Relief For Victims Research Articles

All's fair in love & war; except when that unfairness leaves domestic violence victims to pay the price

AbstractDivorces are an emotional battlefield requiring both parties to go to war over their fair share. With the addition of New York's ‘no‐fault’ divorce, the process was supposed to alleviate spousal disputes and help those who did not want to relive the trauma that got them there. Nevertheless, one group left behind through that reform is domestic violence victims. This Note explores the ramifications of courts not being required to consider a finding of domestic abuse during equitable distribution and proposes to amend the current pathways to clear the way for financial relief for victims looking to divorce their abusers.

정신질환자의 불법행위 책임에 대한 패러다임의 전환과 입법론적 고찰

This paper proposes amendments to Articles 754 and 755 of the Civil Code in two aspects: 「Adaptation of an aged society」, such as elderly dementia patients, and 「Relief of Victims」, which have been damaged by them. The basic legal principles of the amendment are as follows. First, there is a legal supervisory duty. Victims may claim the corresponding amount of damage from the perspective of equity to the mentally disabled and the person liable for legal supervision. However, a person liable for legal supervision is exempted if he/she proves his/her non-fault. From the standpoint of a person liable for legal supervision, in principle, they bear responsibility, and exceptionally, they are exempted from responsibility. Compared to the current civil law, this logic may be seen as over-emphasizing the relief of victims, but it is not excessive in light of the fact that the victim must prove the illegal activities of the mentally disabled, who is the perpetrator, and the Korean civil law particularly emphasizes the relief of victims. Next is the case where there is no legal supervisory duty. From the perspective of equity, the victim may claim the corresponding amount of damage to the mentally disabled and the person obligated to act against the mentally disabled. However, in order to claim against the person obligated to act, the victim needs to prove the violation of the avoidance obligation based on the specific predictability of the mentally disabled person of the duty to act. From the standpoint of the person obligated to act, in principle, responsibility is exempted and responsibility is exceptionally borne.

성희롱 금지 및 예방에 관한 법제 고찰

In accordance with Article 3 in 「Fundamental Law on Equality between Women and Men」, “sexual harassment” implies an act of causing the other party to feel sexual humiliation or disgust by sexual behavior or sexual demands, etc. and an act of penalizing the other person for not complying with sexual behavior or sexual demands or of expressing one’s intention to give a profit on condition of compliance in relation to one's position or work, etc. by the employee, employer, or worker of a state agency, a local government, or a public organization prescribed by the Presidential Decree, in terms of work, employment, and other relations.
 To prevent sexual abuse, the employer shall set conditions so that employees can work under the safe and peaceful working conditions. The employers of all workplaces with one or more full-time workers must carry out the education on the prevention of sexual harassment in the workplace, which is a statutory compulsory education, more than once a year targeting all employees.
 Despite the legislation of the preventive education in this way, it is the real situation of being difficult to be easily saved in light of social structure given the issue of sexual abuse that occurred in non-regular workers or temporary workers and dispatched workers.
 Especially, a yardstick for judging sexual harassment in the event of a sexual abuse case is not clear, thereby causing confusion in applying this. The punishment for sexual harassment is consistently facing the lukewarm attitude such as disciplinary action or separation from the victim within the organization to which the assailant belongs, not mostly criminal charges, thereby having a problem dubbed not the direct relief for victims through criminal penalty.
 To prevent this sexual harassment, the application of the law should be embodied by unifying a law on sexual harassment, which is stipulated now in 「Gender Equality Law」, 「Act on Equal Employment and Support for Work- Family Reconciliation」, 「National Human Right Committee Act」, and by clarifying the criteria for judging sexual harassment. Also, even with regard to the relief step for sexual harassment, there is a need to ensure the expertise in sexual harassment relief through the centralization rather than the decentralization of the responsible department. There will be a need to develop and expand the Integrated Education Services aiming at boosting the expertise of complaint handling professionals and at preventing sexual abuse.
 And to secure the effectiveness of sexual-harassment prevention education that is legal compulsory education, the execution of the tailored education in line with subjects’ characteristics along with the development in diverse education programs will lead not only to being possibly uprooted the problem of sexual harassment in our society but also to preventing sexual abuse and relieving victims. Thus, it will result in being capable of realizing the national welfare promotion as well as in what these victims lead a life worthy of human dignity.

