Quantum group decision making based on regret theory and grey relational degree considering psychological preference

Water inrush constitutes a critical threat to the safety of subsea tunnel construction, particularly when traversing fault zones. This study establishes a model to accurately quantify such risks. Based on the analysis of disaster-causing mechanisms, an evaluation index system is established comprising seven key indicators categorized into fault zone scale, properties, and activity. These indicators specifically include fault zone width, dip angle, overlying seawater, rock mass properties, water conductivity, fault dislocation, and seismic activity. To reduce the interval uncertainty inherent in geological parameters, a novel assessment model is proposed that integrates the Interval Analytic Hierarchy Process (IAHP) with the Interval Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation method. The model utilizes the 1-9 scaling method to construct interval judgment matrices for weight determination, introduces triangular membership functions to address the ambiguity of risk level boundaries, and employs the relative dominance degree method to determined the risk level. The proposed model is validated through a case study of the the Second Jiaozhou Bay Subsea Tunnel crossing the Cangkou Fault Zone. Calculations classify the water inrush risk in this area as Level IV. This methodological framework establishes a reliable theoretical foundation for managing geological uncertainty and provides scientific guidance for disaster prevention in subsea engineering.

In this study, a bench test was conducted employing the Worldwide Harmonized Light-duty Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) to investigate the emission rates of hydrocarbons (HCs), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) with two different gasolines and five gasoline vehicles. The results indicated that compared with X gasoline, X+ gasoline led to a reduction in the emission rates of HC, CO, and CO2, by 38%, 11%, and 7%, respectively, attributed to its lower aromatic hydrocarbon content, olefin content, and 90% evaporation temperature (T90), and higher oxygen content. X+ gasoline exhibited more emission reductions under both acceleration and deceleration conditions. The two gasolines showed consistent patterns: for X+ gasoline, the emission rates under acceleration conditions were significantly higher than those under deceleration conditions, by a factor of 14.9, 2.1, and 1.6 for HC, CO, and CO2, respectively. Stronger Spearman correlations between vehicle specific power (VSP) and the emission rates were observed at higher speed (>80 km/h) of X, than those at medium speed (40–80 km/h) and lower speed (≤40 km/h), for both gasolines. Overall, the grey relation analysis revealed obvious heterogeneity between each of the seven fuel properties (RON, T10, T50, T90, Oxygen content, Aromatics content, Olefin content) and each of the three emission rates. However, slightly higher relational degrees were observed between HC emissions and aromatics or olefin contents, highlighting the need for lowering aromatics and olefin contents, thus reducing HC emissions.

Abstract We model attitude stability and constraint, using a dynamic discrete choice framework for multiple attitudes, to identify influential attitudes within attitude systems. Its value-added includes insights about different sources of (in)stability, the direction of causation between attitudes, and their relative degree of influence; capturing time-invariant individual traits with a multiple factor structure; and addressing the ordinal nature of attitudinal measures, together with heterogeneity in time intervals between interviews, across waves, and people. We examine five core political attitudes concerning how people view the political world and their role in it. Most of their variance reflects infrequently-changing individual characteristics and time-specific effects. Permanent heterogeneity plays a modest role. External efficacy is most influential concerning evaluations of the external political world, while internal efficacy is influential for views on one’s role in politics. Another application examines the role of ideological and party identification on attitudes toward government spending and immigration. The attitudes form a weakly constrained attitude system. Party identification is the most influential, through spillovers to ideological identification. Party and ideological identifications are stable, time-invariant traits explaining most of their variance, with transitory shocks that hint at measurement error and/or expressive responding. Issue attitudes are unstable, driven mainly by transitory shocks.

