Statement Of Relevance Research Articles

Feline comorbidities: The intermingled relationship between chronic kidney disease and hypertension.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highly prevalent disorder of senior cats. CKD is frequently diagnosed in association with hypertension, and the two conditions have an intermingled cause-and-effect relationship. Hypertensive target organ damage (TOD) to the eye, brain, heart and kidney significantly impacts the welfare of cats suffering from this comorbidity. Hypertension also drives proteinuria, which is an independent risk factor for progression and mortality in cats with CKD. Blood pressure monitoring and institution of effective antihypertensive treatment, where indicated, is therefore crucial in effective management of the feline CKD patient. Current guidelines recommend a target systolic blood pressure of <160 mmHg to minimise risk of TOD. Both amlodipine besylate and telmisartan are effective antihypertensive agents for use in these patients. Clinical signs of hypertension may not be apparent to owners of affected cats until severe hypertensive TOD is present. Despite this, blood pressure monitoring in cats with CKD is still infrequently performed, and hypertension likely remains underdiagnosed in this population. This review is based upon evaluation of the currently available published literature, including relevant consensus statements. There is a large body of evidence supporting the association between hypertension and CKD in cats. However, significant aspects, such as the mechanisms behind this association, and effect of hypertension and antihypertensive treatment on mortality and progression of CKD, remain unclear. Further research is therefore required in order to improve understanding of these conditions.

Progression of muscle loss and fat accumulation in a rabbit model of rotator cuff tear.

Rotator cuff (RC) tears present a treatment challenge due to muscle atrophy and degeneration, fatty infiltration, and fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to generate a high time-resolution model of RC tear in rabbits and to characterize the progression of architectural and histological changes. Thirty-five female New Zealand White rabbits (age: 6 months) underwent left supraspinatus tenotomy. Five rabbits were used to evaluate immediate muscle architectural changes. The remaining 30 rabbits underwent right shoulder sham surgery and sacrifice at 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 weeks. Histology was used to quantify muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle degeneration and regeneration, and fat localized to inter- versus intrafascicular regions. Muscle fiber CSA decreased by 26.5% compared to sham at 16 weeks (effect of treatment, p < 0.0001). Muscle degeneration increased after tenotomy (effect of treatment, p = 0.0006) without any change in regeneration. Collagen and fat content increased by 4 weeks and persisted through 16 weeks. Interfascicular fat was increased at all time points, but intrafascicular fat was increased only at 1, 4, and 16 weeks posttenotomy. Intrafascicular fat adjacent to degenerating muscle fibers increased as well (effect of treatment, p < 0.0001; effect of time, p = 0.0102). Statement of clinical relevance: Rabbit supraspinatus tenotomy recapitulates key features of the pathophysiology of human RC tears, including muscle atrophy and degeneration, lack of regeneration, fat accumulation, and fibrosis.

International Financial Reporting Standards Compliance, Disclosure and Relevance of Financial Statements as Perceived by Investors with Regards to their Decision Making

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to investigate the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) compliance, disclosure and relevance of financial statements as perceived by investors with regards to their decision making. Design/Methodology/Approach: Since the study based its findings on perceptions of investors, a concept that cannot be defined with certainty and is not constant since it varies due to factors such as regulatory framework, country polies, investor experience, technological factors, just to mention a few, the regression model was used to portray the relationship between investment decision making and financial reporting relevance, credibility/reliability and quality of disclosures Findings: Corporate governance, audit form reputation, audit committee and company size have a great impact on IFRS compliance and disclosure in financial statements. Verifiability and understandability help to improve IFRS Disclosure and Financial Statement Relevance. Relevance is considered an important attribute of quality financial information in decision making. Practical Implications: Investors need to make effective and informed decisions on investment. For this to be possible, information provided in the financial statements has to be relevant and faithfully represent the substance of what it purports to represent. Companies should practice voluntary disclosure on information items that influence investment decisions and be required to give a simplified interpretation of the information contained in the annual reports. Originality/Value: The analysis will assist investors in better judging the disclosure and relevance of financial statements of organizations from a thorough knowledge of the two aspects so as to make more informed decisions

Marginal Adaptation of CAD/CAM Restorations: A Systematic Review

Background: Several treatment options are available for restorative dental treatment of moderate to large teeth defects. However, in recent years, improved computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology show several advantages, including favorable esthetic results, conservative preparation techniques and cost-effectiveness hence the aim of the study was to search for the best available evidence in investigating whether CAD/CAM fabricated partial coverage restorations will show better marginal adaptation and provide an evidence-based clinically relevant statement.&#x0D; Methodology: An extensive search was performed using four online databases. Search strategies were developed for each online database, the studies were reviewed by three independent authors, and inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied and the quality of the included studies was assessed. Results: The initial search resulted in 998 studies from all the databases. Six clinical studies were identified as relevant to the research question and were included in the qualitative assessment.&#x0D; Conclusions: Marginal adaptation of CAD/CAM-fabricated restoration shows excellent clinical outcomes in short-term observation periods. There is a need for clinical trials that compare the clinical outcomes of CAD/CAM-fabricated restoration to direct composite restorations.

