Religious Field Research Articles

Discours des religieux sur la pandémie au Pérou (2020–2021) : se conformer aux directives de l’État ou les rejeter ? Faire confiance à Dieu et/ou à la science ?

This article analyzes the official position of Peruvian religious institutions, particularly Pentecostal ones, in response to the health emergency of COVID-19 (2020–2021), in the context characterized by precarity and multiple deficiencies. Using netnography and an ethnographic case study method, we examine the reactions of various churches. While a significant sector of the religious field, generally the most institutionalized, remained officially confident in the scientific approach assumed by the government to confront the pandemic, others, inspired by transnational connections related to North American conservative currents and promoting conspiracy theories and eschatological views, have introduced more ambiguous, even dissenting, discourses. Our analysis shows that diversity exists in the most structured institutions such as the Catholic Church and some dogmatic independent churches. Many members maintain their independence and do not follow the leaders’ instructions.

Manajemen Branding Anwaha

Anwaha, as a formal educational institution based on pesantren with three levels of education, namely MI Tahfidz Anwarul Hasaniyyah, MTs Anwarul Hasaniyyah, and MA Anwarul Hasaniyyah, is building a brand to facilitate students, who are the target market for Anwaha's education. In Anwaha's branding management, several steps are taken, including proving its excellence in science and religious fields, providing the best facilities, online and offline promotions, as well as certification programs for educators and educational staff.

THE RELIGIOUS AND LITERARY CONTRIBUTION OF BABA XHEMAL STAMBOLLI-TURKU IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY IN THE CITY OF ELBASAN

This paper aims to examine the influence and legacy of Baba Xhemal Stambolli-Turku, a well-known religious and literary figure, and an integral part of the intellectual elite of his time who operated for a relatively long period in the city of Elbasan. Through the narrative, we seek to clarify the historical context in which Xhemal Stambolli carried out his activities as one of the leaders of the Bektashi faith in Elbasan. Additionally, through the research of documentation, the analysis of published literature, and the use of surveys, this study focuses on two main aspects of his life and work: his contribution to the religious field and his impact on the development of local literature and culture. The early decades of the 20th century coincide chronologically with the most intense period leading towards the path of independence and the creation of the Albanian state. It is worth appreciating the fact that the followers and leaders of the Bektashi faith had a generally positive political approach toëards this process in the difficult journey of state-building. Baba Xhemali played an important role in spreading the Islamic faith, engaging in the education and spiritual guidance of the faithful, as well as in preserving religious traditions. Furthermore, he became an important writer and poet, contributing to the enrichment of Albanian literature, especially in difficult periods for Albanian culture and society. This study aims to highlight the importance of Baba Xhemali’s figure as a spiritual leader and thinker who left a valuable legacy in the religious and literary fields of the city of Elbasan, influencing the development of the culture and identity of this city.

Granny Chan in Zen Buddhism: The Historical Deposition and Cultural Manifestation of Buddhist Women’s Zen Wisdom