The homology of free Lie algebras with coefficients in tensor products of the adjoint representation working over Q contains important information on the homological properties of polynomial outer functors on free groups. The latter category was introduced in joint work with Vespa, motivated by the study of higher Hochschild homology of wedges of circles. There is a splitting of this homology by polynomial degree (for polynomiality with respect to the generators of the free Lie algebra) and one can consider the polynomial degree relative to the number of tensor factors in the coefficients. It suffices to consider the Lie algebra homology in homological degree one; this vanishes in relative degree 0 and is readily calculated in relative degree 1. This paper calculates the homology in relative degree 2, which presents interesting features. This confirms a conjecture of Gadish and Hainaut.

The permeability of tree-like branching networks has long been a focus of academic research in fractal theory. Based on fractal theory, this study develops a permeability model for a damaged tree-like branching network that accounts for the influence of surface roughness. By incorporating key parameters such as relative roughness, damage degree, and number of branching levels, the model systematically characterizes the impact of the microstructure on fluid seepage. Meanwhile, based on fractal theory, this study derives a fractal model for the dimensionless permeability of a porous medium composed of spherical particles and randomly distributed, rough tree-like branching networks embedded within it. Furthermore, the model incorporates an equivalent structure featuring conical corrugated pipes with expansion and contraction characteristics, systematically revealing the intrinsic relationships between the dimensionless permeability and key microstructural parameters such as porosity, fractal dimension, length ratio, diameter ratio, bifurcation angle of the branching network, and relative roughness. It is important to note that for porous media composed of conical pipes, as the inner diameter ratio increases, the dimensionless permeability decreases accordingly. This rule conforms to the physical laws in the field of fractal theory. Research suggests that randomly distributed, rough, and damaged tree-like branching networks can enrich and advance the physical studies of fluid flow in porous media.

ABSTRACT Continuous higher order sliding mode (CHOSM) controllers represent an efficient tool for disturbance rejection. For the systems with relative degree , CHOSM approaches provide theoretically exact compensation of the matched Lipschitz perturbation, ensuring the finite‐time convergence to the ‐th sliding‐mode set, by using only information on the sliding output and its derivatives up to the order . In this paper, we investigate the disturbance rejection properties of a PID‐like CHOSM controller, as the simplest and most intuitively clear example which incorporates nonlinear actions on the output error, its derivative, and integration of its sign. We use the harmonic balance approach and develop an analysis of the propagation of the matched Lipschitz perturbation through the control loop in frequency domain. The resulting solution appears in the form of the Bode‐like loci, which also depend on the amplitude of the harmonic disturbances. Such amplitude‐frequency characteristics allow certain comparability with standard disturbance sensitivity functions of a linear PID‐controlled system in the frequency domain. Also, a simple design procedure for the robust linear PID controller targeting the second‐order system plants under investigation is provided for benchmarking. Additional (parasitic) actuator dynamics, which can lead to self‐induced steady oscillations, that is, chattering, is also respected. A detailed experimental case study, accomplished on an electro‐mechanical actuator in a laboratory setting, highlights and makes the pros and cons of both PID and CHOSM controllers comparable for broadband disturbance rejection.

As a typical ecologically degraded mining area, the Jiangcang Mine in Qinghai is characterized by severely depleted soil nutrients and reduced biodiversity, making scientifically grounded soil-amelioration measures urgently necessary to facilitate vegetation reconstruction and enhance soil ecological functions. To determine the optimal fertilization rate, we conducted a two-factor randomized block experiment over an approximately two-year period after plant sowing, using pelletized organic fertilizer and sheep manure as the primary amendments, with three replicates per treatment, and with application rates selected based on commonly used ranges in alpine grassland restoration and the availability of local organic resources in the mining area. Sheep-manure treatments were set at three levels at 0 (S0), 20 (S1), and 40 (S2) kg·m-2, while pelletized organic fertilizer was applied at three rates at 0.0 (F0), 1.5 (F1), and 3.0 (F2) kg·m-2. The combination of the two factors resulted in nine treatments: S0F0, S0F1, S0F2, S1F0, S1F1, S1F2, S2F0, S2F1, and S2F2. The results showed that fertilization significantly improved vegetation height, canopy cover, plant density, and aboveground biomass, with the strongest promotive effects observed under S2F2 and S2F1. Compared with other treatments, S2F2 markedly increased soil moisture content, pH, soil organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, as well as total nitrogen, 6.96-, 2.91-, 1.70-, 5.04-, 2.51-, and 3.91-fold relative to the control, respectively. The S0F2 treatment significantly enhanced bacterial Observed Richness, Shannon, and Chao1 indices, as well as simultaneously increasing fungal Observed Richness and Chao1 index. Vegetation height and density exhibited the strongest positive correlation under S2F1, whereas vegetation cover and aboveground biomass were most strongly correlated under S2F2. A gray relational analysis performed on 15 indicators ranked S2F0 as having the highest relational degree and comprehensive score, followed by S2F2 and S2F1. In summary, the combined application of approximately 40 kg·m-2 of sheep manure without pelletized organic fertilizer showed the highest comprehensive restoration performance under the experimental conditions of this alpine mining area.

