Matters Of Religion Research Articles

الاحتراس والتتمیم والتکمیل فی السنة النبویة دراسة موضوعیة

يهدف هذا البحث إلى بيان دقة النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وبلاغته في توظيف الألفاظ والجمل توظيفا يحقق الإفادة والإمتاع في آن واحد، ويحرر المعنى تحريرا لا لبس فيه ولا غموض، وقد استعان صلى الله عليه وسلم في تحقيق ذلک بعدة أساليب بلاغية وهي: ( الاحتراس، والتتميم، والتکميل) فجاء الکلام منضبطا، لا إيهام فيه ولا نقص لا سيما وأنه يتعلق بالأحکام الشرعية وأمور الدين.. وقد أکد البحث ذلک من خلال الدراسة الموضوعية لمجموعة من الأحاديث النبوية التي تبرهن على ذلک، والتي تبرز المعاني التي من أجلها وظفت أساليب الاحتراس والتتميم والتکميل في أحاديثه صلى الله عليه وسلم. This research aims to demonstrate the accuracy and rhetoric of the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, in employing words and phrases in a way that achieves benefit and enjoyment at the same time, and liberates the meaning in an unambiguous and unambiguous manner. And completing, and completing) So the speech came restrained, there is no illusion or deficiency, especially as it relates to the legal rulings and matters of religion .. The research has confirmed this through the objective study of a group of hadiths that prove that, and which highlight the meanings for which the methods of caution and completion are employed. And complementation in his hadiths, may God bless him and grant him peace.

Die reformatorischen Bekenntnisse in Ungarn und Siebenbürgen (1545–1572)

Abstract Originally, the local confessions served to account for the religious and secular authorities in matters of religion. They also formed a written basis for the legal unification of the affected communities, later they ensured the unity of the pastors in teaching, and finally they offered the community the legal basis for demanding new rights (the primacy or solitude of the denomination) based on old privileges. Over time, other functions were added to the original function of the confessions, so that a complex process of reception emerged. There was a general conception of ‘Catholicity’ that was claimed by the creeds insofar as they referred to the tradition of the Christian church. The interdependence with the theological development in Germany is evident not least from the fact that literary models such as the Confessio Augustana were used to write these texts.

‘You’re not Serving Time, You’re Serving Christ’: Protestant Religion and Discourses of Responsibilization in a Women’s Prison

AbstractCriminologists are increasingly concerned with how incarcerated persons navigate dominant carceral discourses. Insights from narrative criminology reveal that individuals draw on a variety of available discursive resources to adopt, subvert or negotiate dominant messages around what it means to be punished. This article draws on yearlong ethnographic observations inside one US state women’s prison to examine whether and how religion matters for responsibilization discourses promoted by state actors. Examining a case study of Protestant prison activities, I find that religious discourses served dual purposes in light of responsibilization. Interpretively, by describing prison as part of God’s plan, they offered a meaningful counterpoint that mitigated punitive discourses from prison officials. In practice, responsibilization discourses, filtered through the coercive carceral context, re-emerged through a normative religious lens with regard to prison rules and state authority. Considered at the intersection of race, class and gender, this article interrogates how women may draw on discourses from competing institutions such as religion in constructing self-narratives and enacting responsibilization, and how this matters for state control.

Sejarah Kedatukan Urung Sepuluh Dua Kuta Hamparan Perak Kabupaten Deli Serdang, 1823-1946

This article discusses the history of Kedatuan Urung Sapuluh Dua Kuta Hamparan Perak. The establishment of Kedatuan Hamparan Perak originated from the migration made by Karo people. Those who originally lived in the highlands, moved to the lowlands. Some of the reasons are that the soil conditions in the lowlands are much more fertile than the highlands. In addition, in the Karo community, the king's son is required to migrate and also open a new kingdom outside of his father's power and kingdom, with the aim of making the power of their descendants be greater. This writing uses the historical writing method, with four stages, namely; heuristics, criticism or verification, interpretation and historiography. Based on the information the writer got, the arrival of the Karo people to the lowlands seemed to be welcomed by the Malays who inhabited the area. This is because there has always been a relationship between highland and lowland people, especially in terms of trade. Not only in the trade sector, but also in matters of marriage, religion and economy. Many Karo descendants are married or intermarried with Malays. During the time of the Aru Kingdom, many Karo people had settled and became residents who had embraced Islam, they married Malays. Generally, the Karo people who have settled in the lowlands have embraced Islam, the Islamization is carried out by the Malays.

