Relay Sensor Research Articles

IOT Based- Smart Metering and Charging System for EV

Abstract: Electric vehicles often face concerns regarding overcharging, leading to detrimental outcomes like pollution, reduced hardware lifespan, and safety hazards. Unlike conventional fuels, electric vehicles lack standardized systems to regulate charging parameters and costs. This absence of fail-safe mechanisms can lead to overcharging, causing negative consequences without intervention. To tackle this issue, the project proposes an Arduino-based solution coupled with a relay sensor and dedicated application. This system aims to prevent overcharging, minimizing both financial and electrical wastage. The project serves as a compact prototype, offering a viable resolution to the problem of unregulated charging in electric vehicles.

Instantaneous received signal strength-based sensor activation for energy-efficient distributed cooperative sensor networks

In this paper, a network-independent distributed relay sensor (RS) activating method is proposed for energy-efficient cooperative communications using RSs. To achieve this, we introduce a novel metric termed the signal contribution-to-noise contribution ratio and design the required instantaneous received signal strength at RS for each RS to independently determine the activation. Therefore, the proposed RS activation (i.e., adaptive cooperation) is readily enabled without significant signaling overhead in the networks. The numerical results indicated that the proposed RS activation strategy can improve the received signal-to-noise ratio at a destination sensor with fewer active RSs, extending the lifetime of the sensor network.

An Analysis of Hierarchical Routing Strategy with Advanced Additional Sensors in WSNs

Two kinds of sensors will be discussed in some sort of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). One is named a normal sensor (called A_nodes) with fixed initial energy, which can get perception data from the surrounding environment and have functions of storage and forwarding. The other is named relay sensor (called B_node) with sufficient energy, which only can store data and forward data. Cluster heads (called A_heads) are chosen among A_nodes by probability mode to create clusters first. Local adjustments would be done inter-cluster. Then the sink is selected as the root and a backbone shortest path tree with hops limited is built dynamically from A_heads, B_Nodes and sink. Inside the backbone shortest path aggregation tree, two steps are done. The first step, select some B_node as cluster head (denoted as B_node) and make local adjustment intra-clusters if it is possible. The second step, adjust the shortest path aggregation tree. By using both particle swarm optimization (PSO) and ant colony optimization (ACO), a traveling salesman problem (TSP) cycle with shorter path length is obtained (this method is noted as TSP_PSO_ACO). This TSP cycle consists of all nodes in the aggregation backbone tree. Along this cycle, energy is offered to nodes except sink. The above strategy would be discussed for its feasibility and time complexity. The experimental results imply that the energy consumption is reduced by using local adjustment. The relative failure rate of nodes can be reduced in the later stage of WSN survival. Offering energy to a small number of nodes several times has no obvious impact on the overall energy consumption and survival time of WSN. The case with some small-sized obstacles in WSN area is also discussed. There are little affections on TSP cycles both from results on theoretical analysis and simulation if there are some obstacles with small size in WSN area.

Encoding–decoding-based fusion estimation with filter-and-forward relays and stochastic measurement delays

This paper addresses the encoding–decoding-based fusion estimation problem for a class of systems with signal relays and stochastic measurement delays. A set of Bernoulli distributed random variables is used to model the randomly occurring measurement delays. To enhance the system performance and extend the transmission distance, a filter-and-forward relay is adopted in the transmission link. To handle the limited bandwidth of the communication channels, an encoding–decoding scheme based on a probabilistic quantizer is proposed for the sensor–relay and relay–estimator channels. For each relay, a local filter is constructed with a proper filter gain at each time step with aim to minimize an upper bound of the local estimation error covariance. The effects of the encoding–decoding scheme on the error covariance are also analyzed quantitatively. The estimates obtained from the local filters are then fused at the remote estimator using the covariance intersection fusion strategy. Finally, a target tracking simulation example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

Optimizing Relay Sensors in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks: A Biologically Inspired Approach