Let K/Q be a Galois extension of number fields. We study the ideal classes of primes p of K of residue degree bigger than 1 in the class group of K. In particular, we explore those extensions K/Q for which there exists an integer f>1 such that the ideal classes of primes p of K of residue degree f generate the full class group of K. We show that there are many such fields. Then we use this approach to obtain information on the class group of K, like the rank of the ℓ-torsion subgroup of the class group, factors of the class number, fields with class group of certain exponents, and even structure of the class group in some cases. Moreover, such f can be used to construct annihilators of the class groups. In fact, for any extension K/F (even non-abelian), if the class group of K is generated by primes of relative degree f for the extension K/F and the class group of F is trivial, this method can be used to construct ‘relative’ annihilators.

Abstract Flow around two side-by-side circular cylinders is investigated by implicit large eddy simulation (ILES) at the spacing ratio T/D=2.0 and Reynolds number Re=3900. First, the results of the stationary case show that the flow of two stationary side-by-side circular cylinders is characterized by the biased flow pattern and the flip-flopping phenomenon. The generation mechanism is attributed to the relative development degree between two gap-side shear layers and the merging tendency between the gap-side shear layer of one cylinder and the outside vortices from the other cylinder, which generates a strong pulling effect acting on the gap-side shear layer to pull it toward one side and deflects the gap flow. Then, two rotation control methods, namely forward rotation and backward rotation, are introduced to control the biased flow pattern and the flip-flopping phenomenon. The numerical results show that the control mechanisms are different. The forward rotation enlarges the distance between the shear layers, so the merging process can hardly occur and the gap flow is not biased. The backward rotation shortens the shear layer lengths and the distance between them, contributing to a weak interaction which can hardly pull the shear layer toward one side.

The use of digital game technologies beyond entertainment has evolved from a niche practice to a well-established area of applied innovation [Sawyer and Rejeski 2002 ; Future Market Insights 2023 ]. Understanding these impacts is important for professionals in entertainment technology—researchers, teachers, students, developers, and policy makers—who, perhaps unknowingly, contribute to activities in other sectors. This systematic review investigates the use and impact of game technologies beyond entertainment to assess how the field contributes to other sectors through both its original innovations and those it has catalyzed and advanced. Across the publications analyzed, educational and applied games account for most documented cases, reflecting their prominence within academic discourse. We review academic research articles, book chapters, news coverage, and other published accounts to develop a broad picture of how game innovations spread—from first-order impacts, in which commercial entertainment games are leveraged toward non-entertainment ends in areas such as education, science visualization, and health; to second-order contributions, in which technologies and design innovations (e.g., game engines, leaderboards, and occlusion-culling techniques) created for games are applied in non-game contexts; to tertiary contributions, where the games industry has catalyzed advances such as temporal anti-aliasing, scalable server architectures, and joystick design now used widely elsewhere. The review characterizes how video-game design elements and technologies have enhanced diverse fields, the relative degree of contribution across domains, and emergent themes. While the distribution of work mirrors the weighting of academic research toward educational and applied contexts, it also reveals broader technological and social impacts extending beyond those traditions. By focusing on published reports, this review moves beyond claims about potential to document the demonstrated, cross-sector contributions of game technologies outside entertainment.

