Village Relocation Research Articles

Glucocorticoid Stress Responses of Reintroduced Tigers in Relation to Anthropogenic Disturbance in Sariska Tiger Reserve in India

Tiger (Panthera tigris), an endangered species, is under severe threat from poaching, habitat loss, prey depletion and habitat disturbance. Such factors have been reported causing local extermination of tiger populations including in one of the most important reserves in India, namely Sariska Tiger Reserve (STR) in northwestern India. Consequently, tigers were reintroduced in STR between 2008 and 2010, but inadequate breeding success was observed over the years, thus invoking an investigation to ascertain physiological correlates. In the present study, we report glucocorticoid stress responses of the reintroduced tigers in relation to anthropogenic disturbance in the STR from 2011 to 2013. We found anthropogenic disturbance such as encounter rates of livestock and humans, distance to roads and efforts to kill domestic livestock associated with an elevation in fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations in the monitored tigers. In this regard, female tigers seem more sensitive to such disturbance than males. It was possible to discern that tiger’s fGCM levels were significantly positively related to the time spent in disturbed areas. Resulting management recommendations include relocation of villages from core areas and restriction of all anthropogenic activities in the entire STR.

Reconstruction of a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) in the Engaño Valley, Chilean Patagonia: Lessons for GLOF risk management

Floods from moraine-dammed lake failures can have long standing effects not only on riverine landscapes but also on mountain communities due to the high intensity (i.e. great depth and high velocities) and damaging capacity of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). GLOFs may increase in frequency as glaciers retreat and new lakes develop and there is an urgent need to better understand GLOF dynamics and the measures required to reduce their negative outcomes. In Patagonia at least 16 moraine-dammed lakes have failed in historic time, however, data about GLOF dynamics and impacts in this region are limited. We reconstruct a GLOF that affected a small village in Chilean Patagonia in March 1977, by semi structured interviews, interpretation of satellite images and 2D hydraulic modelling. This provides insight into the GLOF dynamics and the planning issues that led to socioeconomic consequences, which included village relocation. Modelling shows that the water released by the GLOF was in the order of 12–13×106m3 and the flood lasted for about 10h, reaching a maximum depth of ~1.5m in Bahía Murta Viejo, ~26km from the failed lake. The lake had characteristics in common with failed lakes worldwide (e.g. the lake was in contact with a retreating glacier and was dammed by a narrow-steep moraine). The absence of land-use planning and the unawareness of the GLOF hazard contributed to the village flooding. The Río Engaño GLOF illustrates how small-scale and short-distance migration is a reasonable coping strategy in response to a natural hazard that may increase in frequency as atmospheric temperature rises and glaciers retreat.

Navigating ancestral landscapes in the Northern Iroquoian world

After the transition to settled village life ca. AD 1300, the Northern Iroquoian peoples of northeastern North America relocated their settlements every few decades or less. Frequent village location meant that, after less than 100years, the landscape they inhabited would have contained more abandoned than occupied village sites. We draw upon ancestral Wendat site relocation sequences on the north shore of Lake Ontario, Ontario, Canada to explore factors influencing village relocation and how the continued abandonment of village sites created ancestral landscapes that included sites of pilgrimage, resource extraction, and ceremony. As communities of the dead, abandoned villages and associated ossuaries were part of a larger set of spiritual responsibilities to meaningful places in the landscape. As ancestral sites, these places were part of ongoing processes of emplacement through which Wendat communities laid claim to politically-defined territories.

Study on the Regional Pattern Selection of Ecological Migration in the Loess Plateau

The choice of the immigrant regional pattern will decide the success or failure of the ecological migration in a certain degree. According to different administrative scopes of the migration, scholars divided the ecological migration into different regional patterns, but the scholars had different views on the pros and cons of various models. Taking the Loess Plateau as an example in this paper, the author selected four typical case zones: village relocation, township relocation, county relocation, and trans-country relocation. By analyzing them one by one, the paper sums up the characteristics of the four patterns. The probe into the regional pattern of ecological migration in the Loess Plateau helps the author sum up the problem in choosing of regional mode. In the end, the choice of the future regional pattern of ecological migration in the Loess Plateau has been discussed, which will provide the decision-making basis for the future ecological migration in the Loess Plateau.

昭和三陸津波後における集落移動の実態

A case study on two villages of northern Miyagi Prefecture was carried out for village relocation in the period from Sanriku Tsunami of 1933 up to the Great East Japan Earthquake. As a result, the movement of the “old site return”, which has been a conventional dogma, was little. On the other hand it is revealed that movement with a time lag to said “delayed upland move” has been performed over a long period of time.

