Relative Density Values Research Articles

Perbandingan Dosis Serap Bolus Berbahan Playdough, Plastisin, dan Silicone Rubber pada Radioterapi Berkas Elektron 6 MeV dan 9 MeV

Comparison of absorbed dose bolus made from playdough, plasticine, and silicone rubber in electron beam radiotherapy has been assessed. This study aims to compare the absorbed dose, calculate the Relative Electron Density (RED) value, and physical density of playdough, plasticine, and silicone rubber bolus. The boluses were made with dimension of 15 cm×15 cm and thickness of (0,5; 1,0; 1,5; and 2,0) cm. RED value was obtained from tomographic image using CT-Simulator by determining 5 Region of Interest (ROI) regions. The physical density was calculated based on the mass and volume ratio. The absorbed dose was measured using a plan parallel chamber detector with a Linear Accelerator (LINAC) energy variation of 6 MeV and 9 MeV. The results are playdough, plasticine, and silicone rubber bolus have a homogeneous material composition with RED values is above the RED of water. The physical density of playdough and plasticine bolus is above the density of skin tissue but lower than bone tissue, while the physical density of silicone rubber bolus is close to the density of water, muscle, liver, kidney, and lung tissue. The absorbed dose value of silicone rubber bolus with a thickness of 0.5 cm is closer to the absorbed dose without bolus, so bolus of silicone rubber that are better used at energy of 6 MeV and 9 MeV are silicone rubber bolus.

Characterization of YAG:Ce ceramics with graphene oxide

Yttrium-aluminum garnet (Y3Al5O12) is an optical material that shows great potential due to its favorable light-emitting and mechanical properties, as well as its chemical stability and thermal resistance. It is commonly utilized in laser technology, optical instruments, and solid-state light sources as a result of its activation by transition metal or rare earth element ions. In this work, experiments were carried out on the procedure for compacting samples of luminescent ceramics Y3Al5O12:Ce3+, by single-base pressing followed by sintering. Comprehensive studies of the influence of graphene oxide of variable concentration (x=0.1;0.5; 1 wt.%) on the radiative characteristics of ceramic samples. It was found that the addition of graphene oxide in an amount from 0.1 to 1 wt. % affects the density and luminescent properties of YAG:Ce ceramics. There is a decrease in the value of the density parameter at concentrations of graphene oxide 0.1-1 wt. % before annealing, after annealing, the relative density value increases to ~99 %. The luminescence spectrum when excited by a blue LED chip appears as a wide band in the spectral range 460-750, the nature of which is associated with radiative transitions in the cerium ion. It has been established that the light-emitting characteristics have a downward trend when activated by graphene oxide. The integral luminescence intensity decreases from 27.1 % to 19 % with an increase in the concentration of graphene oxide.

Evaluation of Marketed Rosemary Essential Oils (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in Terms of European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 Criteria.

Various pure rosemary essential oil containing commercial products are in demand for their health-promoting and cosmetic claims in Türkiye. Although they are natural and harmless, they should be in compliance with European Pharmacopoeia (EP) criteria. Therefore, in this study, 15 rosemary oil samples sold in pharmacies, herbal shops, and online platforms in Türkiye were investigated in terms of "Rosemary Oil" EP 10.0. monograph criteria. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the current quality status of rosemary essential oils in the Turkish market. Appearance, fatty oils and resinified essential oils, relative density, refractive index, optical rotation, and acid value tests were performed according to EP 10.0 and compared with the given standards. In addition, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were conducted on all samples for advanced understanding of their phytochemical profile and harmony with EP standards. Fifteen pure rosemary oil-containing products from the Turkish market were evaluated. All of the samples were licensed as cosmetic products in Türkiye via the Ministry of Health. 83.1 to 96.9% of the ingredients of all samples were determined via GC-MS analysis. Results demonstrated that none of the samples from the Turkish rosemary essential oil market fully complied with the EP rosemary oil monograph standards. Considering our data, it was revealed that enhanced regulations and auditing mechanisms are needed to improve the quality of products. When the difference between the sources of purchase is assessed, pharmacies are still better locations to obtain such products.