Strategic Management in Realizing Early Prevention and Management Programs for Solok Natural Disaster Victims

Background: The Solok district regional disaster management agency (BPBD) has an obligation in handling natural disasters which is directly responsible to the community by holding activities in the form of education and outreach to natural disasters in the form of training programs held directly by the Solok district BPBD, in carrying out this activity the Solok district BPBD conducts strategic management to assist in running the program so that the program can run well according to the target by making the vision and mission a benchmark in program implementation. Aim: This study aims to determine the strategies and strategic management processes carried out by BPBD Solok district so that early prevention programs and relief for victims of natural disasters can be realized. Methods: This study used a qualitative approach with in-depth interview research methods to BPBD Solok district employees and direct observation at the BPBD Solok district. Findings: The results of this study explain the positive impact given in program implementation by conducting strategic management of activities by conducting a SWOT analysis. With strategic management, it is necessary to socialize the Solok district BPBD to the public regarding the Solok district BPBD programs.

Statute of Limitation on Civil Actionfor Child Sexual Abuse in the United States

In the case of sexual infringement against a minor, even if the victim muster up the courage to face the memory of past sexual violence and try to heal the wounds through legal remedies after becoming an adult, the civil statute of limitations has expired since the sexual infringement occurred long time ago. There is a problem of not being able to file a lawsuit due to the statute of limitation. In particular, in the case of sexual infringement against minors, in many cases, the perpetrator is a family member, teacher, religious person, etc. The victim, a minor, is economically and emotionally dependent on the perpetrator, so they do not easily think of filing civil lawsuits even as adults. Fortunately, South Korea established Article 766, Paragraph 3 of the Civil Act in 2020, and legislative improvements have been made so that the statute of limitations does not proceed until a minor becomes an adult in the case of sexual infringement. However, despite these good intentions, there are still limits to the relief, so this article will examine the US system. First of all, in the United States, state and federal laws operate different statute of limitations, and since the 1980s, the discovery rule has been applied so that victims can file lawsuits even after a considerable amount of time has elapsed after they become adults. For example, if the victim of a sexual assault is a minor and the victim has not yet discovered the injury after reaching adulthood, from the time he or she discovers the injury and the causal relationship between the injury and the sexual assault Legislative examples such as the requirement to file a claim for damages within four years reflect the discovery principle. However, despite these laws, there are many cases where the requirements are not met, and the relief of victims has not been smoothly carried out. Thus, California and New York State further extended the statute of limitations, and furthermore, through window legislation, even if the statute of limitations had expired, a period of one or two years was allowed to file a civil lawsuit. This legislation provides an opportunity to sue the victims of Jeffrey Epstein's decades of sexual exploitation of minors. The United States Supreme Court has ruled that the Windows Act is not unconstitutional. While retroactive legislation is “an identifiable injustice”, civil actions based on sexual abuse of minors are rather reasonable in light of the injustice done to the victims. Under these retroactive legislation, some religious organizations are actively raising their own funds for the relief of victims, and are paying settlements on the condition that they do not file a lawsuit against the religious organizations. The basis for such retroactive legislation is that if society has previously borne the cost of damages incurred to the victim, the perpetrator must bear the cost.

