Relative Amounts Of Chlorophyll Research Articles

Influence of sodium chloride on morphophysiological characteristics of wheat and maize plants

Aim. The effect of sodium chloride on the physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat and maize genotypes, the identification of salinity-resistant varieties was studied. Wheat and maize plants were grown in pots in the soil with the addition of 0.5 % sodium chloride. To create new salt-tolerant varieties of wheat and maize, a comparative analysis of the morphophysiological parameters plants was carried out. Methods. Morphophysiological parameters such as growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, photochemical activty of chloroplasts and PSII activity have been studied in wheat and maize plant. Results. The effect of salt on the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, which are the main physiological indicators, is manifested in different ways in both plants. When studying salt-tolerance of plants, differences were detected in the relative amounts of chlorophyll (a+b), carotenoids, as well as the photochemical activity of chloroplasts and efficiency of PS 2. Conclusions. Among the varieties, according to all morphophysiological parameters, the most tolerant to the action of salt was the soft wheat variety Mirbashir-128, and the corn hybrid Belaya x Gurur.

Evaluation of physiological, biochemical and yield indicators of wheat and maize genotypes exposed to sodium chloride

Aim. Study the effect of sodium chloride on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat and maize genotypes, to identify varieties tolerant to salinity. To create new salt-tolerant varieties of wheat and maize, a comparative analysis of the physiological and biochemical parameters of the parental and hybrid plants was carried out. Methods. Physiological parameters such as chlorophyll content, relative water content, and PSII activity have been studied in parental forms and hybrids. Results. When studying salt-tolerance of hybrids and parental forms, differences were detected in the relative amounts of chlorophyll (a+b), carotenoids, RWC, as well as the photochemical activity of chloroplasts. The effect of salt on the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, which are the main physiological indicators, is manifested in different ways in both hybrids and parental forms. Conclusions. Based on the physiological indices determined during the grain filling stage, the highest tolerance was manifested by the parental forms, Garabagh, Gobustan, and the hybrids, ♀Garabagh×♂Gobustan, ♀Garabagh×♂Mirbashir, ♀Garabagh×♂Sharg. Under the action of salt in all genotypes of corn found a slight increase in the content of soluble sugars. The highest sugar content was observed in the hybrid Zagatala 68 x Gurur.

Effects of Selenium on Growth and Selenium Content Distribution of Virus-Free Sweet Potato Seedlings in Water Culture.

Understanding the selenium tolerance of different sweet potato [Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill] is essential for simultaneously for breeding of new selenium-tolerant varieties and improving the selenium content in sweet potato. Therefore, a greenhouse experiment was conducted from February to April 2022 to evaluate the effect of sweet potato cultivars and selenium (Na2SeO3) concentrations (0–40 mg/L) on plant growth, physiological activities and plant selenium content distribution. The results showed that when the selenium concentration was more than 3 mg/L, the plant growth was significantly affected and the plant height and root length were significantly different compared to the control. While the selenium concentration was 20 and 40 mg/L had the greatest effect on plant growth when the number of internodes and leaves of the plant decreased, the root system stopped growing and the number of internodes of the plant, the number of leaves and the dry-to-fresh weight ratio of the plant a very significant level compared to reached control. The relative amount of chlorophyll in leaves under treatment with a selenium concentration of 1 mg/L was increased, and the relative amount of chlorophyll in 3 mg/L leaves gradually increased with the increase in the selenium concentration. The values of the maximum photochemical efficiency PSII (fv/fm) and the potential activity of PSII (fv/fo) compared to the control under treatment with 40 mg/L selenium concentration and photosynthesis of plants was inhibited. The selenium content in root, stem and leaf increased with the increase in selenium concentration, and the distribution of selenium content in the plant was leaf <stem <root, and the selenium content in root was significantly higher than that in stem and leaf. In summary, the appropriate concentration of selenium tolerance has been determined to be 3 mg/L. The aquatic culture identification method of selenium tolerance of sweet potatoes and growth indices of various selenium tolerant varieties (lines) established in this study will provide a technical basis for selenium tolerant cultivation and mechanism research.

