Related Beliefs Research Articles

Beliefs and Violent Behavior in Interpersonal Relationships of Young Adults: A Systematic Review

Beliefs are information-processing structures formed along an individual’s developmental pathway. Beliefs can legitimize involvement in inappropriate or violent behaviors, particularly when they crystallize into cognitive schemas. While beliefs aid individuals in interpreting the surrounding world, overly rigid and inflexible beliefs can constrain the individual’s ability to process available information. This Systematic Review, carried out according to the PRISMA norms and guidelines, aims to understand the most prevalent beliefs regarding relationships among young adults and to examine their associations with violent or deviant behaviors. Articles included in this review were retrieved from the EBSCO, PubMed, and Web of Science databases in July 2022, resulting in a total of 594 studies, which were subsequently screened by two independent reviewers. A total of 51 studies were then selected for full reading, but 36 were excluded based on pre-defined eligibility criteria, leaving a final sample of 18 studies published between 2014 and 2022. The main objectives, country of origin, instruments used, sample composition and age, main results and conclusions were extracted from each study. Findings point toward the presence of related and legitimate beliefs about violence in intimate relationships, domestic violence, sexual violence, acceptance of the rape myth, or consent to engage in sexual activities.

Associations between teachers’ beliefs and their perception of hate speech in school: a study in Germany and Switzerland

Hate speech is a global issue that is also prevalent among adolescents and requires an educational response. Teachers handle hate speech as part of their professional role. To date, we know little about their beliefs in relation to the early stages of their interventional actions, specifically to their perception of hate speech in school. Thus, this study examined associations between teachers’ social dominance orientation, their pluralist attitude, and their hate speech perception in school. A sample of 471 secondary school teachers from 38 schools (Germany: n = 251; Switzerland: n = 220) participated in a self-report survey from December 2020 to April 2021 (MAge = 42.8 years; 57.7% females; 21.0% with migration status). Data from a total of 3,560 students from grades 7–9 (Germany: n = 1,841; Switzerland: n = 1,719) were matched with teachers’ data to control for students’ hate speech perception in school. Fixed effects multilevel regressions were run, including covariates (teachers’ age, gender, migration status, students’ hate speech perception), teachers’ social dominance orientation, pluralist attitude, and their hate speech perception in school. Teachers perceived a higher frequency of offline hate speech than online hate speech. Contrary to the hypotheses, social dominance orientation was positively associated with offline and online hate speech perception. As predicted, teachers’ pluralist attitude was positively linked to their off- and online hate speech perception. Further research must now clarify how the investigated beliefs and attitudes and teachers’ hate speech perception in school relate to other aspects of their professional competence.

Memoirs of impossible identities: Exploring biographical narratives of gay ex-Jehovah’s witnesses

This article offers a critical examination of Jehovah’s Witnesses’ positionality on homosexuality. After making the case for engaging with memoir literature, the article analyses two narratives that depict the experiences of gay former Jehovah’s Witnesses: Paul Mendez’s Rainbow Milk (2020) and Daniel Allen Cox’s I Felt The End Before It Came (2023). The critical discussion of narratives and meta-narratives interrogate the social world behind the Witnesses, as well as the relationships between the enactment of their beliefs in relation to LGBTQ+ identities. The resultant thematic analysis explores the following issues: disfellowshipping, identity negotiation, sex work and education.

Who is fatigued? A repeated cross-sectional survey of officer attitudes towards people who use opioids, naloxone, and their role in responding to opioid overdoses

Many police departments have equipped their officers with naloxone as a promising response to the opioid crisis. Though research suggests police can effectively administer naloxone, recent studies suggest that officers may develop negative attitudes over time as they continually respond to overdoses. This has been described as a “compassion fatigue” effect. We investigate the compassion fatigue hypothesis with a repeated cross-sectional survey of officers in the Tempe, Arizona Police Department. We focus on three outcomes (1) perceptions of officers' role in responding to overdoses, (2) perceptions of naloxone related risk-compensation beliefs, and (3) stigmatizing perceptions of people who use opioids (PWUOs). We run one-way fixed effects regression models to assess if officer attitudes have changed over the study period. Then we run multivariate regression models to test whether officers' opioid overdose response frequency is associated with any of the three outcomes. The findings suggest officers have become more supportive of responding to overdoses but have developed more stigmatizing views of PWUOs over time. This warrants further research attention. However, opioid overdose response frequency was not associated with any of the outcomes. We conclude with a discussion of these findings and their implications for police involvement in the opioid overdose crisis.