Zen/Chan Buddhism, as a profound spiritual tradition, has witnessed the emergence and development of a unique phenomenon known as “老婆禪 Granny Chan”, which is deeply intertwined with the spiritual pursuits of Buddhist women throughout history. This proposed research aims to expound and interrogate the hidden treasures of Zen wisdom amassed by these remarkable women, thereby shedding new light on the often-overlooked contributions within the Zen domain. To begin with, by scouring ancient Zen texts, anecdotes, and historical records, we will trace the roots and evolutionary path of “Granny Chan”. These sources are replete with accounts of nameless “grannies” engaging in profound dialogs and encounters with Zen masters. Their sharp insights and spontaneous responses during dharma exchanges, as exemplified in classic koans like “婆子點心 The Granny’s Dimsum” and “婆子燒庵 The Granny Burning the Hermitage”, reveal a depth of understanding that belies their marginalized status in traditional religious narratives. Subsequently, this study will focus on dissecting the distinct ways in which their Zen wisdom was manifested within the cultural context of Zen. Their approach, characterized by simplicity, directness, and a deep connection to life’s realities, not only added a refreshing dimension to Zen teachings but also subtly challenged the male-dominated paradigm prevalent in the religious fields. By highlighting these expressions, we can appreciate how Buddhist women’s insights became an integral part of Zen’s cultural fabric. In the contemporary context, this research holds multiple implications. It serves as a corrective to the historical neglect of Buddhist women’s spiritual achievements, providing a source of inspiration and empowerment for modern female practitioners. Moreover, it prompts a rethinking of gender equality within religious traditions, advocating for a more inclusive and equitable recognition of women’s roles in the Zen community and beyond. Overall, through the exploration of “Granny Chan”, we anticipate contributing to a better understanding of Zen Buddhism’s historical, cultural, and spiritual dimensions, bridging the gender gap and enriching the ongoing discourse on religious wisdom.

KIPRAH LEMBAGA PESANTREN DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENDIDIKAN DI INDONESIA

Islamic boarding school institutions have long been active in educating the Indonesian nation. This work is not only in the religious field, but also in the educational field. The discussion was about the important role of Islamic boarding school institutions in improving education in Indonesia. This research aims to find out about the history of Islamic boarding school education, the role of Islamic boarding schools in educating the nation, the contribution of Islamic boarding schools in improving the quality of education in Indonesia, and the weaknesses of Islamic boarding schools in the advancement of science. This research uses qualitative methods by relying on library research, namely collecting data from books, articles and other sources relevant to the research topic. The results of this research are that Islamic boarding schools have an important and strategic role in improving the quality of education in Indonesia. The role of Islamic boarding schools is not only in the aspect of religious education, but also in the aspect of general education and developing national character.

Implementation of the Aswaja Course in Shaping Moderate Islamic Character

The implementation of Aswaja courses at the Islamic University of Jember (UIJ) in forming students' Wasathiyah Islamic character (Islamic moderation) is the main subject of this study. The primary study issue is how UIJ's Aswaja course model helps students develop a moderate Islamic character and how well the university has done at doing so. This research will employ a case study with a qualitative approach and provides a detailed examination of a specific environment, object, or collection of documents or events. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher conducts field observations, structured or unstructured interviews with key personnel at the Islamic University of Jember, and document analysis to supplement data. Data collection will occur in a natural setting, with the researcher observing without prior arrangement, aiming for their presence to maximize the study's objectives effectively. The integration of Ahlussunnah wal Jamaah values in education at the Islamic University of Jember (UIJ), who revealed various strategies and policies the university employs to internalize Aswaja values in every aspect of education, it was found that Aswaja values such as moderation (tawasuth), balance (tawazun), tolerance (tasamuh), and justice (i'tidal) are systematically implemented in both credit-based and non-credit curricula, including courses outside the religious field. UIJ has designed teaching methods that encourage students to not only understand these values theoretically but also apply them in daily life, achieved through a student-centered learning (SCL) approach that facilitates dialogue, inquiry, and material exploration by students.

Dynamics of Chinese Muslim Development in Medan City, 1965-1998

This research examines the dynamics of Chinese Muslim development in Medan City in the period 1965-1998. Using the historical method and literature review approach, this research analyzes the development and changes that occurred in the Chinese Muslim community in Medan during the New Order period. The results show that the position and role of Chinese Muslims underwent significant changes during the period, from post-G30S/PKI stigmatization to a more positive portrayal of their contributions in the social, economic and religious fields. The formation of the Persatuan Islam Tionghoa Indonesia (PITI) in 1961 and its transformation into Pembina Iman Tauhid Indonesia in 1972 were important milestones in the development of this community. Despite facing various challenges such as discrimination and negative stereotypes, Chinese Muslims in Medan managed to build their dual identity as Muslims and Chinese through a complex process of cultural assimilation and social interaction. This research reveals that the socio-political dynamics of the period affected the public perception and integration process of the Chinese Muslim community into the wider Medan society.