In recent years, tremendous advances in communication technologies coupled with the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) have led to the emergence of the Big Data phenomenon. Big Data is one of the big IT challenges of the current decade. The amount of data produced is constantly increasing and makes it more and more difficult to process. Managing these masses of data requires the use of new data management systems with efficient access methods. Considered as one of the main sources of Big Data, wireless sensors used in networks offer a credible solution to the problem of Big Data management, especially its collection. Several solutions for Big Data collection based on large-scale wireless sensor networks (LS-WSN) are proposed, taking into account the nature of the applications. The hierarchical architecture is the one used for the deployment of these applications. In such an architecture, relay sensors play an important role in finding the balance of the network and maximizing its lifetime. In most LS-WSN applications, once deployed, the LS-WSN does not provide a mechanism to evaluate and improve the positions of the initially deployed relay sensors. This paper proposes, based on the growth model of physarum polycephalum and its ability to prune unnecessary links and retain only those deemed useful for food routing, a mechanism for evaluating and optimizing relay sensors in LS-WSNs. Simulation results indicate that the proposed approach significantly improves the network lifetime compared to the initial deployment and that can be a useful approach for LS-WSNs dedicated to Big Data collection. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated by experimental results in terms of connectivity and network lifetime.

Relay fusion frames in Banach spaces

Abstract The relay fusion frames have been recently introduced in Hilbert spaces to model sensor relay networks and distributed sensor relay systems, which are deeply connected with compressed sensing. In this article, we introduce the notions of relay fusion frames and Banach relay fusion frames in Banach spaces and study certain attractive properties of relay fusion frames in this more general setting. In a particular sense, Schauder frames can be shown to be a special case of relay fusion frames. Moreover, the stability issue of relay fusion frames and Banach relay fusion frames will be addressed.

Effective Communication between IoT Devices using Machine Learning

The Internet of Things (IoT) consisting of several interconnected sensors capable of transferring the data over the network without human involvement. All these interconnected sensors can be managed through internet remotely. The Sensors connected in the networks are deployed randomly and are mobile in nature. The loss of sensor’s energy occurs due to the mobility nature, communication between the sensors and operations performed. The perfectly suitable sensor nodes as relay nodes and Cluster Heads (CH), and energy efficient path to the Base Station (BS) should be selected at each and every stage in the IoT network for effective communication. This paper presenting the method for effective communication between IoT Devices using ML comprising of Sensor Deployment, Clustering, Data Aggregation, Data Routing, and Reconstruction. In this paper for maximum coverage across the BS, relay sensors are deployed in hexagonal fashion. The sensors in the network transmit the diverse data and data aggregation is performed at CH level by machine learning algorithm that is Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm is used to effectively routing the data over the network and dimensionality of the data is reduced with the Principle Component Analysis (PCA). The effective communication is established here by reducing the residual nodes. The total of 600 mobile sensor nodes and 12 relay sensor nodes are considered in the simulation of this work by the Network Simulation-3 (NS-3), only 42 joules energy is consuming over 200 milliseconds with network life time of 3000 milliseconds.

Portable Solar Powered Outdoor Charging Station With The Application Of Servo Motor In Sunlight Tracking System With Light Detection Relay Sensor

The use of renewable sources of power has been greatly encouraged since the turn of the century owing to the limited source of fossil fuels. The richest fuel source in the area of renewable energy is solar energy. This experimental-development study focused on the fabrication and testing of a portable solar powered charging station with servomotor and light sensor and testing its acceptability in terms of functionality, aesthetics, durability and safety. This also focused on the determination of the effectiveness of the solar tracking system in the output voltage and current of the prototype. Moreover, efficiency in charging was also tested. Locally available materials were used in constructing the prototype which as equipped with a solar energy harvesting system and sunlight tracking system using Arduino uno to program the sunlight tracking module. Results of the study indicate that the prototype consisted of a harvesting system and a tracking module which enabled the rotation of the solar panels to the angle where solar energy harvest is maximum throughout the day. The Historic Data Chart of the Climate in the Philippines for the daily sunshine hours was used to determine the exact energy that can be harvested in one sunny day and the factors that will be affecting the On and Off condition of the LDR sensor for the lights. Results also suggest that the prototype is highly acceptable with a rating of very good in all the indicators of functionality, aesthetics, durability and safety. Further, there was a 7.62% and 33.39% increase in the voltage and ampere after installing the sunlight tracking system. Furthermore, it was found that the maximum number of gadgets that can be charged by the solar portable charging station is three laptops with 45 watts poer input in three hours and nine mobile phones with 5 watts power input in two hours or a combined full charge capacity of 575 watt-hours.

