsibilities. This study presents a hydroponic system based on the internet of things (IoT) technique, designed to save time by enabling remote control through a mobile application connected to a NodeMCU microcontroller. Various sensors are integrated with the NodeMCU for real-time monitoring and automation. The study also explores the use of RGB LEDs, which significantly accelerated plant growth and reduced cultivation time. A comparative experimental design was employed to evaluate the growth rate of green oak salad vegetables under two different greenhouse systems. The primary factor compared was the greenhouse system type, with plant growth rate as the outcome variable. Each treatment was replicated 10 times. F-tests were used to statistically determine significant differences in growth rates between the two systems across measured intervals. Results showed that the automated greenhouse system produced the highest leaf width and plant weight values. The use of RGB LEDs reduced the cultivation period from 45 days to 30 days, enabling more planting cycles and ultimately increasing overall yield.

Collecting tennis balls manually is often tiring and time-consuming, making practice sessions less effective. To address this issue, an automatic tennis ball collecting robot was designed, equipped with two vision cameras and a conveyor system. The first camera, positioned for long-range detection, identifies the location of balls on the court, while the second, short-range camera ensures precise positioning before pickup. Once detected, the balls are guided through the conveyor into the robot’s storage basket. In addition, an Internet of Things (IoT) system is integrated into the robot to enable remote monitoring, control, and data transmission regarding its operational status and ball collection progress in real time. Through this IoT connectivity, users can access robot information via mobile or web interfaces, improving usability and operational efficiency. Experimental results show that the robot can recognize balls with an accuracy of 87% at long range and 93% at short range, and successfully collect up to 15 balls in just 8 minutes. These findings demonstrate that the integration of vision systems, conveyor mechanisms, and IoT-based control significantly enhances the efficiency, practicality, and intelligence of tennis training activities.

Background. Currently, there is an intensive development of synthetic aperture radar systems, including those deployed on UAVs. The deployment of remote control systems on board aircraft UAVs opens up wide opportunities for inexpensive and effective surveillance of small areas. At the same time, the features of this method of shooting open up new opportunities for improving the basic tactical and technical characteristics of the synthetic aperture radar systems due to repeated shooting and subsequent data accumulation. Aim. The analysis of the effectiveness of coherent and incoherent accumulation of multiple survey data using synthetic aperture radar systems placed on board a UAV is an urgent task. Methods. Using multiple terrain surveys, it is possible to significantly reduce the speckle noise level in the radar image and increase the energy potential of the radar without loss of spatial resolution. Results. When observing non-fluctuating targets, the radar’s energy potential can be increased by coherent data accumulation. When observing fluctuating objects, incoherent accumulation can significantly reduce the speckle noise level on the radar. Conclusion. In practice, a combination of coherent and incoherent accumulation of radar imagery can be recommended, depending on the task being solved.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and feasibility of applying 5G remote technology in robotic radical gastrectomy. Methods: The surgery employed the domestic Tumai Endoscopic Surgical Robot System (MT-1000; Shanghai MicroPort Medical Robot Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) and the domestic Jingfeng Multi-port Laparoscopic Robot (MP1000; Shenzhen Jingfeng Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China). Each robot system consists of three main components: a patient surgical platform, an imaging platform, and a surgeon console. A 5G Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) was used to connect the lead surgeon remotely with the on-site patient via the public 5G wireless network (China Mobile, Beijing, China). Specialized monitoring software based on the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) was utilized to continuously and real-time monitor network latency and packet loss during each operation. This software provided continuous visualization and recording of key network indicators, including total latency, round-trip network latency, and packet loss rate. Network latency monitoring was conducted in real-time at 2-ms intervals: the local terminal sent its current system timestamp to the remote terminal every 2 ms, and the remote terminal immediately returned the timestamp unchanged upon receiving the data. To ensure uninterrupted data transmission when necessary, the system was equipped with a dedicated network transmission line as a backup option. In addition, an extra backup surgical console was configured at the local surgical site, enabling immediate takeover of control for hot backup when required. A second qualified robotic surgeon was always present on-site to directly supervise the surgical system. The local surgical team assumed the highest safety responsibility, held the highest authority over the robot system, and could immediately activate the emergency stop function for intervention in case of system abnormalities. Meanwhile, the local team was responsible for approving remote control requests and had the right to decide whether to accept such requests. In the event of network anomalies, the system control could be seamlessly switched to the local main control terminal within a few seconds. Results: From September 2023 to March 2025, a total of 37 cases of 5G remote robotic radical gastrectomy were performed between the two campuses of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, as well as between this hospital and Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Handan First Hospital, and Huanghua People's Hospital. Among the patients, there were 25 males and 12 females, with an average age of 64 years. Regarding the distribution of the main operation terminal and the patient terminal: for 30 surgeries, the main operation terminal was located at the East Campus, and the patient terminal was at the Main Campus; for the remaining 7 surgeries, the main operation terminal was at the Main Campus, while the patient terminals were at Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (5 cases), Handan First Hospital (1 case), and Huanghua People's Hospital (1 case). All 37 surgeries were successfully completed, including 13 cases of total gastrectomy and 24 cases of distal gastrectomy. The operation time was (204.5±43.8) minutes, the intraoperative blood loss was (52.4±19.1) ml, and no serious postoperative complications occurred. The number of lymph nodes dissected was (36.2±12.2). The median times for the first postoperative flatus, oral feeding, and liquid diet intake were 2, 2, and 4 days, respectively, and the median postoperative hospital stay was 8 days. The 5G network exhibited good stability, with a total latency of (219.1±20.0) ms, a round-trip latency of (33.5±9.4) ms, and a packet loss rate of <0.1%. Conclusion: Remote robotic radical gastrectomy based on 5G communication technology is safe and feasible when implemented across hospitals of different tiers, and it is worthy of further promotion.