Evaluating model fit for type II censored data: a Bayesian non-parametric approach based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence estimation

Model checking evaluates the appropriateness of a statistical model based on the observed data, and it is essential to make valid statistical analyses. In this paper, a new procedure for model checking type II censored data is proposed. This procedure combines the Kullback-Leibler divergence, the Dirichlet process, and the relative belief ratio. The method is implemented via a computational algorithm and is explained through several examples.

Indigenous Peoples' human genomic sovereignty: Lessons for Africa.

Human genomics research with indigenous peoples has often been characterised by tension between the 'western' science ideologies and indigenous peoples' cultural beliefs in relation to their human genetic resources and data. This article explores this tension from the lens of the concept of indigenous peoples' human genomic sovereignty and tests the applicability of the concept in Africa. The article achieves this by first highlighting the tension between 'western' science and indigenous peoples through three case studies from Canada, the USA, and South Africa. It then analyses indigenous peoples' human genomic sovereignty in the USA and Canada and compares it with the notion of indigenous peoples' sovereignty in Africa. The article concludes by highlighting lessons that indigenous groups in Africa can draw from the USA and Canada in their quest for human genomic sovereignty.

Adaptation of the Teaching Engineering Self-Efficacy Scale to Turkish and Analysis of Science Teachers' Teaching Engineering Self-Efficacy Beliefs across Different Variables

The objective of this study was to adapt the Teaching Engineering Self-Efficacy Scale (TESS) to Turkish through comprehensive validity and reliability assessments and to analyze science teachers' (specializing in science, physics, chemistry, biology) Teaching Engineering Self-Efficacy (TES) beliefs concerning various variables. The study employed the TESS, originally developed by Yoon, Evans, and Strobel (2014), alongside a personal information form, and followed a descriptive survey model as its research methodology. The adapted TESS's validity and reliability were evaluated using data from 476 science teachers in schools under the Ministry of National Education (MNE) in X province, and the main study involved 221 science teachers from Y province. The assessment of teachers' TES beliefs in relation to different factors was executed using independent samples t-tests, One-Way ANOVA, and the Scheffe test. It revealed that science teachers' TES beliefs significantly varied based on factors such as their involvement in providing engineering education, the integration of engineering education into their teaching, and their specific teaching subjects, but not gender. The study contributes a valid and reliable scale to the academic literature.

Acceptance and use of Video Games for Education by Secondary School Teachers

Video games (VGs) are frequently described as a transformational force within education and the use of video game technology for learning is becoming more common across all education sectors. Despite this, most literature regarding VGs in education focuses on measuring specific learning or engagement outcomes, and there is less of an emphasis on the attitudes of teachers on the uses of VGs in the classroom. A comprehensive understanding of teacher attitudes towards VGs within education is essential for their successful implementation within the classroom. This paper will present the development and progress of a PhD project that aims to explore the factors that influence secondary Australian teachers’ attitudes towards, and intentions to use, VGs within their own teaching. An online survey was used to collect data on teacher beliefs about technology and VGs and the factors that influence VG acceptance. A subsample of participants were also interviewed about their experiences and opinions in relation to VGs. This paper focuses on the proposed thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews. Respondents were divided into groups based on their opinions of, and level of experience with, VGs in teaching. The qualitative results provide a detailed and nuanced investigation of teacher attitudes and beliefs in relation to their competencies, obstacles, and facilitators of VGs use for teaching. The findings of this research will assist in building a deep understanding of VG use in secondary classrooms assisting game developers, administrators, teachers, and policy makers in decisions relating to effective and meaningful video game use within education.

