Remazol Dye Research Articles

Application of Cellulose Acetate Propionate Biopolymer Membrane in The Treatment of Textile Wastewater Containing Remazol Dye

Textile liquid waste is pollution resulted from textile industry activities that often produce hazardous and toxic materials. Therefore, appropriate processing techniques are needed. There are many processing methods that can be used in treating this textile liquid waste, one of which is using membrane technology with phase inversion techniques. Membrane technology has advantages over other processing methods such as, being biopolymeric, relatively lower energy consumption, does not use chemicals in the processing process, and does not cause new waste in the processing process. In this study, 3 variations of cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) concentration were carried out in the manufacture of membranes including, 13% CAP; 14% CAP; and 15% CAP. Membranes that have been made are then carried out several analyses, namely porosity analysis; flux analysis; rejection analysis; and color concentration reduction analysis. The results in this study found that the highest porosity value, rejection value and flux value were found in the CAP membrane with a concentration of 13%. The CAP membrane has the best rejection value on reducing the remazol concentration of 43% with a membrane of 13% CAP.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis on the dyeing process to increase sustainable production in batik SMEs

Satrio Utomo SME is a batik small and medium enterprise located in Kedunggudel, Sukoharjo, which was established in 2010. This business specializes in producing two types of batik, written batik and stamped batik. Both production processes utilize Remazol as the raw material for synthetic dyes. Notably, while written batik exclusively employs 100% Remazol dye, stamped batik incorporates recycled Remazol dye. This study aims to calculate, analyze, and offer recommendations for enhancing eco-efficiency in the utilization of Remazole dye by employing the Life Cycle Assessment method with SimaPro 9.3 software to evaluate the environmental impact of both batik production methods. The results indicate that the eco- efficiency index for written batik stands at 1.03, whereas stamped batik boasts an index of 1.07, signifying superior eco-efficiency. This underscores the greater environmental impact of written batik, while stamped batik demonstrates a more favorable balance between economic and ecological considerations. The study proposes an enhancement strategy: increasing the production of stamped batik employing recycled Remazol dye due to its higher net value. For written batik, the recommendation involves transitioning from synthetic dyes to natural dyes, known for their environmental friendliness and ability to yield classic batik results.

Adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue R Dye Using Activated Carbon from Emty Palm Oil Bunches

Various types of dyes are used in the textile industry, including Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye. Remazol dye is a type of anthraquinone which is very difficult to remove if it is contaminated in the environment. One method of dealing with dyes that pollute the environment is adsorption using activated carbon. The material for activated carbon has the most potential to come from the palm oil industry, namely empty palm fruit bunches because they are widely available and have economic value. This study aimed to determine the effect of varying exposure time between activated carbon made from empty palm fruit bunches and textile dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R on decreasing the concentration of dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R. The adsorption process was carried out with the ratio of adsorbent mass: dye volume w/v (0.1:15) and varying the contact times of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 minutes. The initial concentration of textile substances was 23.2121 mg/L and was contacted between Remazol Brilliant Blue R textile substances with adsorbents using a shaker. Analysis of adsorption results using a UV – Vis instrument with a wavelength of 670 nm for Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye. The results showed that the best adsorption conditions was 60 minute contact time, with a removal percentage of 87.23% with an adsorption capacity of 3.0373 mg/g. The adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue R follows the Langmuir adsorption equation model with an R2 of 0.9997.

Linear and Nonlinear Regression Analysis for the Adsorption of Remazol Dye by Romanian Brewery Waste By-Product, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Earth’s water balance and economy are becoming increasingly fragile due to overpopulation, global warming, severe environmental pollution and both surface and groundwater pollution. Therefore, it is essential to find solutions to the problems of water scarcity and water pollution. In this research, an experiment was designed to optimize the technique for the adsorption of Remazol Red F3B (RR) dye by lyophilized brewery yeast waste from the fermentation process. Moreover, we proved that brewery yeast is a great adsorbent. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for optimization of different initial parameters, such as initial dye concentration (5–1000 mg/L), amount of yeast (0.5–2.5 g), pH (3–11) and temperature (20 to 40 °C). Furthermore, the structure and elemental composition of the adsorbent were analyzed with SEM, EDS and FTIR before and after biosorption. The best fits for the mathematical isotherm models in the case of the linear form were the Langmuir I and Freundlich models (R2 = 0.923 and R2 = 0.921) and, for the nonlinear form, the Khan model (R2 = 0.9996) was the best fit. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model showed the best fit for both linear (plotting t/qt vs. t) and nonlinear forms, are the calculated qe values were similar to the experimental data.