International Consensus Recommendations for the Treatment of Pediatric NMDAR Antibody Encephalitis.

ObjectiveTo create an international consensus treatment recommendation for pediatric NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis (NMDARE).MethodsAfter selection of a panel of 27 experts with representation from all continents, a 2-step Delphi method was adopted to develop consensus on relevant treatment regimens and statements, along with key definitions in pediatric NMDARE (disease severity, failure to improve, and relapse). Finally, an online face-to-face meeting was held to reach consensus (defined as ≥75% agreement).ResultsCorticosteroids are recommended in all children with NMDARE (pulsed IV preferred), with additional IV immunoglobulin or plasma exchange in severe patients. Prolonged first-line immunotherapy can be offered for up to 3–12 months (oral corticosteroids or monthly IV corticosteroids/immunoglobulin), dependent on disease severity. Second-line treatments are recommended for cases refractory to first-line therapies (rituximab preferred over cyclophosphamide) and should be considered about 2 weeks after first-line initiation. Further immunotherapies for refractory disease 1-3 months after second-line initiation include another second-line treatment (such as cyclophosphamide) and escalation to tocilizumab. Maintenance immune suppression beyond 6 months (such as rituximab redosing or mycophenolate mofetil) is generally not required, except for patients with a more severe course or prolonged impairments and hospitalization. For patients with relapsing disease, second-line and prolonged maintenance therapy should be considered. The treatment of NMDARE following herpes simplex encephalitis should be similar to idiopathic NMDARE. Broad guidance is provided for the total treatment duration (first line, second line, and maintenance), which is dictated by the severity and clinical course (i.e., median 3, 9 and 18 months in the best, average, and worst responders, respectively). Recommendations on the timing of oncologic searches are provided.ConclusionThese international consensus recommendations for the management of pediatric NMDARE aim to standardize the treatment and provide practical guidance for clinicians, rather than absolute rules. A similar recommendation could be applicable to adult patients.

Radiomic Phenotypes Distinguish Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors from Medulloblastoma.

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors and medulloblastomas have similar imaging and histologic features but distinctly different outcomes. We hypothesized that they could be distinguished by MR imaging-based radiomic phenotypes. We retrospectively assembled T2-weighted and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images of 48 posterior fossa atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors and 96 match-paired medulloblastomas from 7 institutions. Using a holdout test set, we measured the performance of 6 candidate classifier models using 6 imaging features derived by sparse regression of 900 T2WI and 900 T1WI Imaging Biomarker Standardization Initiative-based radiomics features. From the originally extracted 1800 total Imaging Biomarker Standardization Initiative-based features, sparse regression consistently reduced the feature set to 1 from T1WI and 5 from T2WI. Among classifier models, logistic regression performed with the highest AUC of 0.86, with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1 scores of 0.80, 0.82, 0.81, and 0.85, respectively. The top 3 important Imaging Biomarker Standardization Initiative features, by decreasing order of relative contribution, included voxel intensity at the 90th percentile, inverse difference moment normalized, and kurtosis-all from T2WI. Six quantitative signatures of image intensity, texture, and morphology distinguish atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors from medulloblastomas with high prediction performance across different machine learning strategies. Use of this technique for preoperative diagnosis of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors could significantly inform therapeutic strategies and patient care discussions.