Calculating the interdiffusion coefficient in TaC/VC diffusion couple and investigation of solid solution formation and mechanical properties

Owing to high-temperature melting and high hardness besides the mutual solubility, TaC-VC binary system is being developed to apply in aggressive and high-temperature environments. This research aims to investigate the solid solution formation of the TaC-VC binary system as well as calculate their diffusion coefficient in each other by the Boltzmann-Matano method. So, three compositions of the TaC-XVC binary system (X = 25, 50, and 75 mol%), as well as a TaC/VC diffusion couple sample, were sintered at 1850 °C for 20 min at 40 MPa pressure via spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. It was found the maximum relative density and hardness values of 98.1 % and 24.6 GPa were obtained for the TaC-75 mol% VC composite specimen. A slight increment in fracture toughness was observed from 50 to 75 mol% VC and reached 4.7 MPa m0.5 in the TaC-75 mol% VC sample. The XRD results showed V diffuses to TaC crystal lattice and creates (TaXV1−X)C solid solution in TaC containing 25 and 50 mol% VC while in TaC-75 mol% VC, dominantly Ta diffuses in VC and (VXTa1−X)C solid solution is formed. Finally, the interdiffusion coefficients of V into TaC and Ta into VC lattice were calculated as 3.4 * 10−10 cm2 s−1 and 1.3 * 10−10 cm2 s −1, respectively by SEM/EDS analyses in the TaC/VC diffusion couple sample.

Effect of Fe addition on phase evolution, microstructure and properties of Ti50Ni50-X Fe X alloy

The work aims to study the effect of the Fe content on the properties of Ti50 Ni(50−X) Fe X alloy (where X = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 at.-%) sintered at 1050°C and 1150°C using the conventional sintering technique. The microstructure, chemical composition and phase evolution of the sample were analysed by SEM, EDS, and XRD, respectively, along with various properties. It was observed that the sintered sample microstructure consists of (Ni, Fe)-rich, and Ti-rich phases. Here, the porosity decreases, whereas density, hardness, and wear resistance increase with the increasing temperature. The 8at.-%Fe sample shows lower porosity and higher wear resistance, relative density and hardness value than other Fe content samples. The 2at.-%Fe sample sintered at 1050°C shows a higher shape recovery value compared to other compositions sintered at various temperatures.

DEVELOPMENT of Cu MATRIX COMPOSITE CONTACTORS REINFORCED by NICKEL COATED SiC

In this study, Cu-Ni coated SiC composite samples were produced by electric current assisted sintering (ECAS) method by adding electroless nickel coated SiC powders to copper powders produced by cementation method at the ratios of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt%. The relative densities of the produced samples were measured by Archimedes’ principle, their microstructures were examined by SEM-EDS, dominant phases were determined by XRD technique; microhardness and electrical conductivity measurements were made. The relative density of undoped copper was determined as 99.42% and the relative density value of Cu-Ni SiC composite samples decreased to 98.35% at most with increasing SiC ratio. The hardness values of Cu-Ni SiC composite samples increased from 120HV to 145HV with the addition of SiC; electrical conductivity values decreased from 90.41 IACS (International annealed copper standard) to 58.56 IACS.

Mechanical and tribological behavior of a hybrid WC and Al2O3 reinforced Al–4Gr composite