This article introduces the design and implementation of an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV), named “AquaMIB”, which introduces a novel and integrated approach for real-time and autonomous water quality monitoring in aquatic environments. The system integrates modular hardware and software, combining sensors for temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and oxidation reduction potential with GPS, LiDAR, a digital compass, communication modules, and a dedicated power unit. Software components include Python on a Raspberry Pi for navigation and control, C on an Atmega 324P for sensing, C++ on an Arduino Uno for remote control, and C#/JavaScript for the web-based control center. Users assign task points, and the USV autonomously navigates, collects data, and transmits it via RESTful API. Field trials showed 96.5% navigation accuracy over 2.2 km, with 66% of task points reached within 3 m. A total of 120 measurements were processed in real time and visualized as GIS-based spatial maps. The system demonstrates a cost-effective, modular solution for aquatic monitoring. The system’s ability to generate real-time GIS maps enables immediate identification of environmental anomalies, transforming raw sensor data into an actionable decision-support tool for aquatic management.

An experimental practical study of a three-circuit automated microprocessor-based system for monitoring the levels of operating fluids (fuel, oil, and coolant) on Project 758B (OTA-900) river vessels was conducted. The aim of the study was to develop and substantiate the implementation of a unified hybrid automated monitoring system based on an Arduino Mega microcontroller, combining capacitive and hydrostatic sensors to improve measurement accuracy, reliability, and fault tolerance under real operating conditions. The study was carried out over a period of 30 days of continuous operation of the vessel’s power plant, with monitoring of fuel, oil, and coolant levels. Key accuracy metrics were calculated, including the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). According to the results, the RMSE values were 2.0% for fuel, 2.3% for oil, and 1.8% for coolant. The hybrid system provides automatic cross-checking of sensor readings, adaptation to climatic conditions, and data transmission via RS-232/RS-485 communication protocols; if required, data can also be transmitted via TCP directly to the vessel’s ECDIS or to a remote control system for autonomous vessels. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating the developed system into shipboard automation systems, which can improve the safety and efficiency of river vessel main engine operation through the timely prevention of emergency situations associated with violations of operating fluid levels. Prospects for further research include expanding the system functionality through the implementation of predictive fluid consumption analysis and integration into more advanced vessel control systems. The implementation of the proposed system increases measurement accuracy by a factor of 5–6 compared to traditional float-type level sensors and ensures continuous monitoring of main engine operating fluids as well as emergency alarm generation.