Considering the Dark Side of Work: Bullshit Job Perceptions, Deviant Work Behavior, and the Moderating Role of Work Ethic

AbstractThis contribution aims to expand the study of experiences at work by (a) analyzing a theoretical perspective concerning experiences at work which emphasizes both positive aspects as well as negative aspects, (b) exploring the relation of both negative (Bullshit job perceptions; BJP) and positive aspects (Meaningful Work perceptions; MWP) experienced at work to negative work-related behavior (Counterproductive Work Behavior [CWB] and Cyberloafing), (c) investigating the (moderating) role of work ethic, and (d) examining the robustness of these relations when considering additional contextual factors (organizational work values and tightness–looseness reflecting social norms). Three studies were conducted, including two samples of German employees (N = 247 and N = 240), and another one of employees in the USA (N = 253). Our findings reveal that negative experiences at work (BJP) are the main predictor of problematic workplace behavior (CWB and Cyberloafing). Furthermore, their relation was contingent on individuals’ endorsement of work ethic. BJP and CWB (or Cyberloafing) were more closely associated for individuals strongly endorsing work ethic. In contrast, the relation of positive experiences (MWP) to problematic behavior at work was not significantly qualified by work ethic. The observed relations were robust when additional contextual factors were controlled for. The results emphasize the importance and complexity of work experiences including and differentiating positive and negative aspects. They also highlight the significance of work ethic and related beliefs of employees in shaping problematic behavior in work settings.

Relative Belief Inferences from Decision Theory.

Relative belief inferences are shown to arise as Bayes rules or limiting Bayes rules. These inferences are invariant under reparameterizations and possess a number of optimal properties. In particular, relative belief inferences are based on a direct measure of statistical evidence.

“God is my vaccine”: the role of religion, conspiracy beliefs, and threat perception in relation to COVID-19 vaccination

AbstractReligious and conspiracy beliefs are based on the assumption that a potent force exists which is capable of affecting people’s destinies. According to compensatory control theory, the belief in such a potent external agent may serve to alleviate feelings of uncertainty and help restore a sense of control. This is of particular relevance and importance to attitudes and behaviour of religious individuals towards vaccinations during the Covid-19 pandemic, where a belief in such a potent external force controlling events and destinies may have lowered the sense of threat posed by Covid-19 and in turn reduced vaccination uptake. To test this, we conducted a cross-sectional study of highly religious adults in Poland (N = 213) and found that the number of COVID-19 vaccine doses taken was negatively predicted by conspiracy beliefs, perceived closeness to God, and frequency of church attendance, and positively predicted by the perceived COVID-19 threat. Furthermore, mediation analysis revealed that both conspiracy beliefs and perceived closeness to God were related to a decreased perception of the COVID-19 threat, which in turn led to a decreased number of vaccine doses received. Our study offers important insights for public health professionals and identifies further research pathways on conspiracy and religious beliefs in relation to health-related behaviours.

Cardiology patients are unaware of the benefits of seasonal influenza immunization

Seasonal influenza immunization reduces the risk of cardiovascular events. Patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD) derive a greater benefit than those without, yet up to 50 % do not take up the immunization. Patient perceptions and beliefs are known to inform immunization behaviors, yet the immunization related beliefs of patients with CVD have not been described. ObjectiveTo describe beliefs, perceptions and behaviors regarding influenza immunization in patients with CVD. MethodsWe undertook a cross-sectional, voluntary and anonymous survey of 181 cardiology inpatients and outpatients attending three large hospitals in Victoria. ResultsMedian age was 64, 35.0 % were female and 24.2 % spoke a language other than English at home. Over one-third-(34.5 %) of respondents did not receive the seasonal influenza immunization in the prior year. Only half (54.2 %) of patients agreed that their heart condition placed them at higher risk of complications and serious illness if they contracted influenza. Nearly a quarter of patients (24.0 %) were concerned about side effects while 1 in 10 patients raised cost as a barrier despite being free-of-charge in Australia. If asked to receive the seasonal influenza immunization, 86 % patients would agree if their cardiologist recommended it. ConclusionDespite guideline recommendations, most cardiology patients are uninformed of the cardiovascular benefits of seasonal influenza immunization with many unaware they are at higher risk of influenza-related illness. The vast majority of patients would accept the immunization if recommended by their cardiologist highlighting their important role in improving uptake.