사회보장적 의미에서의 범죄피해자보호

The most fundamental question in crime victim support is the basis and limitations of crime victim support. It is a question of how far the protection of crime victims will be possible in terms of practical support and intervention in addition to the guarantee of rights in criminal proceedings. If support for crime victims starts with the incomplete fulfillment of the state's crime prevention responsibilities, state intervention will be sufficient to return to the pre-crime state. However, if this is approached in terms of social security or social welfare, the living condition as a more complete and normal member of society should be guaranteed, but if it is approached in terms of crime victim relief, national intervention will always be limited to secondary intervention based on the principle of supplementation.
 In other words, depending on what ideology the state approaches crime victims with, the method or limit of national intervention in crime victims will differ in its direction. This is expected to have a great influence on the 4th Basic Plan for Crime Victims.
 Until recently, the most discussed categories are areas where it is difficult to set limits on the state's role, such as the scope of rescue for foreigners affected by crime in Korea, the possibility of rescue for domestic victims, intervention for victims of negligence, and recognition of indirect victims of non-crime victims. In this regard, the 4th Basic Plan already includes the expansion of the structure of victims of negligence resulting in death, domestic crime victims abroad, and domestic foreign crime victims. However, in that this is a basic plan, to what extent it will be realized is also a matter of future policy decisions.
 First of all, it would be liked to approach the extent to which crime victim protection will be possible from the perspective of social security and solidarity.
 It is necessary to organize the terms, and to examine specifically what the nation can help by organizing terms that are conceptualized as the basis for national intervention such as guarantee, welfare, compensation, relief and protection. And then would like to examine whether access to intervention in crime victims can be made in terms of community solidarity, and analyze the difference in crime victim protection based on existing theories and social security theories and principles of solidarity.

The UN voluntary compact and peacekeeping abuse: assessing a soft law solution for sexual exploitation and abuse

ABSTRACT In 2017, to address the increasingly visible and prevalent occurrence of peacekeeper sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) of civilians under their protection, the UN Secretary-General created a Voluntary Compact on state behaviour. As of 2020, 103 states signed the agreement. Building on the robust literatures of human rights law, sexual abuse, and conflict, I examine whether signing the Voluntary Compact has any relationship with the levels of reported abuse, punishing accused SEA perpetrators, and funding victim relief efforts. Through quantitative analysis of annual reports of reports of SEA and punishment actions from the UN Conduct in Field Missions unit 2007–2019, I find that Troop Contributing Countries that signed were more likely to issue national-level punishments in cases of severe abuse and to contribute to victim funding. However, there is not a clear finding of any reduction of reported abuse following signature. I conclude by discussing the Voluntary Compact as a mixed-success story for soft international law so far. Given its lack of teeth, this finding is important as the UN and other international organisations continue to prevent and punish peacekeeper SEA and use nonbinding international law.

The Effectiveness of Gender Responsive Budgeting Schemes in curbing domestic violence in southern districts of Kerala - Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam

Women in Kerala, despite performing well in socio-economic indicators such as sex ratio and literacy rate, continue to be dictated by patriarchal norms. Male dominance often manifests as violence, in both domestic and public spheres. Gender-based violence negatively impacts women's wellbeing and consequently, their careers. Alongside the COVID recession, Indian women have been facing a “shadow pandemic of domestic violence”. Kerala, an early adopter of Gender Budgeting in India, releases an annual Gender Budget Statement. This paper examines the effectiveness of State Government policies in tackling this issue, with the research question: ‘To what extent have the Gender Budgeting Schemes, introduced in the Kerala government’s Annual Financial Budget 2021, been effective in reducing the occurrences of gender-based violence in the districts of Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam in Kerala, for the period 2021-2022?’. Kerala Government’s annual overall gender budget allocations and the percentage allocations toward each scheme have been examined. Data was collected from 44 women occupying the Thiruvananthapuram-Kollam region regarding their socio-economic profile, types of harassment experienced, whether they experience domestic violence, awareness of gender budget schemes, experiences with any of those schemes and effectiveness rating for the schemes.The study found that the schemes created some impact, but not enough to significantly reduce gender-based violence in the state. Schemes with the potential to reduce violence receive minimal funding. The paper recommends that greater financial support be provided to POCSO Courts, Bhumika Counselling Centres, Vanitha Commission and other victim relief measures, in order to provide solid support to women experiencing violence.