Screening and identification of fungi isolated from batik wastewaters for decolorization of Remazol Black B dye and batik effluent

Azo dyes are the most commonly used dyes in the textile industry and is classified as reactive dyes, including remazol dyes. Remazol dye creates additional reactions with fibrous substrates to produce ester bonds that give the fabric a bright colour. Remazol Black B (RBB) is a reactive dye from the Azo group. Remazol, also called a reactive vinyl sulfone dye which is widely used in the batik industry with black B, is its kind of colour. One of the biological treatments uses bioremediation techniques using fungi as a bioremediation agent. Therefore, this study aimed to screen and identify potential fungi that could degrade RBB using tannic acid as a qualitative screening and quantitative screening using a liquid medium containing various concentrations of RBB dye (250 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm). The results showed among ninety-eight fungal isolates, and six isolates were positive for laccase assay using tannic acid. Two of the six fungal isolates were identified as <em>Aspergillus </em>sp.1<em> </em>(74BRT) and <em>Aspergillus </em>sp.2<em> </em>(105PDL), which were selected for further study based on their high efficiency in decolourising RBB dye (96.89% and 91.21%). BLAST analysis of sequence data showed the identity of isolate 74BRT as <em>Aspergillus tamarii, </em>and isolate 105PDL<em> </em>as <em>Aspergillus sclerotiorum</em>. The efficiency of <em>A. tamarii</em> and <em>A. sclerotiorum</em> to decolourise the batik effluent was up to 37.47% and 42.09%, respectively. The laccase assay of these two isolates showed that <em>A. tamarii</em> had the highest enzyme activity at 120 h, reaching 12.23 IU mL<sup>-1,</sup> while <em>A. sclerotiorum</em> reached 9.34 IU mL<sup>-1</sup>.

Biosorption Study of Methylene Blue (MB) and Brilliant Red Remazol (BRR) by Coconut Dregs

Water pollution has become a major issue in many countries, including Malaysia. Malaysia is one of the countries that suffers from this detrimental influence on water resource sustainability. Adsorption has been discovered to be a cost-effective and efficient method of removing contaminants such as pigments, dyes, and metal impurities. Many biomass-based adsorbent materials have been successfully used for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions. In this study, the potential use of coconut dregs as the new biosorbent for the removal of Methylene Blue (MB) (basic dye) and Brilliant Red Remazol (BRR) (acidic dye) was investigated. The effects of adsorption time, adsorbent dosage, pH, and initial dye concentration on coconut dregs adsorption for MB and BRR dye were investigated using 2-Level Factorial Design of Design-Expert 7.1.5. The results indicated that the amount of dye adsorbed on the coconut dregs increased with increasing dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and adsorption time. However, both MB and BRR dyes favor different pH for the adsorption process. The adsorption capacity of MB dye increased with increasing pH, while the adsorption capacity of BRR dye increased with decreasing pH. Removal of MB was optimum at pH 11, contact time of 240 min, a dosage of 0.25 g adsorbent, and an initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L. Meanwhile, for BRR dye, the optimum condition was pH 2, contact time of 180 min, the dosage of 0.25 g adsorbent, and an initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L. The equilibrium data for both dyes fitted very well with the Langmuir Isotherm equation giving a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity as high as 5.7208 mg/g and 3.7636 mg/g for Methylene Blue Dye and Brilliant Red Remazol dye, respectively. This study shows that coconut dregs can be one of the potential and low-cost biosorbents for the treatment of industrial dyes soon.

Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Porous TiO2 for Enhanced Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Remazol Dye.

Three-dimensional hierarchical mesoporous structures of titanium dioxide (3D-HPT) were synthesized by self-assembly emulsion polymerization. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and pluronic 123 (P123) were used as the soft templates and co-templates for assisting the formation of hierarchical 3D porous structures. The TiO2 crystal structure, morphology, and Remazol red dye degradation were investigated. The 3D-HPT and normal three-dimensional titanium dioxide (3D-T) presented the good connection of the nanoparticle-linked honeycomb within the form of anatase. The 3D-HPT structure showed greatly enhanced adsorption of Remazol dye, and facilitated the efficient photocatalytic breakdown of the dye. Surprisingly, 3D-HPT can adsorb approximately 40% of 24 ppm Remazol dye in the dark, which is superior to 3D-T and the commercial anatase at the same condition (approx. 5%). Moreover, 3D-HPT can completely decolorize Remazol dye within just 20 min, which is more than three folds faster than the commercial anatase, making it one of the most active photocatalysts that have been reported for degradation of Remazol dye. The superior photocatalytic performance is attributed to the higher specific surface area, amplified light-harvesting efficiency, and enhanced adsorption capacity into the hierarchical 3D inverse opal structure compared to the commercial anatase TiO2.