Dataset higher education students’ use of online learning resources and related beliefs

Dataset higher education students’ use of online learning resources and related beliefs

Evidence-Based Certification of Quantum Dimensions.

Identifying a reasonably small Hilbert space that completely describes an unknown quantum state is crucial for efficient quantum information processing. We introduce a general dimension-certification protocol for both discrete and continuous variables that is fully evidence based, relying solely on the experimental data collected and no other unjustified assumptions whatsoever. Using the Bayesian concept of relative belief, we take the effective dimension of the state as the smallest one such that the posterior probability is larger than the prior, as dictated by the data. The posterior probabilities associated with the relative-belief ratios measure the strength of the evidence provide by these ratios so that we can assess whether there is weak or strong evidence in favor or against a particular dimension. Using experimental data from spectral-temporal and polarimetry measurements, we demonstrate how to correctly assign Bayesian plausible error bars for the obtained effective dimensions. This makes relative belief a conservative and easy-to-use model-selection method for any experiment.

Relative-belief inference in quantum information theory

We introduce the framework of Bayesian relative belief that directly evaluates whether or not the experimental data at hand support a given hypothesis regarding a quantum system by directly comparing the prior and posterior probabilities for the hypothesis. In model-dimension certification tasks, we show that the relative-belief procedure typically chooses Hilbert spaces that are never smaller in dimension than those selected from optimizing a broad class of information criteria, including Akaike's criterion. As a concrete and focused exposition of this powerful evidence-based technique, we apply the relative-belief procedure to an important application: . In particular, just by comparing prior and posterior probabilities based on data, we demonstrate its capability of tracking multiphoton emissions using (realistically lossy) single-photon detectors in order to assess the actual quality of photon sources without making assumptions, thereby reliably safeguarding source integrity for general quantum-information and communication tasks with Bayesian reasoning. Finally, we discuss how relative belief can be exploited to carry out parametric model certification and estimate the total dimension of the quantum state for the combined (measured) physical and interacting external systems described by the Tavis-Cummings model. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Konsep Pasangan Seiman Menurut 2 Korintus 6:14-15 dan Implikasinya Terhadap Pencegahan Perkawinan Beda Agama

This research aims analyse the chapter 2 Corinthians 6:14-15 in the Christian Scriptures and study itd implications in the context of marriage of interfaith coouples. This research uses the exegesis approach and theological analysis to gain a comprehensive understanding of the original text and historical context of the chapter. The original text of 2 Corinthians 6:14-15 is of Greek origin and emphasises the importance of aquality of beliefs in relationships, especially in the context of marriage. Interpretations of this text can vary depending on the theological tradition and Bible translation used, with some common interpretations including the prohibition against interfaith marriage and the admonition to choose friends, business partners or co-workers of the same faith. In the context of church theology and practice, this text can be used as a guide for individuals and couples in choosing, life partners of the same faith and maintaining equality of beliefs in relationships. This research is expected to provide useful insights for individuals, couples,as well as religious leaders in dealing with the challenges that arise in interfaith marriages.

Dominion, Stewardship, and Perceptions of the Problem of Climate Change

This study assesses the importance of dominion beliefs in relationship to stewardship beliefs in shaping attitudes related to climate change among the American people. Though typically viewed as alternative viewpoints, this study examines two separate measures—one capturing dominion and another capturing stewardship beliefs—allowing for an analysis of how these two viewpoints relate to each other and whether they have differential relationships on attitudes toward climate change. Using a large national sample conducted in 2022, this study reveals that one’s dominion position can only be fully understood in relationship to one’s stewardship position, with the resultant combined measure retaining statistical significance in multivariate analysis, suggesting that theological beliefs related to dominion and stewardship significantly shape climate attitudes beyond what can be accounted for by political variables or other important variables related to climate change.