비양육친의 미성년자 불법행위에 대한 감독자책임

Recently, the Supreme Court ruled for the first time that the non-custodial parent is not responsible for supervising illegal activities of underage children in principle and are liable for supervision only when there are special circumstances such as doing general and routine guidance for underage children or being able to specifically predict the illegal activities of underage children. This ruling will serve as a precedent for determining whether a non-custodial parent is liable for damages for illegal activities of underage children. However, this attitude of the Supreme Court needs to be reviewed in terms of the relationship between parents and children after divorce, the burden of liability for damages of parenting parents raising underage children, and the victim's relief and responsibility for proof. If the non-custodial parent is excluded from supervisor responsibility for minors in principle, the responsibility of the custodial-parent after divorce is significant, and it is worrisome that if the parent exercises the right to interview and pays child support only when he or she wants, he or she will be free from the responsibility for illegal activities. And, under the current civil law, the basis for supervisor responsibility for illegal activities of underage children varies depending on whether they are capable of responsibility. The basis determines whether the victim should prove the supervisor's negligence and causal relationship. In addition, in order to hold the non-custodial parent responsible as a supervisor, it is quite difficult for the victim to be rescued from the damage because the victim must prove a special situation. Accordingly, regardless of whether or not a minor has the responsibility, the supervisor must be liable for damages to a third party, and the non-custodial parent needs to change the burden of proof for the special circumstances in which the non-custodial parent is liable. Specifically, the proposed amendment to the civil law is as follows. Article 755 (1) “The parents are responsible, regardless of whether a minor who has caused damage to another person has the ability to be responsible. However, in the case of a parent's divorce, he/she shall not be liable if the non-custodial parent proves that he/she is not responsible.” And in paragraph 2, “If a person who inflicted damage on another person is not responsible pursuant to Article 754, the person who is obligated to supervise him/her is liable for compensation.” However, this is not the case if the person liable for supervision has not neglected his/her supervisory obligation. Paragraph 3 includes the contents of Article 755 (2) of the current Civil Act.

Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem Under Deadlines: An Application to Flooding Crisis

Facing the issue of flash floods and their important damage both to victims and infrastructures, involved authorities are interested in the study of the ways to answer at best this kind of crisis both in the long-term and emergency phase. The victim relief operations can be optimized to help rescue teams improve their management of the crisis situation. It is translated into the field by the development of a decision support tool for victim relief operations. The problem addressed is a Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) for the rescue vehicles. This article focuses on searching for efficient algorithms both in terms of execution time and intervention promptness to solve this VRPs. Data from a past crisis is used in this paper to evaluate the performances of the algorithms on problems as close to field experience as possible. Since rescue teams need to divide their forces into the different impacted sectors during flooding, algorithms to dispatch the resources (rescue team’s vehicles) between areas of intervention are studied.

Social Justice Tort Theory

Abstract Alongside the dominant law and economics and corrective justice approaches to tort law, a new genre of tort theory based on principles and perspectives of social justice has come into its own and deserves recognition. Social justice tort theory starts from the premise that tort law reflects and reinforces systemic forms of injustice in the larger society and maintains that the compensatory ideal of tort law cannot be extricated from these larger systems. It is multi-dimensional and intersectional, recognizing that the impact of injury lands intersectionally, sometimes changing the intensity of the injury or distorting the nature of the injury. Social justice tort scholars have examined torts in gendered and racialized contexts, as well as in ordinary cases that seem to have little to do with systemic injury. In addition to feminist and critical race theory, they have borrowed from critical disability studies, queer theory and political economy. Their work demonstrates how tort law unfairly distributes damages, fails to provide adequate relief for victims of sexual assault or for people who suffer racial insult and discrimination, and erases maternal and reproductive harms. In their work, we can see common deconstructive moves (an emphasis on disparate impacts and devaluation; a teasing out of cognitive bias; and a critique of exceptionalism in tort doctrine) as well as guiding principles for reconstruction (incorporating victims’ perspectives; treating boundaries between civil rights law and tort law as permeable; and enhancing dignity and recognition).

Comparison of Asbestos Victim Relief Available Outside of Conventional Occupational Compensation Schemes.