State and Society in China’s Environmental Politics

It is increasingly common to encounter headlines detailing China’s environmental woes and the social action that has appeared as a result. These headlines run side-by-side with stories of China’s continued economic growth and rise in global prominence. The fact that these two issues are connected is not lost on Chinese citizens or the Communist Party of China. The way these competing, though related, issues are addressed by state and society in China is of central concern to the country as well as to the global community. Though the topic of environmental degradation and social response has been previously explored by many academics in the context of China, the issue has gained a broader audience. The three books under review generally seek to reach this broader audience and to address key tensions in China’s environmental governance, providing insight into changes in state–society relations. There has been an opening of social space in China over the last twenty years, allowing for increased public activism related to environmental issues, at a scale unimaginable even thirty years ago. The nature of this space, however, and the political context in which it has emerged, are contentious. Judith Shapiro provides an overview of the broad spectrum of related issues involved in China’s Environmental Challenges, using a textbook format to introduce the key debates regarding environmental governance in China. Following her now seminal study Mao’s War Against Nature, Shapiro’s newest book draws on a historical view of environmental issues in the country; shifting

Research Progress of Coal Villages in China Based on Literatures Analysis

Using China National Knowledge Infrastructure as the retrieve source, research papers of villages overlapping coal resources in recent 48 years are analyzed from the aspects of time distribution, periodical distribution, topic distribution etc. Then the content of research literature is analyzed qualitatively and the research progress is revealed. The results show that: The total amount of literature is less, the gross number is only 331; Besides core journals, the ordinary journals occupies the large proportion among the journals on which the research papers published; It can generally be divided into two research themes, that is coal mining technology under villages and relocation of village overlapping coal resources. Compared with the first, the study of village relocation is weak, and much more study is in a shallow level; The research subject is single, and the technical personnel and workers at the basic level of coal enterprises occupy a large proportion. Although the village relocation involves a lot of land issues, the research of land scholars on this field is not much. To strengthen and broaden the research of relocation of villages overlapping coal resources is the trend of future research in this field. Comprehensive and quantitative research from the land, management, ecology, environment and other multi angle, multi domain, multi discipline should be conducted.

Grassroots Perspectives on Relocation: Threats and Opportunities

Literature on land disputes typically portrays villagers as victims unable to protect their interests. While they sometimes protest against land expropriation, their efforts tend to be met with little success. Undoubtedly, villagers are in a position of relative powerlessness. However, their perspectives on urbanization, development, and displacement are complex. This article provides some ethnographic context for the widely discussed related topics of land disputes and compensation. Based on fieldwork in rural Sichuan, it examines how the selection of agricultural areas for industrialization and road building, entailing relocation of villagers, has been understood by local villagers. Rumors of possible relocation (and compensation for existing homes) have often translated into the speedy building of rather absurd house extensions to maximize compensation. In response, village officials and the county government have attempted to crack down on what they claim are illegal buildings. Some households have already been moved, conflicts loom large, and the village Communist Party secretary has caused even more controversy by building himself a huge house, hoping for a large compensation payment. The article considers how villagers view relocation; the relative value they place on industry, development, and land; and discourses in which industrial development and tourism are concurrently evaluated. In the relative absence of a welfare state to protect them, rural residents regard land as the most fundamental guarantee of livelihood, and they are unwilling to surrender control over it. They resent the minimal compensation they are offered and suspect that local officials take bribes from investors and pocket a large share of the benefits. At the same time, they welcome the development of infrastructure and of transport, which they regard as a step toward improving living conditions and employment opportunities. Through their participation in (and rejection of) building practices, and their calls on the local state to offer better compensation, villagers are also reconfiguring their local moral universe. These negotiations are an instance when the legitimacy of the local government comes under scrutiny and tensions among villagers as well as between villagers and the local state come to the fore.

Dynamic Requisition-Compensation Balance Theory of Mining-under Village Relocation Planning Based on PSO Algorithm

This study has improved traditional ‘requisition first compensation later’ theory and ‘compensation first requisition later’ theory, and proposed dynamic requisition-compensation balance theory. Mathematical model of mining-under village relocation is established, and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the stage relocation planning of dynamic requisition-compensation balance theory. The result shows that, this new theory can effectively solve land using problems such as land requisition difficulty and land compensation difficulty, reduce the human-land conflict, ensure execute relocation smoothly, promote reclamation project implementation, and can guarantee a certain amount of arable land surplus; The PSO algorithm can maximize both the surplus land area and the per capita building land area of farmer with high accuracy.