EFFECT OF SOIL COVERAGE WITH ORGANIC MULCHING AND SPRAYING WITH SEAWEED EXTRACT ON SOME VEGETATIVE AND PRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF CUCUMBER GROWN IN GREENHOUSES

The experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of soil coverage with organic mulching and spraying with seaweed extract in some vegetative and productive characteristics of Cucumber planted under plastic houses. The study was included two factors: the first factor was organic soil coverings which divided into Control: without coverage (M0), Coverage of wheat straw (M1), Coverage of Sawdust (M2) and Coverage of Corn cobs (M3) while the second factor was represented by three concentrations of seaweed extract (0, 1, 2 ) g.L-1 (F0, F1, F2 respectively). The experiment was Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD with three replicates as a factorial experiment (4 x 3). The experiment included 12 treatments and 36 units, each unit includes 8 plants. The obtained results were analyzed by SAS program and the averages were compared by the Duncan Multipliers test at a probability level of 5%. The present results showed that the Soil coverings with wheat straw (M1) recorded a significant increase in plant length, number of leaves, relative chlorophyll quantity, number of fruits, fruit weight, plant yield and total yield with mean values195.60 cm/plant-1 ,47.89leaf/plant-1 , 41.19 SPAD,29.00 fruit,80.20g/fruit -1 , 2.320 g/plant-1 ,3.897 kg/plant-1 respectively. While the seaweed extract had a significant effect in most studied traits, spraying at (1 g/L-1 ) F1 gave the highest rate of plant length, number of leaves, fruit weight, and total soluble solids content (T.S.S) was197.10 cm/plant-1 . 48.08 leaf/plant-1 . 71.30 g/fruit -1 , 3.300% respectively, the concentration of spray (2 g/ L-1 ) F2 exceeded the number of fruits, plant yield, and total yield. Additionally, the interaction between spraying with a concentration of seaweed extract (1 g/ L-1 ) F1 and soil cover with wheat straw (M1) significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, and relative amount of chlorophyll and fruit weight.

The effect of bacterial preparations on the buckwheat yield

Modern crop cultivation technologies use biological products with adaptogenic and biofungicidal properties. The article studies the influence of Streptomyces sp on the growth, development, and formation of buckwheat crops. The treatment of seeds with biological products reduces field germination; however, their environmental sustainability increases. The maximum grain yield of 249.7 g/m2 was obtained when applying actinomycetes in the amount of 2.0 l per ton of seeds. The ability of the biological product to preserve the activity of nodes and shoots increased the number of inflorescences. The dynamics of biosynthesis and the fractional composition of chlorophyll in the leaves were studied. The biosynthesis of pigments was the most intensive during during seed treatment with Streptomyces sp in the amount of 1.0 to 1.5 l/t of seeds. The relative amount of chlorophyll “a” to chlorophyll “b” during the intensive development and mass flowering was relatively stable (2.5 ... 2.7). In the phase of fruit formation, in the control plants and plants treated with Rizoplan and actinomycetes (0.5 l/t), the proportion of chlorophyll b increased. In variants with a lower proportion of chlorophyll “b”, the seed productivity of plants was higher.

Effects of high voltage nanosecond pulsed plasma and micro DBD plasma on seed germination, growth development and physiological activities in spinach

In this study, we analyzed seed germination, seedling growth, and physiological aspects after treatment with high voltage nanosecond pulsed plasma and micro DBD plasma in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), a green leafy vegetable known to have low germination rate. Both germination and dry weight of seedlings increased after high voltage pulse shots were applied to spinach seeds. However seeds treated with many shots (10 shots) showed a decrease in germination rate and seedling growth. Seeds treated with air DBD plasma exhibited slightly higher germination and subsequent seedling growth than those treated with N2 plasma. Seed surface was degenerated after treated with high voltage pulsed plasma and micro DBD plasma but no significant difference in the degree of degeneration was observed among micro DBD plasma treatment time. Level of GA3 hormone and mRNA expression of an amylolytic enzyme-related gene in seeds were elevated 1 day after treatment with high voltage pulsed plasma. The relative amount of chlorophyll and total polyphenols in spinach seedlings grown from seeds treated with air DBD plasma was increased in 30 s, 1 min, and 3 min treatments. Taken together, our results suggest a possibility that plasma can enhance seed germination by triggering biochemical processes in seeds.