Global Free Trade and the Fragmentation of Capitalist Classes: An Uneven and Combined Development Approach to MUSIAD in Turkey

“A small group of young Turkish patriots who have fallen in love with their country have laid the foundation of MUSIAD 30 years ago”. This passage has been taken from the official Twitter account of MUSIAD whose categorisation has always been a contested issue. MUSIAD has been called the “Anatolian Capital”, “Muslim Bourgeoisie”, “Devout Bourgeoisie”, and finally “patriots who have fall in love with their country”. The uniqueness of this study lays in its class-based approach to the MUSIAD affiliates, as it argues that MUSIAD is composed of three main class fractions which are nationally oriented, internationally oriented and transnational. This categorisation is based on the ways in which MUSIAD affiliates engage in social relations of production rather than matters of religion, culture, and ideology. Subsequently, this study argues that the rise of MUSIAD is part of a process of transformation in the patterns of capital accumulation and uneven development of capitalism in Turkey. Accordingly, this study draws on the uneven and combined development approach to understand why MUSIAD affiliates could not catch up with TUSIAD affiliated companies which mostly represent the transnational fraction of Turkish capital.

Towards the Uniform Civil Code and Personal Laws in India: Gender Equality Perspective

Family life and personal law in India express together a complex blend of historical, philosophical and political aspects. Family law is setting out a framework for thinking about how personal life affects the most profound aspects of our lives and communities. But the political issues are facing problematic as politician are not in favor of this because fear of losing their vote bank. There is not only political issue but also legal issue. Again, in the matters of personal law segment pertaining to marriage, dowry, divorce, adoption, legitimacy, wills, and inheritance each individual of different backgrounds must appeal to their respective religious laws for guidance or rulings. In a modern secular India, balancing the claims of religious communities in secular nature has caused some difficult problems as a nation. The author will scrutinize how personal laws in secular India provides an inclusive look into the issues and challenges and what extent State can interfere in the matters of religion so as to remove the hindrance in the governance. This article will also analyze the basis of national integration by removing disparate reliability on law which has conflicting ideologies of gender equality.

Overpopulation in India with Special Reference to Two Child Policy

The aim is to shed light on overpopulation issue of India and examine whether 2 Child policy will help or not. First, the crucial demographic conditions and where India stands by numbers is demonstrated. Then it strives to illuminate that growth rate of India is not the factor of its overpopulation rather India started with an unequal base. China’s One Child and 2 Child Policy are discussed in detail to find loopholes. Religion is also lugged into the picture in India but consequently it is shown that, it is not a matter of religion rather region. Causes which are the substantive reason behind overpopulation are examined as they are often overlooked altogether. Countries with Underpopulation are scrutinized, as a result of which we get inputs on how to control our population There after, it is presented that why every time overpopulation control policy fails miserably, deriving from that it is examined that 2 child policy will be no different rather it will be worse off. Consequently, some solutions to the problem are suggested. Government is looked from a critical lens as the government can easily bring in positive solutions but then why does it choose to waste money on unnecessary policies which do more harm than good. Therefore, this study attempts to answer many such questions.

Heaven's Wrath: The Protestant Reformation and the Dutch West India Company in the Atlantic World by D. L. Noorlander