Abstract The development of aluminum (Al) based composites has been an interesting subject to sustain technological developments in the defense, automotive, and aerospace industries. In this study, the microstructure, mechanical, and tribological performances of hybrid Al composites reinforced with fixed ratio (4 %) graphite (Gr) and two different reinforcement materials such as tungsten carbide (WC) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) at different ratios were investigated. The impact of hybrid reinforcement and its ratios on the relative density value and hardness performance were investigated. The results of three different loads (1, 2, and 3 N) and three different sliding distances (200, 300, and 400 m) on wear performance were analyzed using Taguchi’s L18 experimental design. High relative density (94.39 %) and hardness (74.26) values were achieved by hot pressing. It has been determined that hybrid reinforcements have positive effects on wear performance. The lowest SWR value was recorded as 7.82 × 10−5 mm3/N.m in composite no Al-6. As the applied load raised, the friction coefficients decreased. On the other hand, the sliding distance and the increased applied load caused the temperatures to rise. With Al–4Gr/WC–Al2O3 composite material, a new AMMC has been presented to the literature, which has remarkable hardness and wear properties, and can show better ductility and machinability compared to equivalent materials.

Economic Prospects of some Ecosystem Services Accessed by Communities around Girei Forest Reserve of Adamawa State

The economic prospects of ecosystem services accessed by communities around Girei forest reserve were investigated. This was as a result of over dependence on the forest reserve as a source of livelihood. A stratified random sampling was used to interview 180 household heads on their socio-economic characteristics and the benefits they derived from the forest reserve. Relevant descriptive statistical tools were used to analyze the data. The results showed that most households were headed by males 91.3% while 8.7% of the households were headed by females. The mean annual income of the respondents was ₦267,401. A lot of benefits were obtained from the forest reserve such as honey, firewood, poles, medicines, grass etc. The estimated annual monetary value of ecosystem provisioning services obtained from the forest reserve is ₦25,907,400 per annum. However, due to the enormous benefits derived from the forest reserve and the unsustainable harvest of the forest resources as a source of livelihood, quantitative assessment of the indigenous tree species in Girei forest reserve was also carried out. To achieve these;;the relative frequency, density, relative dominance, and importance value index of tree species in the forest reserve were determined. The tree with the highest dominance Tamarindus indica (39.1) while the least is Prosopis africana (0.54). The importance value index shows that Tamarindus indica (28.67) has the highest value index while the least is Parkia biglobosa (1.90). The result of diversity of the tree species was 1.941 using Shanno’s diversity index which indicates uncertainty of the species in the study area. Therefore, there is need for urgent concerted management and policy actions which are geared towards monitoring the health and integrity of Girei forest reserve such it can continue to generate ecosystem services which are beneficial to the present and future generations.

Biodiversity Conservation in Mining Landscapes: a Systematic Review of Assessment Approaches in the Philippines

Mining is an important sector of the Philippine economy, but it often results in negative impacts on biodiversity. To mitigate these impacts, it is crucial to assess biodiversity in mining areas and integrate conservation efforts into mining operations. As part of the national policy guidelines on biodiversity compliance for mining companies, this study has conducted a systematic review to examine the various biodiversity assessment methods, tools, sampling designs, diversity parameters, values, and indices used in the Philippines' mining sites. Search engines and research databases were utilized in identifying diversity assessment-related research. Based on the eligibility criteria, only 25 of the 100 papers downloaded and two project terminal reports were eligible and considered in the review. It was found that authors commonly used transect line and quadrat methods for floral studies and transect line, mist netting, point count, and opportunistic sampling for faunal studies. Species abundance, relative abundance, dominance, frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density, percent cover, and importance value were the most frequently assessed biodiversity parameters, whereas the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson index, species richness, and evenness were the most commonly used indices. Endemism, economic importance, invasiveness, and conservation status were additional factors evaluated. Overall, this review provides an overview of the various biodiversity assessment methods used in the country's mining areas and offers guidance for future assessments in other mining landscapes. The limited number of studies related to biodiversity assessment in mining areas in the Philippines over the last decade highlights the urgent need for more research in this field.