Variation in Chlorophyll a and b in the Seagrass Halodule in Central Visayas, Philippines

Chlorophyll content of seagrass leaves varies among species and habitats byat least a factor of five, and shows plastic responses to seasonal variations in light availability as well as direct experimental manipulation. This study generally attempted to observe the relative amount of chlorophyll a, b content of Haloduleuninervis and Halodule pinifolia in Central Visayas, Philippines in relation tothese environmental factors which are: exposure, density, temperature, and lightintensity. Chlorophyll was determined using the equation of Jeffrey and Humprey(1975) whereas data gathered went through one way ANOVA followed byTukey’s Test. Significant variations were found in most photosynthetic parametersmeasured in this study. Overall, H. uninervis and H. pinifolia seems to obtainoptimal photosynthetic performances over a broad range of irradiances. Mainly,genus Halodule can be seen as a highlight species, which has also the ability to acclimate to low irradiances. in general, the result indicated that seagrasses tend to decrease the ratio of chlorophyll a:b by increasing the amount of chlorophyllb to compensate for the decline in light intensity in subtidal areas. Therefore, H.uninervis and H. pinifolia seem to have the ability of adjusting their chlorophyllcontent in performing optimal photosynthetic activity over a broad range of irradiance regimes.Keywords: Marine Ecology, chlorophyll content, seagrass, Halodule, experimental design,Philippines

3种北美红枫对持续高温干旱胁迫的生理响应机制

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 3种北美红枫对持续高温干旱胁迫的生理响应机制 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201303070370 作者: 作者单位: 西南大学,西南大学,西南大学,西南大学,西南大学,西南大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目(31170546);重庆市应用开发计划项目(cstc2014yykfB80015);国家农业科技成果转化项目(2011GB23600019);西南大学生态学重点学科"211工程"建设经费资助;中央高校基本科研专项重点项目(XDJK2014B026) Physiological response mechanism of three kinds of Acer rubrum L. under continuous high temperature and drought stress Author: Affiliation: Southwest University,Southwest University,Southwest University,Southwest University,Southwest University,Southwest University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:对3种北美红枫幼苗进行持续高温干旱处理,通过测定幼苗渗透调节物质含量、保护酶活性、细胞质膜差别透性、丙二醛含量及叶绿素相对含量等生理生化指标和形态特征的变化,揭示了3种北美红枫幼苗对持续高温干旱胁迫的生理适应机制.研究发现,持续高温干旱处理2 d,植物叶片中的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量及超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性均有显著下降,十月光辉和秋火焰叶片开始受到热伤害,而酒红仍然生长良好.处理4-6 d时,叶片中仅可溶性蛋白含量变化不显著,其余生理指标均有显著变化:脯氨酸含量和电导率均持续显著上升,丙二醛含量呈下降趋势,此时植物体自身的生理调节机制开始发挥作用.处理6 d后,秋火焰整株叶片枯黄,十月光辉和酒红叶片的受害指数约为70%.处理10 d时,叶片中丙二醛、脯氨酸含量和电导率均达到最大值,3种北美红枫均整株枯死.3种北美红枫对持续高温干旱环境的耐受性具有一定差异,利用隶属函数的方法对试验测定的9个生理指标进行综合评价,发现秋火焰的耐受性最差,十月光辉次之,酒红的耐受性最强,这与其受害指数的变化情况是一致的. Abstract:Red maple (Acer rubrum L.), originated in North America, is one of the Aceraceae cultivated species. Red maple has high ornamental value for its beautiful treelike and gorgeous leaf color. Recently, many scholars have done researches about it in order to make more widespread in China. However, those studies are limited to breeding cultivation technology and color change mechanisms of leaves, while the studies of red maple's physical response mechanisms to high temperature have not been reported. High temperature will affect the physiological growth of plants, and it may also influence colorful-leaf plants' leaf color expression. While most cities in southern China get high temperature in summer, the climate has largely limited the introduction of the red maple. In order to explore physiological adaptive mechanisms of the red maple to adverse environments, continuous high temperature and drought stress was applied to three kinds of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) seedlings, including October Glory, Jeffersred and Brandywine. Measurements included contents of osmoregulation substance, activity of protective enzyme, cell membrane permeability, and malonaldehyde (MDA) content and relative amount of chlorophyll in the plant leaves and seedlings morphological characters. The results showed that after two days of the treatment, chlorophyll and soluble protein contents, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxide enzyme (POD) and catalase enzyme (CAT) activities of plant leaves significantly decreased respectively, and the leaves of October Glory and Jeffersred began to be damaged, while those of Brandywine were still in good condition. After four to six days, there were significant changes in the physiological indices of the three species except for the contents of soluble protein. In the meantime, the contents of proline (Pro) and conductivity were keeping increasing while the contents of MDA showed a decline tendency, indicating that the plant biological controlling mechanisms began to function. Later, all the leaves of Jeffersred turned to yellow, and the injury index of the rest two species was approximate 70% respectively. The contents of MDA and Pro, and conductivity were at maximum and all the leaves in the three species died ten days after the treatment began. The results indicated that the resistances to continuous high temperature of the three species used in the experiment were different. According to a comprehensive evaluation based on subordinate function of fuzzy mathematics, Brandywine was the best among the three species in heat-resistance, compared with a lower heat-resistance in October Glory, and the lowest resistance in Jeffersred. This result is consistent with injury index. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Determination of Relative Chlorophyll Binding Affinities in the Major Light-harvesting Chlorophyll a/b Complex