This study investigated the effect of chickpea flour (CF) on the staling behavior of gluten-free bread (GFB) by comparing a formulation containing 50% rice flour (RF) and 50% CF (CFB) with a control bread based on rice flour supplemented with whey protein (RFB). Bread samples were stored at room temperature for up to 7 days. Changes in color, reflectance, starch and protein structure, specific volume, crumb structure, texture, and staling kinetics were monitored. CFB exhibited a darker and more yellow crumb and crust, with lower reflectance intensity, and showed greater color stability during storage. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed higher overall starch crystallinity and more stable relative crystallinity degree (RCD) values in CFB (58.74-59.05%) compared to RFB (46.19-40.52%) throughout storage, indicating early amylose-driven ordering and a more stable molecular organization of starch. Protein secondary structure analysis showed that CFB had a higher β-sheet content (35.05-37.49) than the RFB formulation (30.37-31.16), indicating stronger protein aggregation. In contrast, macroscopic quality parameters showed that CFB had lower specific volume (1.65 vs. 1.93) and porosity (17.17 vs. 21.01 cm3/g) than RFB, resulting in higher hardness (15.92 vs. 6.15 N) and accelerated staling kinetics (kcorr) (0.28 vs. 0.14 day-1), indicating faster crumb firming despite the observed molecular-level stability. Overall, the results demonstrated that CF contributes to enhanced molecular organization of starch and increased nutritional value of GFB, while its technological performance at the macroscopic level remains formulation-dependent. These findings highlight the need for targeted formulation and process optimization to balance molecular stability with desirable textural properties in CFB.

The spatial equity of kindergarten distribution is a critical concern for China’s educational policy. This study investigates the socioeconomic determinants underlying the spatial stratification of kindergartens across 323 Chinese cities. Utilizing a spatial stratified heterogeneity framework, we employed web-crawling techniques to gather kindergarten location data and applied Geographical Detector (GD) analysis complemented by Pearson correlation and Grey relational degree methods to quantify the influence and interactions of key factors. Our principal results indicate that: (1) The distribution of kindergartens is highly aggregated in affluent eastern coastal regions, but this pattern becomes more scattered when normalized per capita, revealing disparities in access. (2) Economic capacity (per capita income) and educational attainment (average years of education) are the two most powerful single factors (q-statistics of 0.351 and 0.343, respectively) explaining the spatial distribution. (3) Critically, interaction effects between factors—particularly between income and marriageable population or education levels—are shown to be non-linearly enhanced, meaning their combined effect is stronger than the sum of their individual parts. This study’s main contribution is a robust, methodologically novel empirical analysis that moves beyond linear assumptions to identify the synergistic drivers of kindergarten distribution. We conclude that policy makers must prioritize interventional strategies that simultaneously address economic and educational development to effectively reduce spatial inequities in preschool education access. Moreover, regional economic support policies or targeted public investment in kindergartens could bridge the gaps between urban and rural areas and promote more equitable access to preschool education.

Cementitious composites are heterogeneous porous materials whose pore structure plays a critical role in resistance to chloride-ion penetration. A waterborne nano-silicate-based densifier (CF-S5) was used to examine its influence on the pore structure and resistance to the chloride ion penetration of mortar. We investigated the resistance to the chloride ion penetration of mortar with added CF-S5 admixture through the Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT). We investigated the pore structure characteristics of mortar by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) coupled with fractal theory and investigated the degree of hydration of the cement paste by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Ultimately, the degree of correlation between multifractal parameters and the chloride ion migration coefficient of mortar was examined using gray relational analysis (GRA). Results indicate that the CF-S5 admixture reduces mortar porosity and the content of harmful pores while increasing pore tortuosity, thus improving the resistance to the chloride ion penetration of mortar. Multifractal analysis indicated that the CF-S5 admixture decreased the connectivity and increased the complexity of the mortar pore structure. The CF-S5 admixture did not reduce the hydration degree of cement paste at 28 d. Additionally, the multifractal parameters show a high gray relational degree with the chloride migration coefficient; therefore, they may serve as potential indicators to reflect the resistance to the chloride ion penetration of mortar.