Vegetation Analysis and Community Perception of Forest and Land Rehabilitation (RHL) (Case Study in Gunung Malang Village, Pringgabaya District, East Lombok Regency)

This study is an attempt to determine the level of vegetation density resulting from the 2017 RHL planting in Gunung Malang Village. The study method for evaluating the plant density index is done by determining the number of sample plots based on Stratified Random Sampling is a technique used to determine the number of samples, if the population is stratified but not proportional. Taking into account the determination of the sample based on the potential of the arable land which then classified by taking three criteria, namely the potential with high, medium, and low levels which are classified based on secondary vegetation data of the cultivators. Data collection was carried out using a census inventory with Plot Samples were taken based on the area under cultivation. The results of the plant evaluation are then processed by calculating the density level index formula which is analyzed to obtain the value of Density and Relative Density (KR) to determine the density level of the area so that conclusions can be drawn. The results of the study show that the results of the analysis of the 2017 RHL vegetation density level of the remaining number are only 103 tree stands at this time with a density value of 2.4772 or (2.48%) with a relative density of 1 or (100%). From the results of the RHL density analysis, the density level was relatively low when compared to the number of seeds planted. With the current remaining stands, the percentage of growth is less than 75% of the total number of seedlings planted, so this RHL activity can be said to be unsuccessful based on PermenLHK No. 2 of 2020. 
 Keywords; Evaluation, perception, Land and Forest Rehabilitation, Gunung Malang Village

Sandwiched Plate Vibration Analysis with Open and Closed Lattice Cell Core

This work attempts to replace the sandwich core's traditional shape and material with a cellular pattern, where the cells have a regular shape, distribution, and size. The contribution of this paper is to design two structures, one open-celled and the other closed, and to evaluate the performance of sandwich plates with lattice cell core as it is used for many industrial applications, particularly in automobile engineering. The new theoretical formulations are constructed for two structures to find the free vibration characteristics. The results of the new design are compared with the traditional shape. Derivation of equations to predict mechanical properties based on relative density with the chosen shapes, specific vibration equation of three-layer sandwich plate, and substitution by equation using excel sheet. Results are promising, and the effectiveness of cellular pattern theoretical analysis estimation. Limitations and error rates for the mechanical properties come through the empirical equations, and their ratio to the relative density values are higher depending on the behavior of the core material. Findings reveal, with open cell decrease in modulus of elasticity by (PLA: -90.4%) and (TPU: -90.4%), increases natural frequency by (PLA: 44.5%) and (TPU: 46.4%), as for closed-cell decreases in the modulus of elasticity by (PLA: -66.9%) and (TPU: -64.4%), increases natural frequency by (PLA: 36%) and (TPU: 37.7%). Converting a solid substance or replacing a foam form with a cellular pattern is one way to better performance and save weight through the selected cell pattern in absorbing the energy of the vibration wave.

Microstructural and Mechanical Behavior Investigations of Nb-Reinforced Mg–Sn–Al–Zn–Mn Matrix Magnesium Composites

This research focuses on the fabrication and characterization of TAZ532-xNb composites, employing high-purity, micron-sized powders of Mg, Sn, Al, Zn, Mn, and Nb as the raw materials. These powders were subjected to a paraffin coating process aimed at mitigating oxidation. The formation of composites was achieved via hot pressing and was followed by surface preparation and analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). An X-ray diffraction (XRD) study was conducted to identify the microstructural phases. Quantitative assessments including the theoretical density, actual density, and relative density were computed, and their fluctuations in relation to the increasing Nb reinforcement ratio were scrutinized. Furthermore, the mechanical attributes of the composites, such as hardness and tensile strength, were assessed via experimental procedures. The absence of oxygen-related peaks in the XRD patterns endorsed the successful execution of the paraffin coating technique and protective gas atmosphere during sintering. The detection of α-Mg, Mg2Sn, MgZn, Mg17Al12, and Nb phases within the Nb-reinforced composite patterns authenticated the formation of the intended phases. Notably, the relative density values of the composites surpassed 95%, indicating efficient sintering. SEM results disclosed a densely packed microstructure, with Nb reinforcement particles evenly distributed along the grain boundaries, devoid of particle clustering or significant grain growth. These composites manifested exceptional wetting characteristics, which can be attributed to the employment of Mg alloy as the matrix material. EDS data confirmed the proportions of Nb within the composites, aligning with the quantities incorporated during fabrication. The composites showcased an increase in microhardness values with the escalating Nb reinforcement ratio, credited to the harder constitution of Nb particles in comparison to the matrix alloy. Concurrently, tensile strength showed a significant improvement with the increment in Nb reinforcement, while elongation values peaked at a specific Nb reinforcement level. The positive evolution of tensile strength properties was ascribed to the escalated Nb reinforcement ratio, grain size, and consequent higher sample densities.