The asbestos victim relief schemes were introduced to resolve the issue of victims of asbestos-related diseases not receiving compensation through conventional legal orders. This article seeks to derive the differences and commonalities of various asbestos victim relief schemes available outside of the conventional occupational compensation system along with a systematic understanding and to propose plans for improvement through a comparative study. After the degree of asbestos exposure, the population, and the period of implementation were corrected, the recognized claims of the total of conventional occupational compensation schemes and the asbestos victim relief schemes could be ranked in the order of South Korea (KOR) (1867, total), France (FRA) (1571), Japan (JPN) (966), KOR (847, asbestosis grade 2,3 excluded), the United Kingdom (GBR) (670), and the Netherlands (NLD) (95). The average amount of compensation per person, in the case of mesothelioma, was higher in the order of FRA (4.60 times), KOR (1.46 times), GBR (1.03 times), and NLD (0.73 times) of the median income per year. The differences between countries were largely caused by the purpose of institutional design and influenced by the level of qualification, the existence of an expiration date, type of disease, type of benefit, level of judgment criteria, the existence of a procedure for appeals, and recognition rate (GBR: 102%, FRA: 84%, NLD: 81%, JPN: 76%, KOR: 73%, and BEL: 54%). Based on this analysis, suggestions could be made regarding the expansion of disease types, benefit types, and the overall review of judgment criteria.

Social Justice Tort Theory

Alongside the dominant law and economics and corrective justice approaches to tort law, a new genre of tort theory based on principles and perspectives of social justice has come into its own and deserves recognition. Social justice tort theory starts from the premise that tort law reflects and reinforces systemic forms of injustice in the larger society and maintains that the compensatory ideal of tort law cannot be extricated from these larger systems. It is multi-dimensional and intersectional, recognizing that the impact of injury lands intersectionally, sometimes changing the intensity of the injury or distorting the nature of the injury. Social justice tort scholars have examined torts in gendered and racialized contexts, as well as in ordinary cases that seem to have little to do with systemic injury. In addition to feminist and critical race theory, they have borrowed from critical disability studies, queer theory and political economy. Their work demonstrates how tort law unfairly distributes damages, fails to provide adequate relief for victims of sexual assault or for people who suffer racial insult and discrimination, and erases maternal and reproductive harms. In their work, we can see common deconstructive moves (an emphasis on disparate impacts and devaluation; a teasing out of cognitive bias; and a critique of exceptionalism in tort doctrine) as well as guiding principles for reconstruction (incorporating victims’ perspectives; treating boundaries between civil rights law and tort law as permeable; and enhancing dignity and recognition).

Political Change and Transitional Justice in Mongolia and North Korea: Determinants of Feature and Typological Connectivity

The current study examines the transitional justice experience in Mongolia and identifies possible points of reference for the North Korean situation. As transitional justice is a process with various potential features at different time points, the case of Mongolia is examined from a typological perspective, which is also useful to overcome the lack of comprehensive and systematic information. In terms of the implementation type of transitional justice, the Mongolian case was centered on victim relief, as the social atmosphere was regrettably complicit in ignoring or denying the wrongdoings of the past. Moreover, most of the variables for successful transitional justice were weak or disadvantageous, as determined by the rapport de force and weak civil society after the passive, so‐called “Democratic Revolution” in 1990. Albeit, the case of Mongolia represents a positive reference for a potential transition to democracy and transitional justice in North Korea, even though the current conditions do not satisfy the necessary requirements. Furthermore, the probability and mode of North Korea's transitional justice will unavoidably depend on its “transition to democracy” based on its civil society and dichotomous social differentiation in the late‐communist stage. Therefore, this paper contradistinguishes the situations in Mongolia and North Korea to determine the likelihood of political change in North Korea and then identify the absent and distorted elements for any related transitional justice.