Indirect Resin Composite Inlays Cemented with a Self-adhesive, Self-etch or a Conventional Resin Cement Luting Agent: A 5 Years Prospective Clinical Evaluation

Objective: The aim of this study was to clinically evaluate the 5-years clinical performance of indirect resin composite inlays luted with three different resin cement strategies in MOD Class II restorations.Materials and Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted following CONSORT guidelines. Forty patients with three large cavities indicated for indirect MOD Class II restorations were enrolled in the current study. Then, 120 indirect resin composite inlay restorations (SR Nexco) were placed and luted with three different resin cement strategies (n=40); an etch-and-rinse (Variolink N), self-etch (Panavia F2.0) and self-adhesive (RelyX Unicem). These restorations were evaluated to the periods of 1 week (baseline), 1, 3 and 5 years using modified USPHS criteria. Statistical analyses were performed with Wilcoxon and Friedman tests with level of significance set at 0.05.Results: The outcome of the clinical trial showed that, there was neither loss of restorations nor recurrent caries after 5 years for all luting cements groups. Both self-etch Panavia F2.0 and self-adhesive RelyX Unicem resin cements exhibited significant differences between the evaluation periods regarding to marginal discoloration and marginal adaptation (p=0.03). At baseline, only 8 cases of etch-and-rinse (Variolink N) resin cement group exhibited post-operative sensitivity which were relieved after short time (p=0.04).Conclusion: All the three resin cement strategies tested, showed acceptable clinical performance after 5-years recall period. In time, etch-and-rinse resin cement group showed better clinical performance regarding marginal discoloration and marginal adaptation at 5-years recall period.Clinical Relevance statement:In vitro and in vivo studies reveal contradictory evidence of the clinical performance of indirect resin composite inlays luted with different resin cement strategies. Thus, this study revealed that etch-and-rinse resin cement still has the best prognosis for adhesive luting of indirect resin composite inlays.

ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE Consensus Statement on preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumors.

The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO), the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG), the International Ovarian Tumour Analysis (IOTA) group and the European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy (ESGE) jointly developed clinically relevant and evidence-based statements on the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumors, including imaging techniques, biomarkers and prediction models. ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE nominated a multidisciplinary international group, including expert practising clinicians and researchers who have demonstrated leadership and expertise in the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumors and management of patients with ovarian cancer (19 experts across Europe). A patient representative was also included in the group. To ensure that the statements were evidence-based, the current literature was reviewed and critically appraised. Preliminary statements were drafted based on the review of the relevant literature. During a conference call, the whole group discussed each preliminary statement and a first round of voting was carried out. Statements were removed when consensus among group members was not obtained. The voters had the opportunity to provide comments/suggestions with their votes. The statements were then revised accordingly. Another round of voting was carried out according to the same rules to allow the whole group to evaluate the revised version of the statements. The group achieved consensus on 18 statements. This Consensus Statement presents these ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE statements on the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumors and the assessment of carcinomatosis, together with a summary of the evidence supporting each statement.

الْهَیْئَاتُ المَشْرُوعَةُ فِی الصَّلَاةِ وَصُوَرُهَا

تناول هذا البحث عددا من الهيئات التي ذکرها صاحب کتاب الروض المربع الشيخ منصور بن يونس البهوتي - رحمه الله - وهي الأوصاف التي يراد من المکلف أن يتصف بها، حيث عمد الباحث إلى تخصيص الهيئات المشروعة في هذا البحث وتنفيذها على الواقع ثم تصويرها، ليظهر للقارئ بجلاء المراد بهذه الصور، ومشکلة البحث أن البعض قد يقرأ النص المکتوب ولکن يصعب عليه في بعض الأحيان تصور حقيقته، فوجود الصورة سيحل کثيرا من الإشکالات، وقد تم انتخاب تسع هيئات مشروعة في الصلاة، حيث تم فيها ما يلي: بيان النص الفقهي کما ورد في کتاب الروض المربع، ثم بيان المعنى اللغوي، ثم تحليل النص وبيان حکمه، ثم دليل الحکم، ثم الصور لهذه الهيئة، وخلص البحث إلى عدد من النتائج منها: أن جميع الصور الواردة التي هي على سبيل الوجوب هي من الصفات التي يطيقها جميع الناس غالبا، إلا مريضا ونحوه ممن هو على خلاف الأصل، وأن عددا من الهيئات المشروعة قد تحتاج إلى شيء من التعود للإتيان بالسنة فيها، فقد لا تتيسر لکل أحد، وهذا من يسر الشريعة وسماحتها. This study addresses a number of postures in prayer as discussed by the author of Ar-Rawd Al-Murbi’, the late Sheikh Mansour Ibn Younus Al-Bahwati. These prayer postures are required from the person offering prayer. The researcher thus identified legitimate postures in prayer with practical illustration of them to show the reader what is meant by these postures and how to perform them in reality. The research problem was that some people may read the text describing the postures in prayer without knowing how to implement them on the grounds or conceiving their correct forms, and that is why the images or illustrations introduced in the study would help in this regard. Hence, nine legitimate prayer postures are selected where relevant juristic statement is introduced as quoted from Ar-Rawd Al-Murbi’, coupled with explanation and analysis of the statement, and then the ruling on the respective postures. Finally, these points are accompanied by illustrations to the postures. The researcher concluded that all the postures illustrated are obligatory and are accessible to almost all people, except for the sick and the like in exceptional cases. Besides, the umber of legitimate postures may require some sort of exercise before one can become accustomed to them, since they may not be accessible for some people. This point is a manifestation of the tolerant and facile nature of the Shari’ah.

ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE Consensus Statement on preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumours.

The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO), the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG), the International Ovarian Tumour Analysis (IOTA) group and the European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy (ESGE) jointly developed clinically relevant and evidence-based statements on the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumours, including imaging techniques, biomarkers and prediction models.ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE nominated a multidisciplinary international group, including expert practising clinicians and researchers who have demonstrated leadership and expertise in the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumours and management of patients with ovarian cancer (19 experts across Europe). A patient representative was also included in the group. To ensure that the statements were evidence-based, the current literature was reviewed and critically appraised.Preliminary statements were drafted based on the review of the relevant literature. During a conference call, the whole group discussed each preliminary statement and a first round of voting was carried out. Statements were removed when a consensus among group members was not obtained. The voters had the opportunity to provide comments/suggestions with their votes. The statements were then revised accordingly. Another round of voting was carried out according to the same rules to allow the whole group to evaluate the revised version of the statements. The group achieved consensus on 18 statements.This Consensus Statement presents these ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE statements on the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumours and the assessment of carcinomatosis, together with a summary of the evidence supporting each statement.

Die Algemene Sinode van die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk van 1990 en die Gelofte van 1838

The General Synod of the Dutch Reformed Church of 1990 and the Covenant of 1838. The Dutch Reformed Church as a church consisting of mainly Afrikaners, was confronted by a new societal dispensation and a new government in South Africa in and after 1994. The trend of the new constitution of 1996, as well as a new public discourse laid the emphasis on the individual and his rights in a society open to all. This discourse implicitly communicated negative tones on actions, activating minority groups for their own separate ideas. As if the General Synod expected this coming challenge, the Synod of 1990 already had a report of its Commission on Doctrine and Actual Affairs on the Dutch Reformed Church, keeping the Day of the Covenant of the Voortrekkers in 1838. This article investigated the stance of this General Synod on this issue with two, seemingly main objectives: an acceptable, grounded reason for people to keep the Day of the Covenant, and a positive link between the Covenant of 1838 and reconciliation in a modern South Africa. The method used was a study of literature and primary sources on these issues. The General Synod of 1990 made two relevant statements in its new environment. In the first place, it decided that individuals should associate with the Covenant on moral grounds and not because they are forced to do so. The core of the Covenant of 1838 was the request that God enable people taking the vow, to win the battle foreseen – the Battle of Blood River – and to promote Christian values for establishing a new Christian society. An issue which is still relevant in South Africa today. That is why the Voortrekkers promised to build a church as the focus point of their forseen society. The second statement of this Synod was that reconciliation as a catchword in the 1990s in Christian South Africa, is part of the promotion of a Christian society. Reconciliation in a biblical perspective remains relevant in South Africa.Contribution: Seen from the approach of this article as a Christian approach, these statements of the General Synod of 1990 help the Dutch Reformed Church as church to fulfil its tasks in Soutern Africa today.

Experimenting with labs: Practical and pedagogical considerations for the integration of problem‐based lab instruction in chemical engineering

AbstractLaboratory instruction is a core component of the training of chemical engineers. The hands‐on experiences in the laboratory are designed to facilitate the development of critical analytical skills, establish links between theory and reality, and develop transferrable skills. In the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (CHBE) at the University of British Columbia (UBC), the senior laboratory course was designed using a Problem‐Based Laboratory (PBL) approach to shift part of the responsibility for the learning experience from the instructor to the students, with the aim to improve learning outcomes. In this course, student teams perform 10‐week open‐ended labs in which they design and execute unique experimental plans to address industrially relevant problem statements. This course leverages student autonomy and ownership of their work, the flexibility of deliverables, and low‐stakes opportunities to make and fix mistakes to increase student engagement, which in turn facilitates the development of critical thinking and decision‐making skills and increases student confidence in their engineering abilities. This paper synthesizes student feedback, performance data, instructor observations, and logistical experiences over several iterations of this course to identify the key elements required for the successful implementation of PBL instruction. The rationale for this shift in pedagogical approaches, the pedagogical grounding underpinning this design, the basic course structure and its reception by students, and the main challenges of this type of course implementation in chemical engineering are also presented.