EBV antibody and gastric cancer risk: a population-based nested case-control study in southern China

BackgroundWe aim to clarify the controversial associations between EBV-related antibodies and gastric cancer risk.MethodsWe analysed the associations between serological Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 immunoglobulin A (EBNA1-IgA) and viral capsid antigen immunoglobulin A (VCA-IgA) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the risk of gastric cancer in a nested case-control study originated from a population-based nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) screening cohort in Zhongshan, a city of southern China, including 18 gastric cancer cases and 444 controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsAll the sera of cases were sampled before diagnosis and the median time interval was 3.04 (range: 0.04, 7.59) years. Both increased relative optical density (rOD) values of EBNA1-IgA and VCA-IgA were associated with higher risks of gastric cancer with age adjusted ORs of 1.99 (95%CI: 1.07, 3.70) and 2.64 (95%CI: 1.33, 5.23), respectively. Each participant was further classified as high or medium/low risk based on a combination of two anti-EBV antibody levels. Participants in the high-risk group had substantially higher odds of developing gastric cancer than that in the medium/low risk group with an age adjusted OR of 6.53 (95%CI: 1.69, 25.26).ConclusionsOur research reveals positive associations between EBNA1-IgA and VCA-IgA and gastric cancer risk in southern China. We thus postulate that EBNA1-IgA and VCA-IgA might appear to be potential biomarkers for gastric cancer. More research to further validate the results among diverse populations and investigate its underlying biological mechanism is needed.

EuMnO3/EuMn2O5/MWCNT nanocomposites: Insights into synthesis and application as potential materials for development of hydrogen storage capacity

Although, hydrogen as a novel clean-burning fuel is the most promising option for energy production/consumption systems, the relative low volumetric energy density value has limited success in sorption abilities at ambient conditions. In response to the energy crisis, numerous studies on the rational construction of high-capacity electrode materials have been aimed to address the growing complications. Herein, a novel energetic solid composite based on nano-sized EuMnO3/EuMn2O5 incorporated with multiwalled carbon nanotube (EM/EMM/MWCNT) materials was fabricated via efficient synthesis protocols. An in-situ combustion route was proposed for interfacial architecture design of binary EM/EMM nanocomposites by manipulating the fuel concentration. The fundamental impacts of the Schiff-base ligand tris(2-(2-hydroxyacetophenylidene)ethyl)amine as both fuel and nucleation center on the crystalline phase structure and morphology features of binary EM/EMM products were investigated, for the first time. Correspondingly, the incorporation of MWCNT at varying concentrations was explored for preferable electrochemical hydrogen storage of composite texture in terms of the redox reactivity and improved electronic conductivity. When the MWCNT concentration was 3.0%, the structural advantages of the EM/EMM/MWCNT nanocomposites delivered maximum discharge capacity of 382.50 mAhg−1 after 15 cycles in 2.0 M KOH medium, which was 7.30 times higher than that yield by binary EM/EMM nanocomposites. It can be emphasized that this report suggests freestanding pathways for developing manganite-based electrode materials with highly efficient discharge capacity.