The article is devoted to eliminating the main operational drawback of the technological process of semi-stationary sprinkler systems, which lies in the manual switching of irrigation nozzles. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of existing technical solutions for remote irrigation control was conducted, revealing that radio control is currently the most promising and economically feasible approach. The development of an automated irrigation control system (AICS) based on radio transmission was carried out taking into account the key criteria, including a data exchange rate of no more than 1 second, a stable communication range of at least 2000 meters, and the capacity to manage no fewer than 200 devices from one control unit. Based on the described criteria, a structural layout of the AICS was developed, consisting of a control unit and receiver nodes. The control unit includes a programming and command transmission module mounted on the central tower. A receiver node comprises a control module with a battery pack, fixed on a support tripod, and an electromagnetic valve replaceable with a disc shutter. The component base for the control module was selected, including a microcontroller, radio module, display, keyboard, and antenna. An electromechanical relay for switching the power circuit of the solenoid valve is additionally installed in the receiver node. The operating algorithm of the AICS, involving the sequential switching of sprinklers, is described. It is implemented by transmitting commands from the control unit to a specific receiver module to open or close the water supply regulating valve. The developed system provides autonomy for at least 150 days with a signal transmission range of up to 6000 meters. Modernizing semi-stationary systems with the AICS does not require high capital costs due to the adaptability of its design solutions, while significantly reducing labor input compared to manual switching.

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a remote damage control surgery (DCS) real-time guidance system based on HoloLens 2 for low-speed network environments. The system design follows a layered architecture model where the core logic is divided into network, data, service, and user layers. Data transmission in low-speed network environments is realized through multidimensional injury data encoding technology, combined with a WebSocket long-link protocol and fragmentation transmission technology. Multi-modal deep learning and decision tree algorithms are used to build an intelligent auxiliary model for injury assessment. Based on this, the HoloLens 2 immersive head-mounted display device is integrated via the Wi-Fi communication protocol to achieve multi-modal, real-time interactive surgical guidance. After the system development was completed, it was applied to four surgical teams composed of 28 students who were randomly divided into remote and control groups. An animal injury platform was used to construct a cranial trauma model for practical assessment. The remote and control groups used a guidance system and video call methods, respectively, to perform simulated remote surgery guidance. The differences in injury judgment, surgical operations, overall effectiveness scores, surgical time, and animal survival time between the two groups were compared. After the assessment, a self-made questionnaire was used for a satisfaction survey. In the remote group, the surgery operation scores were higher and the surgical time was shorter than in the control group (both P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in injury assessment, overall effectiveness scores, or animal survival time (P > 0.05). The students scored the system’s necessity, effectiveness, compatibility, and deployment environment above 5 points. The remote DCS guidance system based on HoloLens 2 can provide remote real-time interactive guidance for DCS using mixed reality technology. The proposed method can mitigate data transmission delays in low-speed, complex network environments. In addition, the surgical guidance system can assist surgeons in improving their ability in DCS and provide real-time, efficient decision-making support, making it worthy of further application and popularization.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-34705-w.

Programmable electromagnetic platforms have significantly enhanced the capabilities of magnetic micro- and nanobots by enabling precise remote control of autonomous movement, thereby transforming their roles in biomedical diagnostics, targeted therapies, and environmental remediation. These electromagnetic setups using Helmholtz, Maxwell, and gradient coil arrays generate dynamic magnetic fields to remotely control magnetic micro- and nanobots. Programmed modulation of magnetic field direction, magnitude, and gradients enables coordinated swarm behavior, including alignment, aggregation, dispersion, and pattern formation, thereby achieving submicrometer spatial precision and real-time adaptive navigation in confined microvascular environments. This capability facilitates single-cell biosensing, multiplexed biomarker detection, and targeted therapeutic delivery with up to 95% efficiency. Smart feedback loops seamlessly integrate sensing with magnetic actuation, enabling these bots to possess autonomous, self-regulating diagnostic and therapeutic functions tailored to changing biological microenvironments. Their functionality extends to environmental remediation, achieving over 90% pollutant degradation and up to 98% heavy metal removal as well as swarm-intelligent, real-time water-quality monitoring at industrial and agricultural sites. This review provides the use of advanced magnetic field setups for below-micrometer precision control of magnetic micro- and nanobots in complex environment. It discusses high-performance magnetic nanomaterial surface engineering and integration of real-time closed-loop feedback systems to maintain accurate robot navigation. Together, these strategies enable breakthrough applications in targeted therapy, biosensing, and environmental remediation.