The development of intrinsically stretchable thin-film transistors (TFTs) with high mobility is essential for next-generation deformable electronics, including wearable displays and bio-integrated systems. However, most approaches to improve stretchability in polymer semiconductors compromise charge transport due to disrupted molecular ordering. Here, we report a systematic exploration of wide-range of alkyl bridge length variations of donor-acceptor-type conjugated polymers to control crystallinity and morphology without altering the polymer backbone. We also propose a method to quantify the relative degree of crystallinity, enabling comparison across different polymer systems. When blended with an elastomer and aligned via solution shearing, the optimized polymer exhibited a maximum mobility of 6.4 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 0% strain (VDS = -40V). The polymer stretchable device maintained measurable mobility (0.6 cm2 V-1 s-1) at 100% strain under the perpendicular to the channel direction under a low VDS of -10V. Furthermore, wafer-scale photopatterning enabled fabrication of a 38-device intrinsically stretchable TFT array with high uniformity and an average mobility of 5.5 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 0% strain. This work establishes a molecular design framework that elucidates the link between structure, mechanical resilience, and electrical performance, offering generalizable principles and a scalable platform for high-performance deformable electronics.

In view of the limitations of single-point temperature measurement and single-factor analysis in soil resistivity research, this study takes the Malan loess in the southeast of the Loess Plateau in Shaanxi Province as the research object, and uses the four-electrode method to conduct dynamic monitoring of the resistivity variation process of soil samples with different dry densities and moisture contents throughout the full temperature range. By means of the grey relational degree algorithm and entropy weight method, the influence weights of each factor on the resistivity of loess are quantitatively analyzed. From both macro and micro dimensions, the coupling mechanism of temperature, moisture content and dry density on the resistivity of loess is comprehensively revealed. The experimental results show that there is a significant inflection point for the resistivity of loess near 0℃. Soil samples with high moisture content will experience a temperature plateau period lasting approximately 2h, during which the resistivity shows a continuous downward trend. Further research has found that the influence of moisture content on resistivity near 0℃ shows an opposite effect: when the temperature is below 0℃, temperature is the primary factor affecting resistivity. As the moisture content increases, the freezing of pore water hinders ion migration, and the resistivity of the soil increases. When the temperature is above 0℃, the increase in moisture content enhances the electrical conductivity of the soil, and the resistivity shows a slow downward trend. There is a very strong correlation between temperature and the resistivity of loess, showing a significant exponential decay relationship. Furthermore, when the temperature exceeds 0℃, the unique collapsibility of loess will significantly alter the correlation between its resistivity and moisture content. An increase in moisture content leads to soil collapsibility, which in turn causes the resistivity to decrease exponentially at a slow rate. When the temperature is 0℃ and the soil is in a frozen state, the freezing of pore water hinders ion migration, causing the resistivity to increase exponentially with the increase of moisture content. Soil moisture content reshapes the electrical conductivity of soil through water phase change and affects the ion migration process. Soil dry density acts on resistivity by altering pore structure and reconstructing the current conduction path. The influence of temperature on the resistivity of soil with different dry densities shows bidirectional differences, which reveals the complex interaction relationship among various soil factors. This research achievement not only deepens the understanding of the electrical evolution law of loess, but also provides a key theoretical support for the application of resistivity tomography (ERT) technology in complex environments.