Smart Helmet using GSM GPS Technology

A motorcycle frequently called motorbike or two-wheelers, which is the most used than another form of automobiles because of its low price. But another side, this is the most unsafe automobile. The accident can happen for driving fast or drunk driving. Safety and security in vehicle traveling are a pre-eminent concern for all. With the rapid urbanization and staggering growth of transport networks like two-wheeler vehicles, safety on the roads and security on the bike has emerged as an inescapable priority for us. It has expanded the rate of accidents, which leads to several damages with loss of lives. In many circumstances, we cannot able to detect the accident's location. A helmet is a form of protecting gear worn to keep safe the head from injuries. More specifically, the helmet aids the skull in protecting the brain. A smart helmet can detect the accident's locations also save lives and makes two-wheeler driving safer from previously. This paper propounds a smart helmet system to avoid the accident. The system divides into three parts helmet circuit, automobile circuit, and mobile application. At first, the helmet circuit has IR and alcohol detection sensor. The automobile circuit has a 3-axis accelerometer, Bluetooth module, relay, and load sensor. The helmet circuit sends a signal to the automobile circuit to start if the helmet is wearied and no alcohol detects. Then the automobile circuit checks the status of the load to start. 3-axis accelerometer senses crash or hit. After detecting an accident mobile application sends the accident location automatically to police and emergency contact number via the database.

Accurate Location Estimation of Smart Dusts Using Machine Learning

Traditional wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are not suitable for rough terrains that are difficult or impossible to access by humans. Smart dust is a technology that works with the combination of many tiny sensors which is highly useful for obtaining remote sensing information from rough terrains. The tiny sensors are sprinkled in large numbers on rough terrains using airborne distribution through drones or aircraft without manually setting their locations. Although it is clear that a number of remote sensing applications can benefit from this technology, but the small size of smart dust fundamentally restricts the integration of advanced hardware on tiny sensors. This raises many challenges including how to estimate the location of events sensed by the smart dusts. Existing solutions on estimating the location of events sensed by the smart dusts are not suitable for monitoring rough terrains as these solutions depend on relay sensors and laser patterns which have their own limitations in terms of power constraint and uneven surfaces. The study proposes a novel machine learning based localization algorithm for estimating the location of events. The approach utilizes timestamps (time of arrival) of sensed events received at base stations by assembling them into a multi-dimensional vector and input to a machine learning classifier for estimating the location. Due to the unavailability of real smart dusts, we built a simulator for analysing the accuracy of the proposed approach for monitoring forest fire. The experiments on the simulator show reasonable accuracy of the approach.

SISTEM MONITORING PENGERING SEPATU BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS PADA PLATFORM NODE-RED

Shoes are one of the human equipment that must always be worn in conditions, including during the rainy season, and conventional shoe drying still faces several challenges, including relying on the help of sunlight to facilitate drying. Shoes are one of the human equipment that must always be worn in conditions, including during the rainy season. The goal of this research is to create a shoe dryer monitoring system using the Node-ed Platform and the Internet of Things. Light, temperature, and humidity are all monitored in shoes. Arduino Uno, NodeMC ESP8266, Breadboard, Jumper Cables (male-to-male, male-to-female, female-to-female), Arduino USB Cable, 2 Channel Relay, Incandescent Lamp, CPU Fan, Servo Motor, DHT11 Sensor, and LDR Sensor are the components needed to make this system. While the software, specifically Ardu, was used, While the software employed, specifically the Arduino IDE, allows the author to program the NodeMCU ESP8266, Arduino Uno, and other hardware components that will be used in this study. To write programs, you'll need a C program editor and compiler. The major component in the implementation of this research is the Node-red platform. The NodeMCU ESP8266 is used as a tool in this shoe dryer monitoring system, which leverages a wireless network architecture. The shoe dryer monitoring system can perform as intended as a result of this research; this tool can monitor light, temperature, and humidity in shoes in real-time, as well as deliver actions in the form of notifications via social media in the form of Telegram.