Economic Prospects of some Ecosystem Services Accessed by Communities around Girei Forest Reserve of Adamawa State

The economic prospects of ecosystem services accessed by communities around Girei forest reserve were investigated. This was as a result of over dependence on the forest reserve as a source of livelihood. A stratified random sampling was used to interview 180 household heads on their socio-economic characteristics and the benefits they derived from the forest reserve. Relevant descriptive statistical tools were used to analyze the data. The results showed that most households were headed by males 91.3% while 8.7% of the households were headed by females. The mean annual income of the respondents was ₦267,401. A lot of benefits were obtained from the forest reserve such as honey, firewood, poles, medicines, grass etc. The estimated annual monetary value of ecosystem provisioning services obtained from the forest reserve is ₦25,907,400 per annum. However, due to the enormous benefits derived from the forest reserve and the unsustainable harvest of the forest resources as a source of livelihood, quantitative assessment of the indigenous tree species in Girei forest reserve was also carried out. To achieve these;;the relative frequency, density, relative dominance, and importance value index of tree species in the forest reserve were determined. The tree with the highest dominance Tamarindus indica (39.1) while the least is Prosopis africana (0.54). The importance value index shows that Tamarindus indica (28.67) has the highest value index while the least is Parkia biglobosa (1.90). The result of diversity of the tree species was 1.941 using Shanno’s diversity index which indicates uncertainty of the species in the study area. Therefore, there is need for urgent concerted management and policy actions which are geared towards monitoring the health and integrity of Girei forest reserve such it can continue to generate ecosystem services which are beneficial to the present and future generations.

New Scanning Strategy Approach for Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Nd-Fe-B Hard Magnetic Material

Volumetric cubic and cylindrical samples from MQP-S Nd-Fe-B-type material were 3D-printed using the LPBF technique. Two different scanning strategies were used: the convenient single laser exposure scanning strategy and the newly proposed double scanning strategy aimed at improving the melting process and increasing the density of the synthesized material. Samples with a relative density value higher than 95% were obtained using the new scanning strategy by reducing void volume and cracks. This was achieved by decreasing internal stresses and reducing the tendency to form and propagate cracks. The double scanning strategy of half laser power followed by full power exposure provides higher magnetic properties (both coercive force and remanence). The coercive force increases with energy input decrease, while remanence has inverse dependence.

Synthesis of B<sub>4</sub>C–TiB<sub>2</sub> composition powder mixtures by carbidobor reduction using nanofibrous carbon for ceramic fabrication

The results of the researching process of obtaining composition powder material B4C–TiB2 by carbide reduction of titanium dioxide, using carbon reducing agent – carbon nanofibers, are presented. Furthermore, the results of studying of some properties of ceramics made using the synthesized powder are presented. The synthesis of composite materials was carried out in an induction crucible furnace for 20 min in the temperature range of 1200–1900 °C in an argon atmosphere. It has been established that the optimum temperature of the synthesis is 1650 °C, irrespective of the batch composition. The characteristics of the composite powders containing 10–30 mol. % of the TiB2 phase have been studied. X-ray electron microscopy has revealed that the particles of the powder are predominantly aggregated. There are two peaks in the particle size distribution histograms. The part of the histogram with a smaller particle size mainly characterizes the B4C phase. The part of the histogram with a larger particle size characterizes the TiB2 phase. The average particle size of the B4C phase is in the range of 5.3–5.5 µm, and that of the TiB2 phase is in the range of 33.6–41.9 µm. The average size of 50 % of composite powder’s particles for these contents does not exceed 13.4 μm. The surface area of the samples does not exceed 5 m2/g. The oxidation of the composite powder materials by atmospheric oxygen begins at a temperature of approximately 500 °C. At the same time, when the temperature reaches 1000 °C, no more than 45 wt. % of the studied powders is oxidized. Ceramics made with the synthesized powder mixture B4C + 30 mol. % TiB2 by hot pressing has shown rather high values of relative density (99.0±1.1 %) and fracture toughness (5.0±0.2 MPa∙m0.5).