Simple sufficient conditions for integer stabilizability of discrete-time systems with relative degree one

Control barrier function (CBF) safety filters emerged as a popular framework to certify and modify potentially unsafe control inputs, for example, provided by a reinforcement learning agent or a non-expert user. Typical CBF safety filter designs assume that the system has a uniform relative degree. This assumption is restrictive and is frequently overlooked in practice. When violated, the assumption can cause the safety filter to become inactive, allowing large and possibly unsafe control inputs to be applied to the system. In discrete-time implementations, the inactivity issue is often manifested as chattering close to the safety boundary and/or constraint violations. In this work, we provide an in-depth discussion on the safety filter inactivity issue, propose a mitigation strategy based on multiple CBFs, and derive an upper bound on the sampling time for safety under sampled-data control. The effectiveness of our proposed method is validated through both simulation and quadrotor experiments.

Collision accidents involving merchant ships and fishing vessels are a crucial issue for maritime navigation safety, having received widespread attention due to their high frequency and serious effects. A statistical analysis of 142 collision accidents between merchant ships and fishing vessels from 2014 to 2025 was conducted to determine the regularity characteristics and causes of collisions in China’s coastal waters. This study investigated the characteristics of collision accidents, such as occurrence time, accident waters, ship length, and ship type, and used the grey relational analysis (GRA) method to analyze the accident causes. The causes of collision accidents involving merchant ships and fishing vessels were quite complicated, impacted not just by human factors but also by ship factors, environmental factors, and management factors. This study explored the characteristics of the collision accidents, including occurrence time, accident waters, ship length, and ship type, and analyzed the causal factors of the accidents using the grey relational analysis method. The causes of collision accidents between merchant ships and fishing vessels were relatively complex, being influenced not only by human factors but also by ship factors, environmental factors, and management factors. By ranking and comparing the relational degree values of the causal factors, three key factors were identified: X1 (failure to maintain a proper lookout) with the highest correlation degree of 0.93, X3 (improper emergency response) with the second highest correlation degree of 0.91, and X9 (complex navigation environment) with the third highest correlation degree of 0.84. Finally, based on the preceding research, suitable recommendations were made to provide a clear priority direction for accident prevention and control, as well as effective motivation for preventing or minimizing collision accidents involving merchant ships and fishing vessels.

In the rapid development of rural tourism, multiple disturbances, such as capital reorganization, uneven resource distribution, and the marginalization of farmers as the main body, have emerged. This has led to the dual challenges of increased vulnerability and insufficient resilience of farmers’ livelihood systems in the face of risk shocks. Based on survey data of the “Agri-Tourism–Commerce–Culture Integration” demonstration zone in China, this study integrates the Pressure–State–Response model into the analysis of livelihood resilience and constructs a “vulnerability–adaptability–recuperability” tri-dimensional framework. Through methods such as the entropy weight method, the synthetical index method, grey relational degree analysis, and the obstacle degree model, this study measures the levels of different livelihood types of farmers in each dimension of livelihood resilience and their influencing factors. The research findings indicate that the overall livelihood resilience of farmers in the study area was at a medium level, with vulnerability making the most significant contribution, reflecting that the current livelihood system is dominated by risk resistance. Different types of farmers exhibit heterogeneity in resilience, with tourism-oriented farmers showing the highest resilience and agriculture-oriented farmers the lowest. However, tourism-oriented farmers also display the most prominent vulnerability, revealing the tension between short-term efficiency enhancement and long-term risk diversification in single livelihood strategies. Key factor analysis reveals that vulnerability correlates most strongly with livelihood resilience. The most correlated indicators are the price increase rate, proportion of migrant workers, and neighborhood trust in the vulnerability, adaptability, and recuperability dimensions. Diagnosis of obstacle factors reveal that loan accessibility, land resource dependency, and agricultural risk perception rank as the top three common obstacles, with tourism-driven farmers exhibiting higher obstacle degrees than other farmer categories. These findings not only validate the empowering effect of rural tourism on farmers’ livelihoods but also reveal the different livelihood strategies chosen by various farmers. Based on the results, this study proposes policy recommendations of “common optimization + individual adaptation” to enhance farmers’ livelihood resilience. This is conducive to transforming external support into farmers’ endogenous resilience capabilities and provides a useful reference for achieving the deep integration of rural tourism and farmers’ livelihood systems.