Dye solubilization ability of plant derived surfactant from Sapindus rarak DC. extracted with the assistance of ultrasonic waves

The study focused on the extraction and characterization of the natural surfactant, saponin, from lerak (Sapindus rarak DC.) and investigation of its ability to solubilize reactive dyes. Extraction by green ultrasound-assisted extraction showed that the highest saponin yield of 27.87 mg saponin/100 mg feed was achieved. The value was obtained at temperatures of 30 °C, with solvent to solute ratio of 10 mL/g, after 40 min of extraction. This yield was approximately twice that obtained from maceration-based extraction. Compared to maceration extraction (ME), UAE results showed improved extraction time, lower temperature, and lesser requirement for solvents. The study of the surfactant characteristics of saponin extracts also confirmed that the extracted saponin from lerak pericarp was an oleanane triterpenoid saponin. Both the extract and pure saponin were classified as hydrophilic saponin with HLB value of 16.8 and 18.7, respectively. Lerak pericarp extract has Critical Micelle Concentration of 0.19% wt. The solubilization of lerak pericarp extract to synthetic dyes expressed as molar solubilization power were 0.251 mM/mM and 0.239 mM/mM for Red Remazol dye and Blue TQ Remazol dye, respectively.

Separation of Reactive Dyes using Natural Surfactant and Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration Membrane

This study presented the membrane separation integrated with surfactant micellisation for the removal of dye molecules from aqueous media, commonly identified as micellar enhances ultrafiltration (MEUF). Three different naphthols or naphthalene dye (AS-LB, AS-OL, and AS-BR), three kinds of remazol dye (Red Rb, Yellow G, and Turquoise Blue) and a pure grade saponin were used in this study. This study investigated the MEUF performance to remove the reactive dye and to determine the effect of surfactant addition in the feed solution by determining the micelle loading profile. A significant decline of the initial normalized flux compared to the final flux was shown in all of the filtration processes for the removal of remazol dye. However, the flux profile of the naphthol feed showed a more stable trend. The addition of saponin as a surfactant in the feed solution improved the rejection of the dye pollutant, and this was because of the successful entrapment of the dye pollutant in the surfactant micelle structure. The highest rejections for remazol Red Rb, yellow G, and Turquoise Blue were 97.32%, 98.88%, and 98.88%, respectively. In addition, the highest rejection for naphthol AS-BR, AS-LB, and AS-OL were 99.08%, 94.16%, and 93.59%, respectively. Adding the surfactant decreased the value of micelle loading (amount of dye solubilized in surfactant micelle). It was confirmed that the MEUF successfully removed the dye pollutant from the wastewater and increased the rejection of the surfactant itself.

Dope-Dyeing of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Nanofibres with Remazol Yellow FG.

The lack of aesthetic properties of electrospun nanofibres in terms of colour appearance is the drive in this preliminary study. This research is conducted to study the dyeing behaviour and colorimetric properties of electrospun nanofibres blended with Remazol Yellow FG reactive dye using dope-dyeing method via electrospinning process. This paper reports the colorimetric properties of dyed poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibres within the range of 2.5 wt.% to 12.5 wt.% dye content. The electrospinning parameters were fixed at the electrospinning distance of 10 cm, constant feed rate of 0.5 mL/h and applied voltage of 15 kV. The resulting impregnated dye of 10 wt.% exhibits acceptable colour difference of dyed PVA nanofibres, with a mean fibre diameter of 177.1 ± 11.5 nm. The SEM micrographs show the effect of dye content on morphology and fibre diameter upon the increment of dye used. Further increase of dye content adversely affects the jet stability during the electrospinning, resulting in macroscopic dropping phenomenon. The presence of all prominent peaks of Remazol dye in the PVA nanofibers was supported with FTIR analysis. The addition of dye into the nanofibres has resulted in the enhancement of thermal stability of the PVA as demonstrated by TGA analysis.

Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration Using a Plant-Derived Surfactant for Dye Separation in Wastewater Treatment.

Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) is one of several membrane methods used for the removal of trace organic pollutants from aqueous streams. In this process, a surfactant is added to a polluted aqueous solution at a concentration higher than its critical micelle concentration (CMC). Unlike synthetic surfactants, natural surfactants, from plants such as the saponin, while ecologically adaptable as surfactants in MEUF systems, are also biodegradable, renewable, and environmentally safe. This study applied Sapindus rarak extract as the natural surfactant in MEUF for Remazol dye separation. It was found that the presence of Sapindus rarak extract increased separation of Remazol red and blue dyes by up to 97.02% and 99.42%, respectively. However, the addition of surfactant decreased permeate fluxes due to membrane fouling and concentration polarization. In addition, loading micelle (Lm), representing the performance of the surfactant micelle for dye separation, as well as the blocking mechanism, was investigated. Lm was found to be in the range of 0.002–0.068 mM dyes/mM saponin. Ultrafiltration blocking mechanisms, as confirmed by the Hermia model, were: standard blocking, for cases without the addition of surfactant; cake formation, for cases with surfactant below the CMC; and complete blocking, for cases with surfactant above the CMC.

Adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Violet-5R Textile Dye from Aqueous Solutions by Using Eggshell Waste Biosorbent

Based on the well-known excellent adsorbent ability of chicken eggshells, the adsorptive capacity and mechanism of Remazol Brilliant Violet-5R (RBV-5R) dye by eggshell was investigated. Exploiting the high surface-area-to-volume ratio and porous structure of this natural adsorbent, the developed procedure showed to be useful for the efficient adsorption of RBV-5R dye from contaminated water. The protocol was thoroughly optimized by investigating the effect of the dye concentration, biomass-contaminated water ratio, particle size of the adsorbent, pH and temperature, as they are key factors in the efficiency of the dye removal process. The eggshell material was characterized by different types of microscopy techniques (stereo, polarization, SEM) as well as elemental analysis (element distribution mapping, EDX), Raman spectroscopy and BET-surface density measurements. EDX, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy proved the presence of the adsorbed dye on the surface of the biomaterial. It was shown that under optimal conditions, the environmentally friendly and inexpensive eggshell could be a reliable adsorbent for Remazol dye removal from wastewater.

Comparative Desorption Studies on Remediation of Remazol Dyes Using Biochar (Sorbent) Derived from Green Marine Seaweeds

AbstractIn this work, regeneration of Remazol dye loaded biochar produced from three different green marine seaweeds namely U.lactuca, U.reticulata and C.scalpelliformis was studied using different elutants as a regenerant. Before the regeneration, remediation of remazol dyes were studied in batch trails and U. Lactuca derived biochar is found to best ‐suited biochar for the remediation all four remazol dyes with a removal efficiency in the order of Remazol brilliant orange 3R (91%), followed by Remazol brilliant blue R (89.6%), Remazol brilliant violet 5R (84.2%) and Remazol Black B (77.8%). Further Remazol brilliant orange 3R is studied for the remediation of real wastewater and also continuous remediation of dyes is performed. The present work aspires to find the best regenerant for dye loaded biochars. From the investigation NaOH(0.01 M) is found to be the best elutant for all the three different biochars. Desorption efficiency for U. lactuca biochar loaded remazol dyes were between 99.3 to 99.7%, U. reticulate biochar loaded remazol dyes were between 99.4 to 99.8% and for C. scalpelliformis biochar loaded remazol dyes were between 99.2 to 99.6%. The impacts of S/L ratio on the elution efficiency of NaOH towards dye‐bounded biochar were examined. The results indicated that elution efficiency of NaOH remain unaltered until S/L ratio=5 and additional enhancement of S/L ratio caused significant decrease in elution efficiency for all systems.

Remediation of complex remazol effluent using biochar derived from green seaweed biomass

The unique property of biochar, synthesized from a green seaweed (Ulva lactuca), to remediate complex Remazol dye bearing wastewater was investigated. Preliminary trials were targeted to explore the remediation capacity of biochar towards each of Remazol dyes (Remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR), Remazol brilliant orange 3R (RBO3R), Remazol brilliant violet 5R (RBV5R), and Remazol Black B (RBB)) in single-solute system. The results show that equilibrium pH played a vital part with maximum sorption observed at pH 2.0. The isotherm experiments confirmed that biochar exhibited high uptakes of 0.301, 0.292, 0.265, and 0.224 mmol/g for RBO3R, RBBR, RBV5R, and RBB, respectively. Due to the presence of multiple dyes as well as high concentration of auxiliary chemicals, the performance of biochar to remediate Remazol effluent was inhibited markedly compared to single solute systems. Nevertheless, the dye removal efficiency was above 77.5% and the decolorization rate was high with more than 95% of total dye decolorization completed within 240 min. Our results provide novel insights into the potential of biochar to remove Remazol dyes from complex dye wastewaters.