Recent SPN Position Statements

Recent SPN Position Statements

POS-414 THE PLACE OF SPIRITUAL NURSING CARE IN PALLIATIVE NEPHROLOGY

In the face of chronicity of diseases and increasing mortality, spiritual nursing care (SNC) may be said to be a specific line of care in nursing practice that brings hope and life in patients over the course of their management; adoption of SNC as a palliative measure in nephrology has focused majorly on improving quality of life especially in the low and middle income economies. However, studies have shown and it has also been observed by the researcher that SNC is not widely practiced in the health institutions may be because it has not found its roots well-grounded in disease management and/or poor knowledge; but then, where-ever it is practiced, the patients thrive better. Hence, the study determined the effect of SNC on renal patients in a tertiary hospital in Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria. One-group post-test only quasi-experimental research design was adopted to cross sectionally survey a convenience sample of 24 consented respondents, both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered using research questionnaire and observation method; the data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 and qualitative content analysis method. Coding done and relevant statements were identified and categorized into themes and subthemes; inductive reasoning was made. Results showed respondents with mean age of 45.88 ± 17.03 (min 16; max 82), primary cause of renal disease as CGN: 5(20.8%), COVID-19: 2(8.3%), diabetes mellitus: 6(25.0%), sickle cell disease: 1(4.2%), herbal concoction: 1(4.2%), hypertension: 6(25.0%), hypertension with diabetes mellitus: 2(8.3%) and pregnancy-induced hypertension: 1(4.2%). Three themes were identified: the patients, their significant others and their God(s), expectations of patients from the nurses, and the role of the nurse in Spiritual Nursing Care. 21(87.5%) respondents expressed satisfaction with SNC; they were observed to have yielded positively to SNC while 3(12.5%) were indifferent. Spiritual nursing care which is a form of palliative care cannot take the place of life-prolonging measures in renal diseases such as dialysis, transplantation, use of drugs amongst others, it is however a strong supportive measure to boost the effect of the acknowledged life-prolonging measures. Its place can be sited high in palliative care and this is strongly supported by the findings from this study. SNC tends to promote the spiritual growth of the patient, make them social, gives them hope and meaning in life and they seem to always thank God in everything; it ultimately improves their quality of life. It is therefore recommended that nurse-patient mentorship be encouraged in our health facilities, improve on staffing in renal units, ensure effective communication and communication skills and regular training and re-training of nurses on practices of spiritual care be done.

Seneca the Elder, the Controuersia Figurata, and the Political Discourse of the Early Empire

This paper studies examples of how exponents of Roman declamation could insert into arguments on the trivial, even fantastic, cases known as controuersiae statements of striking relevance to the political culture of the triumviral and early imperial period. This is particularly apparent in the Controuersiae of Seneca the Elder but some traces remain in the Minor Declamations attributed to Quintilian. The boundaries separating Rome itself from the declamatory city referred to by modern scholars as Sophistopolis are significantly blurred even in those instances where the exercise does not turn on a specific event from Roman history, and there is much to be gained from how the declaimers deploy Roman historical examples. Some of the most sophisticated instances of mediated political comment exploit the employment of universalizing sententiae, which have considerable bite when they are related to contemporary Roman discourse and experience. The declamation schools are a forum for thinking through the implications of the transformation of the Roman state and deserve a place within any history of Roman political thought.

Practice Corner: What Does ASPAN Say?

This column is dedicated to a short list of commonly asked questions as they relate to practice and standards. ASPAN's Clinical Practice Committee responds to multiple questions on a monthly basis, and the Director for Clinical Practice monitors any trends or patterns as these questions relate to care standards. The following questions deserve a brief review of the actual standards as well as any relevant interpretive statements, or sidebar details, provided by the ASPAN Standards practice experts.

Selling research in RA discussion sections through English and Spanish: An intercultural rhetoric approach

Discussion (and/or other closing) (DC) sections of research articles in English-medium journals are difficult to write, especially when English is not a first language. This intercultural rhetoric research explores whether greater effort is made to promote research in English than in Spanish. I drew ten pairs of comparable DC sections from the EXEMPRAES (exemplary empirical research articles in English and Spanish) Corpus. I systematically annotated these sections for their communicative functions, and, for the first time, my annotations were validated by the article authors, themselves. Additionally, I used an online survey to understand the authors' promotional behaviour. This innovative mixed methodology confirmed that the social scientists in the study were more promotional in English than in Spanish. Authors in English highlighted more positive aspects of their studies and applications of their results. In contrast, Spanish authors were more neutral, focussing largely on statements of contribution and relevance to the zeitgeist. Revealing how different levels of culture (unstated communication principles, knowledge areas, socialisation processes and research assessment policies) affect the inclusion of specific communicative functions demonstrates how social scientists’ promotional approaches in DC sections are complex and merit further attention. Implications for the teaching of academic writing in English are drawn.