Automatic Sprinkler System using Arduino

This paper focuses on a smart sprinkler irrigation system that is less costly and any farmer used in farm division. In 21century where automation is playing the most important role in the life of human. Automation allows us to control Appliances with automatic control. Automation gives comfort, Increase efficiency as well as save time. Nowadays, most of the industries are used Automation and control mechanism which is expensive for cost and does not suitable for use in a farm sector. In present days, food shortage and water shortages Occur due to the increase in population. To avoid the problem. we have to encourage the agriculture sector. Water Wastage is more in the farming sector. Watering the agricultural fields through irrigation by using this type of method we can save water. In this project, we make an automatic plant sprinkler irrigation system that has to be designed. The system consist relay, Arduino and moisture sensor. The moisture sensor senses the dryness and wetness of the soil. Then Arduino works as per instruction of moisture sensor and system control by Arduino UNO. This project design and development of an automatic plant watering system that is being used to protect a plant because of the reason that doesn’t get enough water for its growth. In everyday work related to gardening, watering is the most important work. The system created an automatic Plant watering system to minimize manual activities and making gardener’s work easier.

Automatic Sprinkler System using Arduino

This paper focuses on a smart sprinkler irrigation system that is less costly and any farmer used in farm division. In 21century where automation is playing the most important role in the life of human. Automation allows us to control Appliances with automatic control. Automation gives comfort, Increase efficiency as well as save time. Nowadays, most of the industries are used Automation and control mechanism which is expensive for cost and does not suitable for use in a farm sector. In present days, food shortage and water shortages Occur due to the increase in population. To avoid the problem. we have to encourage the agriculture sector. Water Wastage is more in the farming sector. Watering the agricultural fields through irrigation by using this type of method we can save water. In this project, we make an automatic plant sprinkler irrigation system that has to be designed. The system consist relay, Arduino and moisture sensor. The moisture sensor senses the dryness and wetness of the soil. Then Arduino works as per instruction of moisture sensor and system control by Arduino UNO. This project design and development of an automatic plant watering system that is being used to protect a plant because of the reason that doesn’t get enough water for its growth. In everyday work related to gardening, watering is the most important work. The system created an automatic Plant watering system to minimize manual activities and making gardener’s work easier.

Geometrical link aware geocast routing for energy balancing in wireless sensor networks

Efficient use of sensor’s available energy is one of prime issues to be solved for wireless sensor network (WSN) alive and functional as long as possible. Appropriate relay sensor selection to forward packets to sink have been recommended as an encouraging solution to overcome the aforesaid challenge in WSN. However, the literature lacks towards link quality-oriented relay sensor selection to equalize energy consumption for longevity of the network. In this context, this paper proposes a geometrical link aware geocast routing for energy balancing (GeoLE) in WSN. Each time, GeoLE selects different sets of relay sensors based on a proposed predicted relay selection (PRS) metric to fairy equalize energy consumption of the sensors. The PRS metric is designed based on expected transmission count, forward progress, delay and residual energy. It is evident from simulation results that the proposed GeoLE approach outperforms the state of the art routing approaches in the terms of network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, average energy consumption, and energy balance factor.

Throughput optimization of multi-hop and multi-path cooperation in WPSNs with hardware noises

This paper proposes a novel multi-path and multi-hop wireless powered sensor network in case of hardware impairment, constituting an energy node, one source node, single sink node, and a series of distributed relay sensor nodes, where the energy node transmits wireless energy to all terminals in the first stage, and the relay sensor nodes relay the information of the source node to the sink node in the second stage. There exists M available paths between the source node and sink node, one of which is chosen for serving source-sink communication. To enhance the minimum achievable data rate, we propose a multi-hop communication protocol based on time-division-multiple-access and an optimal throughput path algorithm. We formulate the time allocation optimization problem about energy and information transmission of the proposed multi-hop cooperation, and confirm through abundant simulation experiments that the proposed scheme can availably improve user unfairness and spectral efficiency, and thus enhance its throughput performance.

Communication Network for Sports Activity Monitoring Systems

In this paper, through research and analysis of the communication network of the physical activity monitoring system, we combine wearable technology and identification technology and design a physical health monitoring bracelet that integrates multifaceted physical data collection and effective identity matching function. We match the identity through the chip and collect the physical fitness data generated in the process of exercise and centralized test by the sensor in real-time. Finally, the data transmission is realized through the WIFI communication function to achieve the purpose of monitoring physical exercise and improving physical quality. To ensure the continuity and stability of information transmission, the joint transmission method of direct transmission and indirect transmission is essential. Besides, considering the energy causality limitation of sensor nodes and relay nodes, a collaborative transmission model of wireless body area network based on wireless cognitive network is constructed. And, a power allocation algorithm based on maximum ratio merging and wireless cognitive network is proposed, which puts forward a new idea for the future research of wireless body area network resource allocation.