A Conversation on Aesthetics and Affects of Power

In May 2022 we held a workshop at the University of Erfurt titled Aesthetics and Affects of Power in the Context of Religion. The workshop was born out of a shared personal interest in the implicit, unconscious, material, and embodied negotiations of power, specifically as they take place in religious fields and discourses of religious participation. We observed that religious practices and discourses have historically taken, and continue to take, an especially important role in creating sensory mechanisms that structure power relations: shaping perception via aesthetics and affects. These sensory power mechanisms outlive religious practices and expand far beyond the religious sphere. They become alive in the body of the aesthetically affected. This conversation is an attempt to approach, grasp, and frame aesthetics and affects of power as a starting point for any future exchange and discussions.

The Role of The Arabic Language in Promoting Cultural Understanding and Tolerance Among People in The Era of Globalization

The Arabic language plays a prominent role in promoting cultural understanding and tolerance among peoples, especially in a world witnessing rapid developments due to globalization. This research paper examines the impact of the Arabic language as a means of communication between different cultures, and how it contributes to spreading the values of tolerance and dialogue in a global society with multiple identities. The study sheds light on the role of the Arabic language in the academic, diplomatic and religious fields, in addition to its use as a bridge for cultural interaction between civilizations. The paper also examines the historical contribution of the Arabic language to the formation of a common human heritage through science, arts and philosophy. The paper aims to analyze how the Arabic language can be used to promote common human values in the era of globalization, and to review the challenges facing the language in light of cultural and linguistic diversity. The paper also provides recommendations to enhance the teaching of Arabic to non-native speakers, and its role in promoting mutual understanding among peoples. The paper focuses on the importance of adopting the Arabic language as a tool to spread tolerance and mitigate cultural conflicts, making it a key pillar for achieving cultural balance in a globalized world.

La Iglesia evangélica de Villa de Cos. Reconfiguración del campo religioso en el noreste zacatecano, 1863–1874

This article examines the transformation of the religious field in northeastern Zacatecas between 1863 and 1874, focusing on the emergence of Protestantism as a form of religious dissent against Catholic hegemony. Through a qualitative methodological approach, including the analysis of historical sources such as ecclesiastical archives, missionary correspondence, and legal documents, the study explores the interactions between local liberal communities and American Protestant missionaries. The central hypothesis argues that geographical isolation, the absence of a consolidated Catholic presence, and the political context of liberal laws facilitated the spread of new religious knowledge. Key premises include the role of the 1860 Freedom of Worship Law and the translation of the Gospel into Spanish as tools to legitimize Protestantism. The findings conclude that the adoption of Protestantism in the region not only reshaped local religious practices but also challenged traditional power structures, paving the way for emerging religious pluralism in 19th-century Mexico.

Candomblé and internet: about ejó, conflict and publicization of the private in digital media

The article makes considerations about the entry of Candomblé into the world of digital media and its consequences for the reconfiguration of the Afro-Brazilian religious field, by considering the impacts of the digitization of the sacred and the transformation of religions built by orality into hypertextual religions. Here, it is of particular interest to think about the publicization of internal conflicts inherent to terreiro[1] communities, which, although they are in no way separated from religious life, do not concern the secrets of worship. It takes as its starting point the sharing on WhatsApp and social networks of internal conflicts involving notable religious leaders from three traditional Candomblé terreiros in Bahia. It recognizes the importance of ejó (gossip), in this case, digital, to give visibility to issues previously restricted to the offline Afro-Brazilian religious universe, as well as its significant role both as a provocateur as well as a mediator of tensions.