The structural model of marital satisfaction based on relational beliefs with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in married women

Introduction: Inefficiency in the process of emotion regulation prevents the emergence of efficient behaviors and appropriate coping responses to the situation in marital relationships by the individual, which seems to be influenced by relational beliefs. Aim: The present study aimed to formulate a structural model of marital satisfaction based on relational beliefs with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in married women. Methods: The current research was descriptive-correlation based on the method of structural equations and the statistical population of the present study consisted of all married women between the ages of 30 and 50 who were referred to counseling centers in Tehran in the first six months of 2022, among them 371 women were selected using the random clusters sampling method. The research tools included ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale, Relationship Belief Inventory, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. For data analysis, Pearson's correlation method and structural equations were used with SPSS version 22 and AMOS version 24 software. Results: The results of the present study showed there is an indirect and significant relationship between relational beliefs and marital satisfaction with the mediation of positive emotional cognitive regulation (P=0.003, Z=-2.11). There is an indirect and significant relationship between relational beliefs and marital satisfaction with the mediation of negative emotional cognitive regulation (P=0.009, Z=-1.78). Conclusion: The results showed that marital satisfaction is predicted based on communication beliefs with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in married women. It is suggested that couple therapists and family therapists pay attention to relational beliefs and cognitive emotion regulation strategies derived from them in counseling and couple therapy to increase marital satisfaction.

Interelasi Argumen-Argumen dan Kritik Tentang Eksistensi Tuhan dengan Religiositas Manusia

Humans as Homo religiosus, driven by their intellectual instincts, often revisit questions about the existence of God. The presence of religious doctrines that encourage humans to contemplate more about God’s creation rather than His essence raises the question of whether there is still an interrelation between discussions on divinity and human religiosity when that is pursued. This study investigates the arguments for God’s existence, the critiques of these arguments, and their interrelation with human religiosity. The aim is to clarify the understanding of human religiosity while creating a space for critical and in-depth dialogue. This research employs a library research method, gathering data from books, journal articles, and other relevant literature. A philosophical approach and qualitative analysis techniques are used. The findings of this article, include: First, the arguments for God’s existence, whether apriori or aposteriori, each face unavoidable criticisms. These arguments are efforts to justify faith within religiosity. Second, the critiques, in the context of Homo religiosus, provide opportunities to reflect and reassess understanding of God and related beliefs. Third, the inconsistencies or incompleteness in arguments for God’s existence reflect the nature of knowledge and reality that can be understood as consistent and complete at the same time if only at a higher level of infinity. The limitations within each available argument can be understood as something that drives self-awareness toward a more inclusive and profound level of religiosity.

The Effectiveness of Metacognitive Therapy on Relational Beliefs and Self-Differentiation in Couples with Marital Conflict

Background: Metacognitive therapy targets self-differentiation and relational beliefs by helping couples identify unhelpful thinking patterns that fuel conflict. By addressing these underlying cognitive processes, metacognitive therapy aims to improve both individual well-being and relational dynamics. Objectives: This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy in couples with marital conflicts attending the family court in Karaj city. Methods: The present study employed a semi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population of this study comprised all couples applying for divorce who had sought divorce or marital dispute resolution at the family court in Karaj in the year 2023. A sample of 32 individuals (16 individuals per group) was selected through voluntary sampling, considering the study entry criteria, and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Participants completed questionnaires on their relational beliefs and self-differentiation in the pretest and posttest stages. The experimental group underwent 16 sessions of 90-minute metacognitive therapy, while the control group received no intervention. Data analysis was conducted using analysis of covariance. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-27 software. Results: Metacognitive therapy significantly improved relational beliefs compared to the control group (P < 0.001). The experimental group's mean score increased from 85.19 (± 9.89) at pretest to 135.88 (± 11.91) at posttest, while the control group showed minimal change (pretest: 89.31 ± 7.99; posttest: 95.75 ± 16.94). Similar improvements were observed in self-differentiation scores (P < 0.001). The experimental group's mean score increased from 120.81 (± 8.88) at pretest to 173.50 (± 14.45) at posttest, compared to minimal change in the control group (pretest: 126.31 ± 7.40; posttest: 125.75 ± 11.06). Conclusions: The present study yielded significant findings that support the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy in improving relational and marital functioning. These results are promising, suggesting that metacognitive therapy may be a valuable intervention for couples experiencing marital conflict.