The major light-harvesting complex (LHCIIb) of photosystem II can be reconstituted in vitro from its recombinant apoprotein in the presence of a mixture of carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b. By varying the chlorophyll a/b ratio in the reconstitution mixture, the relative amounts of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b bound to LHCIIb can be changed. We have analyzed the chlorophyll stoichiometry in recombinant wild type and mutant LHCIIb reconstituted at different chlorophyll a/b ratios in order to assess relative affinities of the chlorophyll-binding sites. This approach reveals five sites that exclusively bind chlorophyll b. Another site exhibits a slight preference of chlorophyll b over chlorophyll a. The remaining six sites are filled preferentially with chlorophyll a but also tolerate chlorophyll b when this is offered at a large excess. Three of these chlorophyll a-affine sites could be assigned to distinct positions defined by the three-dimensional LHCIIb structure. Exclusive chlorophyll b sites complemented by chlorophyll a sites that are selective only to a certain extent are consistent with the observation that chlorophyll b but not chlorophyll a is essential for reconstituting stable LHCIIb. These data offer an explanation why a rather constant chlorophyll a/b ratio is observed in native LHCIIb despite the apparent promiscuity of some binding sites.

PLANT GROWTH RETARDANTS FOR INTRODUCTION OF NATIVE REICHARDIA TINGITANA

PLANT GROWTH RETARDANTS FOR INTRODUCTION OF NATIVE REICHARDIA TINGITANA

Water stress and calcium concentration during the seed‐filling stage of soybean affect senescence

Solutions of ruthenium red (RR, 0.01 mM), ethylene glycol‐bis‐(ß‐aminoethyl ether)‐N,N,N’,N'‐tetraacetic acid (EGTA, 0.1 mM), calcium (Ca, 1 mM), and double‐distilled water (control) were fed through a bottom branch of soybean with (ST) and without (NS) water stress at the seed‐filling stage. The volume absorptions and transpiration rates were significantly higher for NS than for ST plants and decreased almost linearly with time for all treatments. The transpiration rates of Ca‐feeding ST plants and the control overlapped, while the NS plants approached the same rate of transpiration by the third week only. It is suggested that Ca was implicated in stomatal closure for the reduction of transpiration rates. The relative amounts of chlorophyll decreased with time but chlorophyll was least affected in Ca‐absorbing plants for both ST and NS plants. The use of RR (a Ca‐transport blocker) and EGTA (a Ca chelator) indicated the role of intracellular Ca concentrations on stomatal closure and foliar senescence at the end of the season.

Pigment composition of putatively achlorophyllous angiosperms

Chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment composition was determined for ten species of putatively achlorophyllous angiosperms using high-performance liquid chromatography. Four families were represented:Lennoaceae (Pholisma arenarium);Monotropaceae (Allotropa virgata, Monotropa uniflora, Pterospora andromedea, Sarcodes sanguinea); Orobanchaceae (Epifagus virginiana, Orobanche cooperi, O. uniflora);Orchidaceae (Cephalanthera austinae, Corallorhiza maculata). Chlorophylla was detected in all taxa, but chlorophyllb was only detected inCorallorhiza maculata. The relative amount of chlorophyll and chlorophyll-related pigments in these plants is greatly reduced compared to fully autotrophic angiosperms.

Mutation of chlorophyll ligands in the chlorophyll-binding CP47 protein as studied in a Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 photosystem I-less background.