Islamists and the Religious Field: (Non-)Transformations of the Religious Institutions in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia

Abstract This article questions the impact of an Islamist party’s ascent to power on the state-run religious institutions through a case study of Tunisia. Literature highlights that pre-existing institutional entanglements between religion and modern states in the mena region provide the Islamists with a chance to launch a state-led project of religious revival. However, Tunisia after the 2011 Revolution presents a “negative case” where Ennahda Movement was unable to capitalize on their position in government to control, empower, or transform religious institutions due to both the democratic power balance in the country and the movement’s strategic choices. Only one major institution, Zitouna University, experienced restructuring and expansion, allying itself with Ennahda thanks to increased institutional autonomy and Bourdieusian field dynamics. These findings suggest that government by Islamists doesn’t necessarily lead to top-down restrengthening of religious authorities, but certain institutions can still form strategic alliances with the Islamists at the bottom.

Yahweh – the Typology of the Relational Divine in the Theological Horizon of the Old Testament

The Old Testament summarises not only a large segment of the history of humanity but also the configuration of the relationship between man and divinity. The religious phenomenology of the general spectrum of humanity reveals to us the fact that the experience of the sacred created the premises for a projection of this experience expressed under a cultic, doctrinal, and mystical aspect. Upon an objective survey of the religious field of humanity, where the differentiation criteria stand out as obvious, we can notice the fact that the Old Testament outlines a particular architecture of the relationship between Yahweh and man, namely based on God’s intention to enter a relational revelation with humanity, especially with the Jewish people. Our study explores this relational typology of the divine as it is highlighted throughout history and the theological developments in the Old Testament.

Psychological Communication in the Self Concept and Cultural Identity of the People of Indramayu Regency through Ngarot Tradition

This research aims to find out psychological communication through the self-concept and cultural identity of the people of Indramayu Regency using a symbolic interaction theory (mind, self and society). Ngarot tradition evolved within Lelea community in Indramayu Regency, West Java, where they celebrated the tradition every year. The word Ngarot comes from Sanskrit which means to cleanse oneself from stains and sins from the wrong behavior of a person or a group of people in the past. Ngarot tradition is closely related to the cultural identity that is shaped in the society and serves as the symbols of the next generation. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. The results of the research show that the self-concept of the people of Indramayu Regency is designed to appreciate and respect the culture, by preserving it through agricultural activities, as well as to express gratitude to God. The cultural identity of the Lelea community can be seen from various things that developed in the area, including those in the socio-cultural, economic, and religious fields.

Strategi, Implementasi, dan Peran Pengasuh dalam Pengembangan Pendidikan Agama di Pondok Pesantren Zainul Hasan Genggong Probolinggo

Zainul Hasan Genggong Islamic Boarding School, founded in 1839, is one of the oldest pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) in Indonesia and plays a crucial role in educating the community and spreading Islamic teachings in the Probolinggo region. This study aims to analyze the strategies and implementation of religious education applied at this pesantren, focusing on the role of the caretakers (pengasuh) in determining policies and teaching methods within the pesantren environment. The research methodology includes interviews with relevant stakeholders, field observations, and a literature review related to the development of pesantren education. The results of the study indicate that Zainul Hasan Genggong applies a religious-based curriculum that integrates religious knowledge and life skills, with an active teaching approach. The caretakers of the pesantren play an important role in directing educational policies that align with the needs of the times, producing graduates who excel in religious fields and are ready to face global challenges.

The Participation of Muslim Community in the Election of Mayor Bandar Lampung: A Study of Voters' Understanding of Women's Leadership in the Living Tafsir Study

This article examined the basis for voters in the political contestation in the Bandar Lampung City government in 2020 in deciding their choice of female leadership candidates. The foundation in question is an understanding based on the concept of leadership in Islam, as indicated by the Koran and Hadith. This study would be highlighted by the Reviea wing of Ving tafsir, a relatively new Model of Al-Qur’an study in Al-Qur’an studies. The study findings show that the people of Bandar Lampung City, in electing female leaders, have brought to life the verses of the Koran about leadership, even though they have not memorized or understood the text textually. Meanwhile, the level of community participation in the Mayor of Bandar Lampung election for female leadership candidates was higher than for male leadership candidates. Eva Dwiyana won 66.67% of the votes, which surpassed 2 (two) male leadership candidates, namely Ryco Mendoza, who won 14.33 votes, and Yusuf Qohar, who won 25.88 votes. This participation is classified as independent participation with indicators of confidence in the work program, especially in the religious field, and an increasingly mature level of political education.