On the eve of adversity: scientific works of universities and institutions of the USSR in 1941

This article raises the issue of research heritage accumulated in the USSR. This exploration is devoted to works published by teachers of Ukrainian universities and institutes that is 1941, that is shortly before Hitler's German attack on the USSR. Based on the elaborated generality of scientific periodicals of the Ukrainian SSR, the author claims that at that time the research of universities approached parity relations with the academic science of that time, significantly complementing the latter with research experience of both central and peripheral educational institutions. The article considers works from various scientific fields, which gives grounds to speak about the diversity of the development of Ukrainian Soviet science within the walls of higher educational institutions. The investigation is based on the materials of the State Archive of the Press of the Book Chamber of Ukraine named after Ivan Fedorov, in particular, continuing publications of the Kyiv State University named after T. G. Shevchenko, Kharkiv, Odessa, Cherkasy, Sumy and Kryvyi Rih state pedagogical institutes. Particular attention is paid to the collection of scientific works of the Kryvyi Rih STI, because the city of Kryvyi Rih, christened the "iron ore capital of Ukraine", except for a short (1923—1931) district status, has always been on the periphery, so the powerful development of local science, of course, impressive. The emotional factor of the reconnaissance is quite clear, based on the fact that the war started completely unexpectedly — university and institute teachers worked in the usual way, publishing their scientific works, literally, on the eve of the terrible disaster that befell the country. The most relevant statement of the author today is the 100% dominant Ukrainian language of scientific works of teachers of pre-war universities, which testifies to the success of the Bolsheviks' policy of Ukrainization of the Ukrainian SSR implemented in practice.

Effect of topical application of nanoencapsulated eugenol on dental sensitivity reduction after in‐office dental bleaching: a randomized, triple‐blind clinical trial

This randomized, split-mouth, triple-blind clinical study evaluated the effect of application of nanoencapsulated eugenol (NE) on the absolute risk and intensity of tooth sensitivity (TS) resulting from in-office bleaching. Fifty-six patients received a NE in one hemiarch and a placebo gel in the other hemiarch, determined by random sequence, before in-office bleaching. A visual analogue scale (VAS) (0-10) and a numeric rating scale (NRS) (0-4) were used to record TS during bleaching and 1 and 48 h after bleaching. The tooth color was performed from baseline to 2 weeks after bleaching with shade guides (ΔSGU) and a spectrophotometer (∆Eab , ∆E00, and WID ). The TS was assessed through the McNemar test (α = 0.05) and by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (NRS) and paired t-test (VAS). The paired test-t was employed to compare the color changes (ΔSGU and ΔEab , ∆E00, and WID ). The significance level was 5%. No statistically significant difference was found in the absolute risk or intensity of TS between both groups (p > 0.05). A significant color change was observed in both groups (p > 0.05). Administration of the gel containing NE before the in-office dental bleaching did not reduce the TS and did not interfere in the bleaching effect. The use of desensitizing gel containing NE did not reduce in-office bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity.

Rehydration during Endurance Exercise: Challenges, Research, Options, Methods.

During endurance exercise, two problems arise from disturbed fluid–electrolyte balance: dehydration and overhydration. The former involves water and sodium losses in sweat and urine that are incompletely replaced, whereas the latter involves excessive consumption and retention of dilute fluids. When experienced at low levels, both dehydration and overhydration have minor or no performance effects and symptoms of illness, but when experienced at moderate-to-severe levels they degrade exercise performance and/or may lead to hydration-related illnesses including hyponatremia (low serum sodium concentration). Therefore, the present review article presents (a) relevant research observations and consensus statements of professional organizations, (b) 5 rehydration methods in which pre-race planning ranges from no advanced action to determination of sweat rate during a field simulation, and (c) 9 rehydration recommendations that are relevant to endurance activities. With this information, each athlete can select the rehydration method that best allows her/him to achieve a hydration middle ground between dehydration and overhydration, to optimize physical performance, and reduce the risk of illness.