Reviewed by: Heaven's Wrath: The Protestant Reformation and the Dutch West India Company in the Atlantic World by D. L. Noorlander Timo McGregor (bio) Heaven's Wrath: The Protestant Reformation and the Dutch West India Company in the Atlantic World By D. L. Noorlander. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. New Netherland Institute Studies. 289 pages, 20 halftones, 5 maps, 6" x 9". $48.95 cloth, $29.99 ebook. Recent scholarship has fundamentally transformed our understanding of seventeenth-century Dutch colonizing. Where previous historiography cast the Dutch as commercial, maritime, and apolitical, the growing consensus is now that Dutch expansion was at least as violent and territorial as that of other European empires. In Heaven's Wrath, D. L. Noorlander makes an important contribution to this revised picture of Dutch empire by exploring its religious foundations. Using religion as a lens into the administration of Dutch Atlantic colonies, Noorlander challenges [End Page 435] the "infatuation with the 'commercial character' of Dutch expansion" (7). Taking on persistent tropes of Dutch indifference, neglect, incompetence, and tolerance in matters of colonial religion, Noorlander identifies a "deep religious sensibility and social, institutional commitment to the Dutch Reformed Church" that shaped West India Company (WIC) policy (218). In this light, the Dutch Atlantic empire looks less exceptional or precociously capitalist and more like its European competitors: a "marriage of religion, trade, and expansion" (8). Noorlander marshals an impressive amount of material from the archives of the WIC and the Dutch Reformed Church into eight carefully argued and engaging chapters. The initial chapters introduce the complex religious politics of the Dutch Republic. As the public church of the Dutch state, holding a monopoly on public worship, the Reformed Church naturally assumed a similar position within the "company state" of the WIC. Dutch merchants and investors saw little problem serving God and Mammon, sitting on both church and company councils while Calvinist theologians wrote about commerce and the WIC as spiritual endeavors. Emphasizing the importance of laypeople's contributions to the church and religious life, subsequent chapters explore how religious language and rituals shaped everyday life in the Dutch Atlantic. Among other things, such rituals emphasized that Calvinism was compatible with warfare as well as commerce, associating piety with manliness and martial success. Faced with a severe shortage of ordained clergy, the Reformed Church leaned heavily on loosely trained ziekentroosters (comforters of the sick) to represent the church abroad. But these efforts were often undermined by overly controlling church authorities concerned about the quality and conformity of the lay clergy. While Heaven's Wrath touches on west Africa and the Caribbean, the bulk of the material and the most intriguing case studies are on Dutch Brazil and New Netherland. Chapter 5 argues that the church in Brazil proved unable to move beyond its role as a conquering "military church" (119). By steering WIC policy toward aggressive overexpansion and exacerbating tensions with Catholic Portuguese inhabitants, the church contributed to the Portuguese revolt in 1645 and the ultimate loss of the Dutch colony. In New Netherland, religious politics played a critical role in the construction of settler communities, both driving the regulation of households and families and serving as a conduit for critiques of the WIC government. Missionary efforts among Indigenous and African populations proved largely unsuccessful but not for lack of Dutch endeavor or interest. Resource constraints and the church's overbearing concern for conformity hampered mission work, while heavy involvement in the Atlantic slave trade induced Dutch Calvinists to increasingly view "slavery and subjection as the best possible tools" in their efforts to spread the Reformed Church (166). Heaven's Wrath adds a layer of motive to a largely familiar narrative of rapid Dutch expansion, overextension, and collapse. Noorlander suggests that directors' religious beliefs and the institutional influence of the Reformed Church explain, at least in part, why the WIC expanded so aggressively, failed to successfully integrate formerly Portuguese subjects in Brazil, struggled to gain converts, and hemorrhaged so much money. Each argument is [End Page 436] well made and convincing, though the relative significance of religious factors in determining these outcomes sometimes remains hard to gauge. Several other key themes emerge across Noorlander's case...

In Faith and Practice: How Christian Doctoral Programs Address Religious Diversity Needs

Many Americans identify as religious or spiritual, with a large subset of these individuals identifying as Christian. However, many doctoral training programs neglect to incorporate religion and spirituality into their curricula in an intentional and integrated way. Past national research has documented that many professionals report feeling incompetent, ill-prepared, or reticent to attend to religion and spirituality matters in their teaching and practices. In contrast, Christian doctoral programs address this problem by intentionally hiring qualified faculty who can articulate a clear faith commitment, and through curricular offerings that emphasize the integration of faith and professional practice. By doing so, they offer an approach to doctoral education that incorporates an additional dimension in terms of secular professional diversity standards. Programs like the ones outlined in this article enhance their students’ and trainees’ competency by attending to religion and spirituality as diversity factors. Such programs also attend to religious diversity as an essential personal dimension of life for many clientele. Furthermore, the integration of faith with academic endeavors has the potential to deepen professional identity development and to offer the added layer of integrating occupation and spiritual vocation. Three sample programs are described in this article, highlighting how each doctoral program—one in clinical psychology, one in law, and one in business administration—distinctively practices Christian integration. The benefits of these programs to students and other professional training programs are also discussed.