인공지능 로봇의 오작동에 의한 사고로 인한 불법행위책임

It is questionable who will be held responsible for damages caused by malfunction artificial intelligence robots. In particular, if a contract relationship does not exist, when an artificial intelligence robot damages a third party, the liability for damages due to illegal acts is problematic. In this paper, the author looked at how to solve the problem that occurs on the premise that the development of artificial intelligence could lead to various human-related tort laws problems. Under the current act on liability of illegal activities, it is impossible to attribute responsibility to the responsible person by judging the responsible person according to principle of liability with fault, when the damage is caused by a malfunction of an artificial intelligence robot. As such, damages caused by accidents caused by artificial intelligence robots cannot be resolved through illegal acts under civil law, which is based on the principle of liability with fault and liability of possessor, owner of structure, employer's liability for compensation, product liability under our civil law also has problems and limitations. If it is impossible to solve the problem due to the theory of illegal activities in the past, it should eventually introduce a responsibility regulation that is suitable for the illegal activities of artificial intelligence robots. I think we can consider the risk liability as a new model of tort liability due to accident caused by an artificial intelligence malfunction. Risk liability is a responsibility arising from the fact that the hazard is in possession and control. Therefore, the users who control the hazard must compensate for the damage. The primary subject of liability for damages is the robot user who benefits from the use of robots. Even if the risk liability is recognized and the robot user is primarily responsible for the malfunction of artificial intelligence, it is a separate matter whether the robot is able to compensate the victim or not. In this regard, it is necessary to disperse the risks and responsibilities of artificial intelligence robots through the operation of the mandatory insurance system for the consequences of causing unexpected damage to others. It can be considered compensating damages that cannot be covered by insurance through the fund system through social consensus of victim relief.

A novel carrier-cooperation scheme with an incentive to offer emergency lightpath support during disaster recovery

To achieve fast recovery of optical transport networks after a disaster, we investigate a novel scheme enabling cooperation between carriers. Carriers can take advantage of their surviving or recovered optical resources to aid each other through an emergency lightpath support, thereby efficiently reducing the recovery burden, which can be heavy immediately after a disaster. Such lightpaths can be exclusively employed by counterpart carriers to satisfy their highest-priority traffic demands, such as safety confirmation and victim relief. In addition, we introduce an incentive to carriers to promote such cooperation. The carrier cooperation-planning problem is divided into eight tasks and distributed to the individual carriers and a third-party organization. During cooperation, confidential carrier information can be strictly protected by employing a carrier optical network abstraction mechanism. The evaluation results indicate that our proposed approach can significantly reduce the recovery burden and corresponding cost to carriers, resulting in a faster and more efficient disaster recovery.

The role of social and mainstream media during storms

Social media use dramatically increases when natural disasters such as cyclones, hurricanes, or typhoons occur. However, social media is somewhat of a new concept and there is little knowledge about the effect of social media on these traumatic events. In this study, we will investigate the roles of social media and mainstream media on hurricanes and how they may potentially have a bigger impact. A systematic review was conducted to obtain information about the impact of hurricanes on public health. More specifically effected individuals, their families, communities, cities and regions will be looked at with regards to social media use. Twelve different studies were read to obtain information on the positive and negative effects of social media during a hurricane. Influences and risk factors of media and their role on the distribution of information were observed. Social media platforms helped spread awareness, support, and warnings. Social media has shown to have impactful effects during tropical storms around the world. Public health professionals and emergency response team should utilize social media in relief for victims.

Victim relief system based on public prosecution management

Victim relief system based on public prosecution management

Analysis of Relative Importance of Experts on Improvement Strategies of Psychological Recovery Support System for Disaster Victims