Catholicism, religious diversity, and syncretism in the Latin American religious field and the immigrant religion contribution

This article seeks to recognise the role of immigrant religion in the current Chilean religious scenario. The analysis considers two approaches in the study of Latin American religion: (1) the monopoly that Catholicism has had since the colonial period to the recent increase of religious pluralism (i.e. the spread of Protestantism – Pentecostalism – and other religious expressions) and (2) the religious syncretism and heterodox religious practices outside the official religion. In addition, the research identifies a third trend: the role of immigrant religion in the revitalisation and cultural diversification of national parishes. This latter approach has been understood as a current phenomenon that produces national parishes integrated by Chileans and immigrants in the Chilean context.

The Shift of Ulema Authority in the Understanding of Religious “Fiqh” in Virtual Space

The shift in religious learning space from factual to virtual has resulted in a change in the paradigm and behavior of the community in religion. Ulema, considered the primary reference source in learning and understanding religion, has been deauthorized. This study is based on a phenomenological approach with qualitative descriptive analysis. The data was obtained through observations on digitalizing religious literacy through several online media. The existing data is then leveled according to the research problem raised. In addition, a review of the existing literature on digitizing and mediating religion is used as a basis for analysis. This study shows that the Muslim community currently uses Islamic websites/portals more as a means to obtain information about religious issues. When people need religious information, either in seeking answers to people’s problems or increasing their knowledge in the religious field, they use virtual and digital media more than they ask a scholar or ustadz who understands religion well. This study shows the form of clerical deauthorization in a virtual space. In addition, it explains the factors that are the basis for the deauthorisation of scholars in virtual space—likewise, analyzing the implications for the continued deauthorization of the Ulema. These problems provide an overview of the deauthorization of Ulema in Indonesia, which took place in a virtual space. Thus, the current ulema is no longer a representative figure to answer the religious problems of society.

Of devotion and disgust: Method, belief and power in anthropological research on religion

In this paper I argue that the method of participant observation is as contingent as it is strategic and that ethnographic fieldwork in a religious field cannot be undertaken justifiably by circumventing the question of personal religious belief, as it is indeed the status of the ethnographer’s belief which facilitates learning in and of the field. I will show that in my field, belief in the guru becomes a modality to partake in the power relations among devotees which characterize the public nature of the devotee gatherings and is a commonly accepted way of being acknowledged as a devotee.

Monitoring Application for Student Activity Units Administration Data of Nurul Jadid University Based on Android

Nurul Jadid University (UNUJA) at Probolinggo, Indonesia, is one of the universities located in Karanganyar, Paiton District, Probolinggo Regency, which is based in Pesantren, as a place for students who want to gain knowledge not only in the religious field- but also technology and health. Administrative data monitoring activities from 17 Student Activity Units owned by Nurul Jadid University are still run manually or face-to-face directly between the student affairs section and the head of the student affairs section starts monitoring from submission of decision letters, budgets, work programs, proposals, and activity reports of each student activity units. Several problems arise in this way; the busyness of students with a tight lecture schedule causes a slow process of depositing files and others, impacting the predetermined time- Therefore, an application is needed to monitor administrative data at Nurul Jadid University. The RAD method was chosen in this study to achieve the expected goals. An Android-based student activity unit (SAU) of Nurul Jadid University of administration data monitoring application has been produced.