Analyzing bit error rate of relay sensors selection in wireless cooperative communication systems

Cooperative communication systems, which make use of the intermediate relays between the transmitter and the receiver, have been employed as an effective technique to combat the channel fading and to enhance system performance. Cooperative systems have some drawbacks such as high latency and may diversity order not guaranteed. To alleviate the negative effects of these factors, the relay selection protocol is employed in cooperative communication systems to increase overall cooperative system performance. Relay selection in the cooperative systems enables the source to cooperate with the single relay node rather than multiple relay nodes which guaranteed the diversity order.

Design of Automatic Chili and Tomato Sprinklers Based on Arduino Mega 2560

Farmers generally do not know the amount of water needed by plants. Sometimes they also do not have enough time to water the plants regularly. Merauke Regency has a very strict climate between the rainy season and the dry season. During a prolonged summer can cause plants to experience drought due to lack of water. So, it is necessary to design an automatic plant sprinkler based on soil moisture around the plant. This study designed an automatic chili and tomato sprinkler based on Arduino Mega 2560 in Wasur II Village. The microcontroller used is Arduino mega 2560, soil moisture sensor YL-69, relay, water pump and sensor probe. 3 pairs of 20 cm soil moisture sensors will be connected in series, then plugged into the ground 15 cm deep. As a result, the tool performs watering (relay on) when the soil moisture in chili plants is below 75% and on tomato plants is below 70%. Furthermore, when the soil moisture in chili plants reaches 75.86%, the soil resistance value obtained is 34.58 ohms. Then when the soil moisture in tomato plants reaches 70.19%, the soil resistance value obtained is 42.70 ohms.

Ca2+/Calmodulin Complex Triggers CAMTA Transcriptional Machinery Under Stress in Plants: Signaling Cascade and Molecular Regulation.

Calcium (Ca2+) ion is a critical ubiquitous intracellular second messenger, acting as a lead currency for several distinct signal transduction pathways. Transient perturbations in free cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) concentrations are indispensable for the translation of signals into adaptive biological responses. The transient increase in [Ca2+]cyt levels is sensed by an array of Ca2+ sensor relay proteins such as calmodulin (CaM), eventually leading to conformational changes and activation of CaM. CaM, in a Ca2+-dependent manner, regulates several transcription factors (TFs) that are implicated in various molecular, physiological, and biochemical functions in cells. CAMTA (calmodulin-binding transcription activator) is one such member of the Ca2+-loaded CaM-dependent family of TFs. The present review focuses on Ca2+ as a second messenger, its interaction with CaM, and Ca2+/CaM-mediated CAMTA transcriptional regulation in plants. The review recapitulates the molecular and physiological functions of CAMTA in model plants and various crops, confirming its probable involvement in stress signaling pathways and overall plant development. Studying Ca2+/CaM-mediated CAMTA TF will help in answering key questions concerning signaling cascades and molecular regulation under stress conditions and plant growth, thus improving our knowledge for crop improvement.

Massive MIMO Two-Way Relaying Systems With SWIPT in IoT Networks

In sixth-generation (6G) communication networks, ultrahigh-data rate and reliability are greatly vital for massive user connections and network sensors, such as Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) has been evolved as an efficient strategy to enhance the reliability of wireless communication systems through prolonging the battery lifetime by harvesting energy from the received radio-frequency (RF) signals. Furthermore, cooperative relay sensors in IoT networks can extend the network coverage. In this article, we consider a massive multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) two-way relaying system, where the relay node splits the received RF signals into two power streams, one for information decoding (ID) and the other for energy harvesting (EH). Two classical and linear relay precodings, i.e., zero-forcing reception/zero-forcing transmission (ZFR/ZFT) and maximum-ratio combining/maximum-ratio transmission (MRC/MRT), are adopted to satisfy the requirements of high rate in this relay system. Different from prior work, the SWIPT technique and large-scale fading effects of MIMO channels are taken into account for deriving the asymptotic sum-rates of four prevalent power scaling cases when the number of relay antennas grows to infinity. Finally, the analytical results are evaluated by the presented simulation and numerical results.