재난 현장에서 심리적 충격에 상시 노출되는 소방공무원의 경우 많은 선행 연구가 이루어지고 있으며, 외상 후 스트레스 장애를 치유하기 위한 정책과 제도가 마련되어지고 있지만, 일반인의 경우 피해당사자, 유족, 및 사회 공동체(국민 전체)가 경험하는 외상 후 스트레스를 해소할 수 있도록 지원하는 제도적 장치가 미흡한 실정이다. 재난으로 인해 심리적 외상 사건을 경험한 사회구성원들의 정상적인 사회복귀를 돕기 위해 치유와 관리 체계의 개선 방안을 모색하는데 그 목적을 두고 있다. 따라서, 재난현장에서 재난피해자를 1차적으로 접촉하는 전문가 집단인 소방공무원들과, 재난현장에 투입되어 재난피해자와 심리상담 업무를 수행한 경험이 있는 심리상담 활동가, 행정청에서 재난심리회복지원업무를 담당하는 공무원, 그리고, 재난관련 연구에 임하고 있는 재난 관련학과 교수들의 의견을 수렴하고 이에 대한 분석을 통해 현행 재난피해자심리회복지원에 대한 상대적 중요도와 우선순위를 AHP분석기법을 활용하여 살펴보았다. 전문가들의 의견은 법ㆍ제도적인 요인의 개선이 최우선적으로 고려되어야 하며 관련부서별 연계시스템 강화가 2순위로, 심리회복지원 예산의 증액이 3순위로 중요 하다고 인식하고 있다. 따라서 법령의 제정과 현행 「재난 및 안전에 관한 법률」, 「재해구호법」의 개정을 통해 재난피해자들의 신속한 일상의 복귀를 도와야 할 것이며, 관련기관간의 상호 연계시스템 을 구축하고, 관련 예산의 증액이 필요하다 할 것이다. 또한, 재난피해자 심리회복지원 프로그램에 대한 대국민 홍보를 통해 재난심리피해에 대한 사회적 인식을 전환해야 하며, 재난 당시뿐만 아니라 시간이 경과한 후에도 지속적인 고통을 받는 피해자의 구제를 위해 지속적인 관리 프로그램을 시행해야 할 것이다.In the case of firefighting civil servants many previous studies have been conducted, and although policies and systems are being prepared to heal post‐traumatic stress disorders, in the case of the general public, it is true that institutional devices to support post‐traumatic stress experienced by victims, survivors, and social communities (whole citizens) are insufficient. By experiencing a psychological trauma incident due to a disaster, to help the normal social return of people with post‐traumatic stresses, the purpose of this study lies on finding strategies to improve the healing and management system. Therefore, this study collect opinions from firefighting public officials, who are experts in the primary contact with disaster victims, psychological counselors who have been involved in the disaster and experience psychological counseling with disaster victims, public officials who are in charge of supporting disaster recovery at the administrative office, and disaster related department professors who are engaged in disaster related research, and through the analysis, the relative importance and priorities of current disaster victims psychological recovery support were examined using AHP analysis technique. According to opinions of experts, the improvement of legal and institutional factors should be considered as the first priority, the second is to strengthen the linkage system between related departments, and the third is to increase the budget for psychological recovery support. Therefore, through the enactment of laws and the revision of the current Disaster and Safety Act and Disaster Relief Act , it is necessary to help return victims to their daily lives quickly, and it is necessary to establish a mutual linkage system between the related institutions and increase the related budget. In addition, the social awareness of disaster psychological damage should be changed through public relations for disaster victim psychological recovery support programs, and a continuing management program should be implemented not only at the time of the disaster but also for the relief of victims who are suffering continually even after the time has passed.

The humidifier disinfectant case and the legislative challenges of the 20th Congress.

A number of absurdities surrounding the humidifier disinfectant (HD) incident may have occurred because 1) a judicial system operates on the underlying false assumption that the involved parties are equals in knowledge, information and resource mobilization capabilities, regardless of respective real status as company or individual; 2) there is a lack of a system that mandates a company to prevent and actively manage possible catastrophes; 3) the regulatory scheme makes companies believe that as long as they are complying with the existing regulations, they have satisfied all of their responsibilities. I believe that this issue is an opportunity to bring about changes in the judicial redress system, the system of internal management of manufacturers, and the regulatory system of the government. The following regulation amendments are needed to move towards the changes stated above. First, legislation relating to victim relief that is applicable to the HD incident must be established. Second, a risk management system must be formed within the manufacturing company and to this end an institutional environment for the system must be established within regulatory framework. Furthermore, legislation must be passed that could punish companies themselves that have caused severe damage to individuals because they had failed to take necessary actions to avoid foreseeable harm. Finally, the framework of regulation must be changed so that the company, who has the necessary information regarding the product and the component chemicals used in the product, must self-directed experiment and assessment of the safety of their own products.