The Partition of Ireland 1918–1925, by Robert Lynch

From Giuseppe Mazzini in the 1830s to Woodrow Wilson in the 1910s, democratic nationalists argued that the evils of war and oppression would be removed by liberating nations from imperial oppression. A democratic state, neutral in matters of religion, would facilitate the emergence of a political and national environment where diversity would not attract persecution. After 1919 this model was exported and appropriated by new states, including Turkey, Czechoslovakia and the Irish Free State, as well as by nationalist groups in colonial settings, such as the Indian National Congress. In practice, however, in tracing the nation’s boundaries, the new states fell back on ethnic lines. The result was never a peaceful process. As Sabine Rutar, Robert Gerwarth and others have shown, from the Baltic to the Balkans the war ‘failed to end’ in November 1918: once the various imperial armies were disbanded, militias started to implement ‘popular sovereignty’ by direct action. Ireland provides a further illustration of this pan-European phenomenon. Robert Lynch argues, ‘[f]ar from being a necessary evil reluctantly embraced by all sides to drive on the more enlightened goals of freedom and democracy, partition was … brought about through violence and the threat of force’ (p. 11). In fact, even before partition started, the threat of violence was there. Both the 1912 Ulster Solemn League and Covenant and the 1916 Proclamation of the Republic (documents which ostensibly enshrined ‘civic’ nationalism) were accompanied and enforced by the mobilisation of private armies. In this respect, Lynch’s argument that the 1925 outcome would have been ‘unthinkable only a decade before’ (p. 12) is rather disingenuous. Ireland was ready for both partition and civil war in 1914.

Inscribing Scriptural Catalogs: Apropos of Two Southern Song Pagodas and Related Buddhist Monuments in the Sichuan Basin

Abstract Commonly referred to in Chinese by the term jinglu, scriptural catalogs constitute a specific sort of Sinitic bibliographical literature that deals primarily with texts accepted in East Asian Buddhist circles as authoritative in matters of religion. The role that these catalogs played in the history of the Chinese Buddhist canon has become the subject of various important studies, but still oft-neglected are the functional places that such texts filled in the sphere of Buddhist devotional practice. To try to redress the balance, this essay brings into focus a small but significant group of Southern Song (1127-1279) Buddhist monuments in the Sichuan basin. Not only do these monuments allow us a rare glimpse into the devotional uses and symbolic functions of scriptural catalogs, but they offer a vantage point from which to view at least a part of what premodern Buddhists in the Sichuan basin actually believed and practiced.

The Politics of Congregational Prayer

Abstract Religious authorities in many Muslim-majority countries have argued that the suspension of communal prayers during an epidemic does not contravene Islamic law. In Pakistan, such measures have proven difficult to enforce, in part because many religious leaders in the country have opposed the closure of places of worship and the limits placed on public religious gatherings. The question is why? This paper suggests that the distrust of the state in matters of religion in Pakistan can be traced back to the colonial era, and that the political developments following independence have amplified frustration and mistrust between political and religious authorities in the country. Significant sources of contention in matters of religion and state remain unresolved under the prime ministership of Imran Khan. At the same time, the pandemic has thrust earlier conflicts into the spotlight and exposed contests over opinion, expertise, and authority in matters of religion and public health.

GENDER AND THE “FAITH” IN LAW: EQUALITY, SECULARISM, AND THE RISE OF THE HINDU NATION

AbstractThis article analyzes how concepts of gender, gender equality, and secularism have been addressed by the higher judiciary in India in cases dealing with matters of religion. The discussion focuses on three landmark decisions of the Indian Supreme Court on gender equality. The cases involve challenges to discriminatory religious practices that target women in the Muslim-minority and Hindu-majority communities. In each case, gender equality is taken up in relation to religion in ways that produce several outcomes for women that are problematic rather than ones that are unequivocally progressive or transformative. The judicial reasoning in each case resonates with the Hindu Right's approach to gender, gender equality, and secularism. Each concept is used to advance the Hindu Right's majoritarian and ideological agenda, which seeks to establish India as a virile “Hindu” nation. Ironically, interventions by progressive groups, including feminist and human rights advocates opposed to the Hindu Right's makeover of the Indian nation, have not proved to be disruptive of gender norms; nor have they pushed back the tides of Hindu (male) majoritarianism that are increasingly determining the terms of engagement on issues of gender and faith in law.