Analisis Vegetasi Tumbuhan Liar Yang Berpotensi Sebagai Refugia Di Area Pertanian Padi Kecamatan Jombang Untuk Penyusunan E-Katalog

There are several agricultural areas in Denanyar Village, Jombang District. large distribution of refugia The purpose of this research is to explain the types of plants. wild, which has the potential to be a refugia in the rice farming area of Jombang District, explain relative density (KR), relative frequency (FR), relative dominance (DR), and important value index (INP) of refugia in the rice farming area of Jombang District and find out the results of the preparation of the e-catalog from the results of the analysis of plant vegetation. wild, which has the potential to be a refugia in the rice farming area of Jombang District. This study uses a quadratic sampling method with a plot size of 10 m x 10 m, which totals 10 plots. Results of research on plant vegetation analysis wild, which has the potential to be a refugia in the rice farming area of Jombang District. For the development of e-catalog teaching materials, 338 individuals, consisting of 11 plants, including: Mimosa pudica (Embarrassed Daughter), Eleusine indica (Grass reeds), Ricardia scarbra (coarse clover), Digitaria ciliaris (kebo grass), Ipomoea quamiochit (Earth detail), Amaranthus (Spinach thorn), Euphorbia hirta L. (Patikan seeds), green poinsettia (Green Kastuba), Bidens pilosa (Ajeran), and Ipomoea obscura (star white kale), and Ipomoea aquatica (Kangkung). The refugia Dominating the rice farming area is Eleusine indica (Grass Lulangan). Because in each plot there are these plants, so the relative density 100%, and the highest important value index (INP) at the weed level is 132.366%, while the level of shrubs is 88.145%. Research results later developed into an e-catalog that explains the types of wild plants that are potential as a refugia consisting of 11 plants consisting of Mimosa pudica (Embarrassed Daughter), Eleusine indica (Palm Grass), Ricardia scarbra (coarse clover), Digitaria ciliaris (kebo grass), and Ipomoea quamiochit (detailed earth), Amaranthus (spinach spines), Euphorbia hirta L. (patikan seeds), Green poinsettia (green Kastuba), Bidens pilosa (Ajeran), and Ipomoea obscura (Kale) white star), Ipomoea aquatica (Kangkung), along with its classification and description Morphologically, the e-catalog was developed with Wordpress.

Physico-chemical properties of Ocimum americanum L. essential oil from Burkina Faso

The present study aims to determine physico-chemical and organoleptic properties of Ocimum americanum L. Essential oil (EO) extracted in Burkina Faso. The protocol described in ISO international standards and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) were used respectively to determine physico-chemical properties and chemical analysis of the EO. The physico-chemical parameters measured were the acid index, the miscibility with ethanol, the pH, the relative density, the refractive index and the rotatory power. The organoleptic properties studied on the essential oil were the odour, the colour and the appearance. The EO showed a relative density value less than 1, a low light refraction and found to be dextro-rotatory. The pH value obtained was tended towards acidity, the EO was soluble in 5 volumes of ethanol (70%) with a low content of free acids. O. americanum EO was fluid, colourless with a specific odour. The chemical analysis of the EO showed that the 1.8-cineole (51.8%) and the camphor (17.4%) were found to be the major constituents of the EO. These results could lead for the establishment of essential oil standards in Burkina Faso.

Development characteristics of excess pore water pressure in saturated marine coral sand based on shear strain characteristics: An experimental study

Using a hollow-cylinder torsional shear apparatus, we experimentally investigated the development characteristics of excess pore water pressure (EPWP) in saturated marine coral sand. These coral sand specimens were tested under various values of nonplastic fines content (FC), relative density (Dr), and cyclic stress ratio (CSR). A laboratory cyclic torsional shear test under isotropic consolidation showed that the development rate of the EPWP ratio (Ru) versus the number of cycles (N) increased with increasing FC and CSR but decreased with increasing Dr. Additionally, the increase in FC significantly reduced the cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) of marine coral sand. For a given Dr and FC, Ru of the specimens under different CSR was uniquely related to the amplitude of the shear strain (γa). Moreover, a pore pressure evaluation model based on shear strain characteristics was established. The measurements showed that the EPWP model parameter A is a soil-specific constant, and the density-corrected EPWP model parameter B/(Dr)1.5 has a single negative-power relationship with the equivalent skeleton void ratio (esk*.