The accelerated urbanization and rapid growth of the global population has resulted in the generation of massive amounts of municipal solid waste, mainly containing plastics. The improper disposal and minimal recycling rate of these waste materials exacerbate several environmental challenges. The present study focuses on the recycling of waste polystyrene (PS) by fabricating triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) based on PS films synthesized by various methods, i.e., solution casting, electrospinning, and spray coating as a positive triboelectric material. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Field-Effect Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) were used to analyze the functional groups and morphology of the synthesized films. The spray-coated PS-based TENG exhibited the highest electrical performance with a maximum open circuit voltage (Voc) of 690 V at 4 Hz, short-circuit current of (Isc) of 67 µA at 5 Hz, and maximum output power density of 28 W m−2 at 50 MΩ of load resistance. This enhanced performance can be attributed to the nanofibrous nature and increased surface area of the spray-coated films. The practical applications of PS-TENGs were also demonstrated, and include charging various capacitors and powering a calculator using a rectified voltage circuit. Also, the real-time control of a small remote-controlled (RC) car has been successfully demonstrated using PS-based TENGs. This innovative study paves the way for a circular economy by recycling waste plastic material into novel functional materials and accelerates the pathway for energy harvesting and smart sensors.

Blanket remote maintenance robot motion control based on nonlinear model predictive control and neural network

Light-switchable polymeric adhesives have emerged as a promising category of smart materials capable of modifying their adhesion reversibly under light irradiation. This remote and non-contact adhesion control is enabled by light-triggered chemical, physical, mechanical, or combined effects in photoresponsive polymer systems. Their ability to bond and debond reversibly makes them highly appealing for various applications such as reusable adhesives, soft robotics, microfabrication, and biomedical technologies. This perspective introduces the fundamental principles of light-switchable polymeric adhesives and provides an overview of recent advancements in their design, characterization, and applications. Furthermore, the mechanisms of adhesion and detachment, design approaches, current challenges, and future directions for developing next-generation light-switchable adhesive systems are discussed.

As medical imaging demand grows, there is increasing stress on the currently available workforce to deliver consistent, high-quality imaging studies while ensuring rapid study turnaround times and round-the-clock radiology coverage. Advances in remote access technology facilitating remote scan assistance and control are now commercially available to address these pressing clinical needs. This work evaluated an early clinical application of a virtual scanner operations system (syngo Virtual Cockpit (VA13A, Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany) for remote magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) monitoring and scan control at three geographically distant outpatient sites associated with our primary institution. The system facilitated execution of technically complex oncologic MRI exams at these geographically distant clinics with no measurable impact on acquisition time compared to MR imaging performed at our primary hospital location. Additional operational improvements were realized with the use of the system, including remote staff training, technical assistance, and scanning during staff shortages. This early iteration of remote scanning had some limitations including limited utility for additional assistance in the scanning of those protocols that require complex physical setup. Moreover, connectivity issues were noted to be a limiting factor that contributed to operational delays. It was still necessary to have an onsite MRI technologist at the scanner console to interface with the patient and ensure safe operation. Despite these limitations, our initial experience demonstrates that the use of remote MRI scanning support facilitates staffing flexibility while providing expanded patient access to oncology MRI services.

Visual guidance based shared remote operation control for hydraulic manipulators

Programmable and multi-stimuli responsive hydrogel actuator mediated by nanocellulose with intrinsic self-sensing capacity.

The explosion of Industry 4.0 has augmented the demand for secure, agile, and real-time industrial monitoring and control applications. In this paper, a secure Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) system for real-time PI control and cloud-based industrial monitoring is proposed. The developed system combines Siemens S-300 PLC (programmable logic controller) and Node-RED platform that provides real-time data acquisition, display, and remote control for industrial parameters like Level/Water temperature. An integrated end-to-end data pipeline is implemented to allow transparent information exchange between the PLC, Node-RED dashboard, MQTT-based services, and cloud infrastructures, providing real-time data synchronization as well as remote access. The PI controller, whose parameters can be adjusted online using a website or mobile app, is implemented by our framework without loss of control loop stability. Safety is improved by authentic access and the regulation of the user’s rights in order to avoid undelegated system operation. The experimental validation in a real-world industrial automation lab reveals the robustness of the real-time monitoring, enabling concurrent visualization over multiple interfaces and satisfactory PI control performance. The results substantiate the efficiency, applicability, and reliability of the developed IIoT system for real-world industrial monitoring and control scenarios.

Proposal of a Remote Control Method Considering the System Hazard Analysis While Work-type Drones with a Long Lateral Arm Approache Targets