وضوح معانی صفات الله تعالى فی النَّصالشرعی

يبحث في أن معاني صفات الله عز وجل واضحة المعنى لا لبس فيها ، وقد بينت ذلک من خلال : أولا ) أن معاني صفات الله عز وجل من المحکمات ، والواجب في نصوصها إجراءها على ظاهرها بمقتضى اللسان العربي، إلا أن يمنع من ذلک الظاهر دليل شرعي، وإلا لحصل الالتباس والإشکال في فهم مراد الله ورسوله صلى الله عليه وسلم في أشرف مسائل الدين . ثانيا ) أن ظاهر النص العقدي المتعلق بصفات الله تعالى ، معلوم لنا باعتبار أصل معنى الصفة ، ومجهول لنا باعتبار الکيفية التي عليها الصفة . ومقولة السلف الصالح : (( أمروها کما جاءت من غير کيف )) ، فيها إثبات لحقيقة الصفات ، وتقرير لمعانيها وأنها من المحکمات ، ونفي علم کيفيتها . ثالثا ) الخلق في ضرورة عظيمة لمعرفة معاني أسماء الله الحسنى وصفاته العليا ؛ ومن تلک الضرورة أن العبادة متوقفة على معرفة المعبود الحق سبحانه وتعالى ، وماله من أسماء حسنى وصفات عليا ؛ لذا فإن النص الشرعي أحکم باب الاعتقاد إحکاما لا اضطراب فيه . رابعا ) للقول بوضوح معنى المسألة العقدية في النص الشرعي ، خاصة المتعلقة بصفات الله تعالى ، نتائج عقدية ومنهجية عظيمة ، منها : تعظيم النص الشرعي ، وتزکية النفس ، والغنية عن النظر في الکتب السماوية المتقدمة والکتب البدعية ، واتفاق الصحابة الکرام في مسائل الاعتقاد ، وسلامتهم ـ رضي الله عنهم ـ ومن تبعهم من الاعتراضات والمعارضات في العقيدة ، وتحريم تقديم نتاج الفکر على ما جاء في النص الشرعي . The title of the research is ((Clarity of the meanings of the attributes of God in the legal text)). It examines that the meanings of the attributes of God Almighty are clear and unambiguous, and this has been shown through: First) That the meanings of the attributes of God, the Exalted, are among the courts, and their texts must be conducted on their face by virtue of the Arabic tongue, unless this apparent legal evidence is prevented, otherwise confusion and confusion will occur in the understanding of what God and His Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, in the most noble matters of religion. Second: The apparent meaning of the text of the doctrine related to the attributes of God Almighty is known to us in terms of the origin of the meaning of the adjective, and it is unknown to us considering the manner in which the attribute is. And the saying of the righteous ancestor: ((They command it as it came from no manner)), it proves the truth of the attributes, a determination of their meanings and that they are from the courts, and a denial of knowledge of their qualities. Third) Creation is in great necessity to know the meanings of the Most Beautiful Names and Attributes of God; Among this necessity is that worship is dependent on knowing the true deity, may He be glorified and exalted, and his wealth is from the names of Hosni and higher attributes. Therefore, the Shariah text has the most strictly the door of belief without disturbance. Fourth) to clearly state the meaning of the doctrinal issue in the legal text, especially related to the attributes of God Almighty, great doctrinal and methodological results, including: glorifying the legal text, purifying the soul, and the richness of looking into advanced divine books and innovated books, and the agreement of the honorable companions in matters of belief, and their safety - May God be pleased with them - and those who followed them from the objections and objections to the creed, and the prohibition of presenting the product of thought on what was stated in the legal text.

Fundamentalism: Study of Islamic History

This paper is a literary study by analyzing various thoughts from various readings. The concern of this study is about fundamentalism in the study of Islamic history. The discussion material includes; contextualization, history and various thoughts in response to fundamentalism. Regarding contextualization, a discussion arises whether fundamentalism exists as a product, as an agent, or both? If it is related to social changes in Islamic society in particular. Is Islamic fundamentalism more of a religion matters? Some refer to the events of the Iranian revolution in 1979, to the 18th century Wahhabi movement, some others point to the Al-Mihnah policy by the Mu'tazilah during the reign of the caliph Al-Ma'mun in the 9th century. There are even those who say that the genealogy of fundamentalism has existed since the beginning of Islamic history, namely the emergence of the Khawarij which is seen as having the same qualifications as contemporary fundamentalism. Responses to fundamentalists have been written in various ways, such as the assumption about the hegemonic nature of Western civilization which is said to be an obstacle to the accommodation of the basics of mutual equality, as well as an attitude of mutual respect and recognition. Other responses were in the form of proposals for the deconstruction of fundamentalism, the idea of developing Islamic values of compassion and moderation as a way or policy of dealing with fundamentalism.

