Reluctant Entrepreneurs Research Articles

Explaining the Off-the-Books Enterprise Culture of Ukraine: Reluctant or Willing Entrepreneurship?

In recent years, there has been a growing realisation that beyond the realm of legitimate entrepreneurship is a large hidden enterprise culture composed of entrepreneurs conducting some or all of their trade off-the-books. Until now, however, few have evaluated how many entrepreneurs start-up their ventures trading off-the-books and why they do so. Reporting face-to-face interviews conducted in Ukraine during 2005-06 with 331 entrepreneurs, the finding is not only that the vast majority (90%) operate partially or wholly off-the-books but also that they are not all driven by necessity and as a last resort and survival strategy into entrepreneurship. Revealing how many are willing rather than reluctant entrepreneurs and that even those who initially are reluctant entrepreneurs and doing so out of necessity became more willing entrepreneurs over time as their business became established, the paper concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for both further research and public policy.

Explaining the off-the-books enterprise culture of Ukraine: reluctant or willing entrepreneurship?

In recent years, there has been a growing realisation that beyond the realm of legitimate entrepreneurship is a large, hidden enterprise culture composed of entrepreneurs conducting some or all of their trade off-the-books. Until now, however, few have evaluated how many entrepreneurs start-up their ventures trading off-the-books and why they do so. Reporting face-to-face interviews conducted in Ukraine during 2005-2006 with 331 entrepreneurs, the finding is not only that the vast majority (90%) operate partially or wholly off-the-books, but also that they are not all driven by necessity, as a last resort and as a survival strategy into entrepreneurship. Revealing how many are willing rather than reluctant entrepreneurs; and that even those who were initially reluctant and ventured into it out of necessity, became more willing entrepreneurs over time as their business became established - the paper concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for both further research and public policy.

Reluctant Entrepreneurs and their Clients The Case of Selfemployed Freelance Workers in the British Book Publishing Industry

JOHN STANWORTH IS DIRECTOR OF THE Future of Work Research Group at the London Management Centre, University of Westminster, England; Celia Stanworth is a researcher with the Future of Work Research Group and also a Senior Lecturer in Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations at Greenwich University Business School, England. The twin processes of large firm job loss and small firm job creation have traditionally been seen as essentially compartmentalised processes that is, jobs shed by large firms are seen as gone forever, while the jobs created by their small firm counterparts are seen in the opposite sense as completely new economic creations. However, the research reported here, drawn from the publishing industry in Britain, illustrates a more symbiotic relationship. It observes employers' changes in labour-use strategies, resulting in former in-house employees becoming externally located (homebased) and changing their employment status to 'freelance' selfemployed.

The Rise of the Reluctant Entrepreneurs

DR. EMILY BOYLE IS A LECTURER IN Organisation Studies and Management at the University of Ulster atJordanstown in Northern Ireland. The dramatic rise in the number of self-employed businessmen in the United Kingdom over the last fifteen years has provided an impetus for research into the causes of 'entrepreneurship'. Much of this research has centred on the effects of psychological, sociological and economic factors on the individuals concerned. In this article, however, it is argued that the recent mushrooming of self-employment has to some extent been contrived by big business as a response to the growing uncertainty and hostility in their environments. Many large firms have found it advantageous to lay-off whole classes of employees and then sub-contract their work back out to them as self-employed businessmen. This article is based on a case study of one such class of workers, namely the milk deliverymen of Dale Farm Dairies in Northern Ireland who were laid off as full-time employees (along with the milkmen from the other major dairies in the province) in 1984/85 and enfranchised as self-employed businessmen. The article examines both the theoretical and practical reasons for the actions of the dairies and analyses the circumstances under which the self-employed milkmen now operate.

Reluctant entrepreneurs: professionally qualified Asian migrants in small business.

"The abandonment of the White Australia Policy after World War II and the implementation of a points system in Australia's immigration program have led to a dramatic increase in the number of highly educated Asian migrants in the country. A study of 144 entrepreneurs of small business in the Indian and Chinese communities in Brisbane and Sydney found that, faced with institutionalized blockages, few of these highly educated migrants could practice what they were originally trained for. The majority of them, with their class resources, determination and optimism, became reluctant entrepreneurs."

Book Reviews

Personnel Management For The Single European Market Mark Pinder, London: Pitman, 1990 The Essentials of Employment Law David Lewis, London: IPM, 3rd edition 1990 The Quest For Productivity: a Case Study of Fawley After Flanders Bruce W. Ahlstrand, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990 Ontinuous Improvement: Quality Control Circles in Japanese Industry Paul Lillrank and Noraki Kano, Ann Arbor: Centre for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, 1989 Reluctant Entrepreneurs: The Extent, Achievements And Significance of Worker Takeovers in Europe Rob Paton (with the assistance of Rainer Duhm, Silvia Gerhardi, Jean‐Louis Laville, Carlos Otero‐Hidalgo, Roger Spear and Anne Westenholz) Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1989

Developing successful worker co-operatives

Chris Cornforth, Alan Thomas, Jenny Lewis and Roger Spear, 1988: Developing Successful Worker Co‐operatives. London: Sage, £27.50 cloth, £9.95 paper. Mark Holmstrom, 1989: Industrial Democracy in Italy. Aldershot Avebury, £30.00 cloth. Rob Paton, 1989: Reluctant Entrepreneurs. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, £30.00 cloth, £12.50 paper.

Part Time Private Practices for the Reluctant Entrepreneur

Part Time Private Practices for the Reluctant Entrepreneur