The Assessment of Post-Earthquake Relocation of Rural Settlements (Case Study: Estalkhkooh village after 1990 earthquake of Guilan – Zanjan)

Purpose: Reconstruction programs have two approaches: In-situ reconstructions and Relocation. Different experiences around the world show little acceptance of relocation programs by people which new sites were left or did not return to their pre-boom. Meanwhile, Estalkhkooh village relocation program shows vice versa. Villagers not only accept their new relocated village but also are trying to improve it. The purpose of this article is evaluating the Estalkhooh reconstruction after twenty years in order to discover the reasons of acceptation of the relocation by residence and also to achieve outcomes and complications. Methodology: The article is based on qualitative research methods and has benefited from data collection tools such as observation, deep and semi-deep interviews and document review. Findings: Based on results and outcomes of the research, this relocation program was successful in attraction of rural people's participation as well as its rapid reconstruction process. It seems that simple access to old site of village, little distance from it, owning new lots in relocated village and etc. were the reasons of acceptance of this relocation. But this reconstruction had negatives effects for the village too. Research limitation: lack of information about reconstruction process, Poor road access to the village and the problems associated with low literacy and aging among the target population Practical implications: It seems that in reducing the risk of disasters by reconstruction, the region should be investigated further by headquarters of reconstruction in case of relocation. Original/value: The significance of the research in this regard is introducing the social, economic, physical and cultural factors that contribute to the residence acceptance in relocations after disasters.

Research on the Feasibility of Mining Area Village Relocation Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation

Many factors affect mining village relocation, with ambiguity and uncertainty among themselves. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method can consider various influencing factors with hierarchical design, thus quantitative studies various fuzzy relationships; ultimately get the fuzzy evaluation results by fuzzy operation. Practice shows that it is objective practical to use fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to research village relocation, which will provide scientific basis for design-making.

Official relocation and self-help development: Three housing strategies under ambiguous property rights in China’s rural land development

The recent trend to develop rural land in western China has resulted in the large-scale relocation of villagers. It has also given rise to self-help development of housing. By examining long-established research on both formal urban development and informal village settlements, this study examines self-built housing, collective-endorsed housing and urban relocation housing in one western Chinese village. Their coexistence was made possible by ambiguities in property rights. The state–collective divide and the urban–rural dichotomy in property rights were restructured in land development, and villagers were able to use various means to take advantage of transitional, favourable deals to gain short- or long-term returns. Specifically, self-developed housing met market demands and traditional lifestyles, but witnessed a gap between de jure and de facto property rights and could not be easily formalised, whereas officially sanctioned relocation provided long-term homeownership but with ambiguous de jure property rights and failed to fully integrate villagers into urban neighbourhoods. To a lesser extent, collective endorsement added to the legitimacy of self-help development.

Simulation of streamflow and sediment with the soil and water assessment tool in a data scarce catchment in the three gorges region, china.

The Three Gorges Region in China is currently subject to a large-scale land use change, which was induced by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River. The relocation of towns, villages, and agricultural areas is expected to affect the water balance and increase erosion rates and sediment yields in the affected catchments. Hydrologic and water quality models are frequently used to assess the impact of land use changes on water resources. In this study, the eco-hydrological Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is applied to the Xiangxi Catchment in the Three Gorges Region. This paper presents the calibration and validation of streamflow and sediment loads at Xingshan gauging station. The calibration of daily streamflow resulted in a satisfactory fit of simulated and observed data, which is indicated by Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) values of 0.69 and 0.67 for the calibration (1981-1986) and validation (1988-1993) periods, respectively. In contrast, the model was not able to simulate the monthly average sediment loads correctly, as indicated by very low NSE values of 0.47 (calibration) and 0.08 (validation). This might be due to inadequate representation of spatial rainfall variability by the available climate stations, insufficient input data, uncertainties in the model structure, or uncertainties in the observed sediment loads. The discussion of these possible reasons for the incorrect prediction of sediment loads by SWAT reveals the need for further research in the field of hydrological and water quality modeling in China.

RECONSTRUÇÃO DE PAISAGEM DA TERRA NATAL: A EXPERIÊNCIA DE TOHOKU, JAPÃO, APÓS TERREMOTO E TSUNAMI, EM 2011

This paper aims to present a methodology to analyze the process of reconstruction of Tohoku in Japan, the region affected by the earthquake / tsunami of 2011, so as the process of Reconstruction of the homeland (furusato). In this phase, the research will be centred to identify the stages of rebuilding through the activities carried out so far. After the initial emergency phase, processes are being discussed to the relocation and reconstruction of villages and towns preserving identity characteristics considered for the community. Finally it is proposed the called process of Reconstruction of the Homeland, which proposes an analysis of the collective consciousness and local capacity to retain in their structures a subjective sense of primordial landscape of their identities.