Theory and Method and the Stakes of a Fragmented Discipline: Or, What Economics Taught Me About the Study of Religion

AbstractAs a discipline, the academic study of religion is strikingly fragmented, with little engagement or shared criteria of excellence across subfields. Although important recent developments have expanded the traditions and peoples studied as well as the methods used, the current extent of fragmentation limits the impact of this diversification and pluralization. At a moment when the global pandemic is catalyzing profound pressures on our universities and disciplines, this fragmentation makes it difficult to articulate to the public, to non-religious studies colleagues, and to students why the study of religion matters. We therefore too often fall back on platitudes. I argue for a revitalized methods and theories conversation that connects us even as it bears our arguments and disagreements about what we do and how. Courses in methods and theories in the study of religion represent the most viable basis we have for bringing the academic study of religion into the common conversation or argument that constitutes a discipline without sacrificing our pluralism.

The Book of Fortieth Hadeeths (Mohammed’ssayings) in Doing Beneficence for Muslims and also Neededs of Anxious People, for Imam Zeki Al-Deen Abduladheem Al-Munthiri

Many of the Islamic nation religious men collected forty of the prophet speeches (hadeeth) in a particular area of sharia, they included fiqh, jurisprudence, doctrines, behavioral, or preaching these, no doubt, useful for the nation in matters of religion and daily life. They were learned by heart by religious men and students alike. One of these is the present manuscript. Imam Zeki Al-Deen Al-Munthiri (656.H) has chosen forty hadeeths included in the book. He collected the hadeeths in the section of "people provision needs and help of the needed people", solving their problems, right shafa'a (mediation) forbidding injustice and called it (Kitab Al-Arbaeen fi Istna Al-Maroof wa qada Hawaij Al-Malhufeen) ( The book of forty in making gratefulness for muslims, and provision of needed and troubled people). Throughout the study, it was obvious that some of these sayings were right, some were weak and others were false. The investigation proved the following: 1- Extracting the Ayas (verses) mentioning the sura and aya number. 2- Extracting the hadeeths and rendering them to their origin. 3- biography of narrators to the year of mentioning of hadeeths, and showing their reputation according to the authorities. 4- historical courses and evidence were collected. 5- mentioning the saying of religious men in their hadeeths whether correct or weak. 6- showed the strange vocabulary in the book of (the strange in hadeeth and language). 7-comment is arranged according to the death of hadeeth narrators.

Experiencing Ecumenism in an International Theological Exchange Programme

Experiencing Ecumenism in an International Theological Exchange Programme

Secularism, Security and the Weak State: De-democratizing the 2011 Yemeni Uprising

The 2011 Yemeni Uprising, generally subsumed under the “Arab Spring” in Egypt, Tunisia and elsewhere, was popularly portrayed as being “secular” but subsequently hijacked by “religious” forces. Such ubiquitous assumptions take for granted that democracy is essentially secular. This essay examines the secularizing effects embedded in the language and epistemology of security concerns invoked by international and regional powers vis-à-vis Yemen, allowing powerful states to intervene in matters of politics and religion. They generate and are generated by a culture of apprehension, which is cultivated and circulated within a discursive social space of security practices. This culture, I contend, has produced Yemen as a “security crisis” over the longue durée, and was articulated through discourses of republic protection and weak state security since the Cold War, and given new life by the “Global War on Terror”. It is these secular security discourses and the culture of apprehension they generate, rallied by the international and regional powers such as the United States and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which discursively produced and maintained a “weak” Yemeni state, thereby justifying the de-democratizing interventions in the Yemeni polity. I conclude by arguing that attending to the effect of such discourses may explain the world’s largest humanitarian crisis Yemen has become.

Lesson Learned of Rohingya Persecution in Myanmar for Sustainable Development and Policy Transformation in Malaysia

This paper examines about the lesson learned of persecuted Rohingya people in Myanmar. The Myanmar regime does not recognize the Rohingyas as their people and accused them as Bengalis from Bangladesh. The issue of denied citizenship has caused the Rohingya people to live in limbo. Unlike other ethnics in Myanmar, they are denied the rights as sovereign citizens. The situation becomes worse when the other local citizens, for the reason of ethnic and religion matters, join forces with the regime in violating and abusing the Rohingyas. Therefore, the Rohingyas are left as stateless people in their own country and are forced to become refugees to seek a better life. The case of the Rohingya people in Myanmar can be a lesson learned for Malaysians who are living in a multi-society country. The government and the people have to be aware that unfair policy and physical violence could increase the intensity of conflict and cause bad implication in terms of peace and harmony in the country. Hence, several possible peace process initiatives of sustainable development must be introduced to transform the certain policy and further strengthen the ethnic relation in Malaysia to ensure everyone lives together in peace and harmony.