Structural and photocatalytic properties of Mg2SnO4 spinel obtained by modified Pechini method

Mg2SnO4 was successfully synthesized by modified Pechini method. The influence of calcination temperature on structural and morphological properties was investigated. Material was evaluated on photo-discoloration of golden yellow Remazol dye at different concentrations under UVC irradiation. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate the formation of an inverse cubic spinel phase with good crystallinity and high purity. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy results reinforced the synthesis of this type of structure. PL emission spectra clearly exhibit two emission bands, which are originated from defects created inside the band gap possibly related to oxygen vacancies. Photocatalytic efficiency of magnesium stannate may be related to this defects.

Evaluation of Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (MEUF) Membrane for Dye Removal of Synthetic Remazol Dye Wastewater

Evaluation of Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (MEUF) Membrane for Dye Removal of Synthetic Remazol Dye Wastewater

Nano-Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide application to cotton for enhancing mechanical, UV protection and flame retardancy at low cytotoxicity level

The synthesis and application of layered double hydroxide (LDH) is gaining impetus for developing nano-hybrids with desired functionality. They are environmentally benign and of potential use in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, drug design, flame retardancy, separation and membrane technology, filtration, scavenging and controlled release of anions, electro-active and photoactive materials. However, there has been a limited research in wearable textile applications. In this study, magnesium–aluminium LDH nano-particles were synthesized and applied to cotton fabric to enhance mechanical, ultraviolet protection and flame retardancy properties. In addition, their cytotoxicity tests were investigated to ensure safe wearable applications. It was found that the application of this Mg–Al nano-LDH (1.5%) with reactive remazol dye (98.5%) at 2% shade improved the UV protection (UV protection factor: 20.184), enhanced flame-suppressing capacity (limiting oxygen index from 16.5 to 20.8) with significantly increased tensile strength (76.85%) of cotton.

The Effect of Different Remazol Dye Concentrations and Soaking Times in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell

Water based Remazol Brilliant Red, Orange and Violet dyes were used as the dye sensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cell. The performance of the solar cell was investigated between the dye concentrations, 0.25 mM and 2.5 mM and three different soaking times which at 3 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours. The adsorption peaks of the dyes were observed using ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) Spectrometer and the performance of the dye-sensitized solar cell was measured using Spectrum Parameter Analyzer (SPA). The results show that the device efficiency was increased with dye concentration, but, the DSSC performance at different soaking times performed differently with the previous study. The highest conversion efficiency of 1.125 % was obtained for Remazol Brilliant Red at concentration of 2.5 mM at 3 hours soaking time.

Application of bacterial extracellular polysaccharides/polyaniline composite for the treatment of Remazol effluent

A complex Remazol dye effluent, comprised of Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Remazol Black, Remazol Violet, Remazol Orange, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and acetic acid, was decolorized using polyaniline/extracellular polymeric substance (Pn/EPS) composite. Scanning electron micrograph showed that the surface of the composite was rough with granular appearance, providing a good possibility for dyes adsorption. X-ray diffractogram (XRD) of the composite showed the main reflections of both Pn and EPSs (2θ=6.0, 20.1 and 26.2, 30.4, and 40.8). Experiments were carried out as a function of contact time, pH, and adsorbent dose. Under optimized conditions, the maximum percentage removal was found to be 99.8% for the complex Remazol effluent. The Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo first-order rate expression showed satisfactory fit to the equilibrium biosorption data of Pn/EPS composite. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, XRD, and desorption studies confirmed the involvement of aromatic, amino, hydroxyl, and carboxylic groups in dye adsorption. The results indicate that composite is suitable as an adsorbent material for the enhanced removal of dyes from complex Remazol effluent.

Epicarp and mesocarp of babassu (Orbignya speciosa): characterization and application in copper phtalocyanine dye removal

The mesocarp and epicarp components of the babassu palm tree were applied as novel alternative biosorbents for copper phtalocyanine textile dye removal from aqueous solutions. The natural biopolymers were characterized by elemental analyses, solid state 13C NMR, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffractometry. Results demonstrated that the compositions of the mesocarp and epicarp are similar to those of other lignocellulosic materials, and that they were very effective for removal of the textile dye Turquoise Remazol. A pseudo second-order kinetic model resulted in the best fit with experimental data for both epicarp and mesocarp (R2 = 0.999), providing rate constants of sorption, k2, of 0.31 and 1.43 g mg-1 min-1, respectively. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were employed for adsorption analysis of the experimental data in their linearized forms. The second model resulted in the better fit for Turquoise Remazol dye, which presented maximum adsorption of 1.44 and 2.38 mg g-1 at pH 6.0 for mesocarp and epicarp, respectively.