Conservation-induced Displacement: The Anatomy of a Win–Win Solution

India’s wildlife conservation strategy relies on creating ‘inviolate’ protected areas (PAs) free from human disturbance, using policing of PAs and physical displacement of human populations as the preferred tools to do so. Conservation-induced displacement causes not just loss of livelihood and dwellings but also increases vulnerability and impoverishment risks of displaced people. By and large, the state’s record of rehabilitating people displaced from PAs has been quite dismal in India. This article examines a rare case of conservation-induced displacement and resettlement where the livelihood outcomes for the displaced people are said to be positive. The relocation of over 400 households from the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka in the late 1990s has been held up as a case where both conservation goals and local people’s livelihoods gained from displacement. The success of Bhadra has inspired a spate of calls by conservationists in India to use village relocation as a ‘win-win’ opportunity to attain simultaneously the goals of wildlife conservation and poverty alleviation for forest-dwelling communities. This article delves into the process and politics of displacement, resettlement and rehabilitation in Bhadra from the point of view of examining this claim and assessing its replicability elsewhere.

Problems and Suggestions of Coal Mining Subsided Land Governance in Jining City of Shandong Province

Jining city is one of the key coal national development base.The width of land subsidence area , the depth of collapse and the difficulty of its government are all rare in the nationwide. This paper analyzed the coal mining subsided land and village relocation situation in Jining city , summarized the situation of the coal mining subsided area comprehensive governance and the coal under villages relocation and pointed out the difficulties and contradictions of these two efforts.And it also proposed that establishing a sound reduction loss mechanism of cultivated land protection, and adjusting and perfecting the land policy of coal under villages relocation are the keys to solve the above problems.

Coal Village Relocation Research on the Impact of Agricultural Production — Taking an Example in Shandong Province

Coal village relocation will bring local agricultural production and farmers living influence. Based on the city which has been moved eight villages, take the form of questionnaire from farming convenience condition, labor and agricultural structure adjustment, social security and other aspects, and analyzed the survey data with regression statistics. Relocate residents willing to continue to engage in agricultural production as the dependent variable, selecting 15 factors as independent variables, using SPSS software to carry on the Logit regression analysis model, finally determine Relevance between the main source of income and the field road built two factors and farmers engaged in agricultural production, the change in the transportation and large mechanical equipment also have great influence to the function.

‘Voluntary’ Poverty Alleviation Resettlement in China

ABSTRACTCurrent conceptualizations of resettlement in China as either voluntary or involuntary are too rigid. New guidelines and policies, particularly around Poverty Alleviation Resettlement (PAR), are emphasizing the importance of voluntarism. Little is known, however, about how the principle of voluntary relocation of villagers has actually been implemented. This study explores this process by examining local implementation and experiences of PAR in Linfen Prefecture, Shanxi. It introduces China's nationwide PAR programme, and then identifies the spatial and temporal characteristics of PAR in Linfen from 1997 to 2010, highlighting the factors that contribute to widespread voluntary resettlement.

Relocation Pattern for Minority Villages Stricken by Wenchuan Earthquake

After the Wenchuan earthquake, a number of minority villages face many difficulties in relocation due to their poor geographical location, backward economic development and poor inhabited environment. In this paper, successful pattern for relocation of minority villages are researched and explored through analysis, generalization and summation with the post-disaster relocation of Yangliu Village in Taiping Township of Mao County as an example, in order to provide reference for the reconstruction of other minority villages stricken by the great disaster.

Transportation planning methodologies for post-disaster recovery in regional communities: the East Japan Earthquake and tsunami 2011

Spatial planning provides tools to government authorities that support integrated response strategies as part of the disaster management but regional communities outside of the metropolitan areas often lack the necessary capacity and resources to implement these approaches. Unlike in the USA, there are no guidelines for transportation planners in coping with post-disaster situations in Japan. There is a substantive literature on institutions, concepts of urban sustainability and resilience, community engagement and travel behavioral adjustments to natural disasters and man-made disruptions to transportation supply in the emergency phase but only limited research into travel demand modeling in the recovery phase. This paper focuses on the recovery phase – and constructs conceptual and operational demand and supply models for the recovery phase to help seek options for more sustainable outcome. The methodology is applied to the city of Ishinomaki, Japan, one of the many regional communities devastated by the March, 2011 earthquake and tsunami where only limited capacity and data are available. Future hypothetical scenarios for the city are analyzed to illustrate the potential practicality of the proposed methodology with the indicators of travel performance of the scenarios in the case study area. The paper concludes with implication to planning, including the full re-location of peninsular villages, and further research needs.