Site-directed mutations have been introduced to replace conserved histidine residues in the chlorophyll-binding protein CP47 of photosystem II (PS II) in a PS I-less/apcE-background strain of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. In thylakoids isolated from such a system, the degree of loss of the 695-nm fluorescence emission maximum at 77 K compared to that at 685 nm generally was consistent with the decrease in oxygen evolution rates measured at saturating light intensity. Taking into account that in the absence of CP47 and PS I some chlorophyll remains detectable in cells, the relative 695-nm fluorescence emission and the rate of oxygen evolution also correlate with the relative amount of chlorophyll per cell and with the number of PS II reaction centers on a chlorophyll basis. Interestingly, the 77 K fluorescence excitation spectra monitoring 695-nm emission of thylakoids from the CP47 His-to-Tyr mutants in a photosystem I-less/apcE-background showed increases in the 413- and 531-nm absorption regions, compared to spectra of thylakoids from the background strain. These wavelengths coincide with absorption maxima of pheophytin. No increase in the 531-nm excitation band was observed in thylakoids from mutants lacking PS II or with a His-to-Asn mutation. These results are interpreted to indicate that replacement of conserved histidine residues by tyrosine in CP47 leads to the loss of Mg2+ from chlorophyll, resulting in the formation of pheophytin, or to the binding of pheophytin (rather than chlorophyll) at a particular pigment-binding site of CP47 during biogenesis and assembly of the protein. It was observed that the light-harvesting efficiency of CP47 His mutants was lower judging from the light intensity dependence of electron transport and analysis of fluorescence decay kinetics. This suggests that the presence of pheophytin in the antenna decreases antenna efficiency.

Effect of Magnesium on Chlorophyll‐Protein Complexes

AbstractThe effect of Mg2+ during the isolation of chlorophyll‐protein complexes was studied in two moss species (Pleurozium schreberi and Ceratodon purpureus) and New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia expansa). When 2 mM MgCl2 was included in all the extraction and separation phases, the proportions of chlorophyll‐protein complex I. were very small in all plants studied. The withdrawal of Mg2+ considerably increased the proportions of CP I. The most pronounced increase in the chlorophyll present as CP I was found when Mg2+ was withdrawn from the gel, and this also increased the mobility of the CP II complex and free pigment zone. Exclusion of Mg2+ from the running buffer had very little effect. Although Mg2+ had little effect on the relative amount of chlorophyll in CP II, the withdrawal of Mg2+ from all the extraction and separation phases caused formation of polymers of CP II. In the mosses, the formation of polymers of CP II seemed to be more obvious in the species with large grana. Absence of Mg2+ from all the extraction and separation phases sometimes also produced a polymer of CP I.

ON THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHLOROPHYLLBAND THE CHLOROPHYLLAFORM Ca685 IN THE LIGHT-HARVESTING PIGMENT-PROTEIN COMPLEX OF CHLOROPLASTS

SUMMARY The relative amounts of chlorophyll b (Cb) and chlorophyll a685 (Ca685) are determined for seven plant species. It is found that the amount of the Cb–Ca685 chlorophyll-protein complex is correlated with the relative amounts of both Cb, and Ca685. However, this relationship differs for these chlorophylls. The same relations are studied for a single species, Phaseolus vulgaris, grown under various light intensities. No changes are observed in plants grown at intensities ranging from 15 to 150 W · m 2. At 8 W · m 2 the amount of the Cb–Ca685 complex is hardly changed. However, the ratio of the relative amounts of both components is clearly increased. The results are discussed.

ON THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE AMOUNTS OF CHLOROPHYLLBAND CHLOROPHYLLAFORMS IN VARIOUS PLANTS

The relative amounts of chlorophyll b (Cb) and various chlorophyll a (Ca) forms in nine plant species were determined by computer analysis of low-temperature absorption spectra. The results show that (a) the amount of Cb is inversely related to the sum of the amounts of the bulk Ca from both photosystems, (b) a direct correlation is likely to occur between the amounts of Cb and the Ca bands peaking around 685 nm and 640 nm, and (c) no correlation exists between the amounts of Cb and the Ca662 and Ca695 forms. These data are interpreted to suggest that Cb is capable of taking over the antenna function of the bulk Ca, whereas it may occur in a complex carrying the Ca685 form as well.

Cotyledonary Senescence of Xanthium strumarium Linn

Cotyledonary senescence of Xanthium strumarium was delayed by removal of the supracotyledonary shoot, and this delay was accompanied by an increase in dry weight and surface area of cotyledons. Gibberellic acid (GA3) was found to enhance cotyledonary senescence and benzyladenine to retard it. Growth and senescence of cotyledons was completed in three successive stages-an initial phase when both dry weight and surface area increased, a second phase of dry weight decrease and surface area increase, and a third phase when dry weight decreased and cotyledons ceased to expand. Removal of the supracotyledonary shoot delayed the commencement of the second and third phases by at least 10 days. Relative amounts of chlorophyll, nucleic acid, and protein differed in cotyledons of normal seedlings and cotyledons of those seedlings in which supracotyledonary shoots had been removed.

The mechanism of operation of climatic factors in the biogenesis of tea flavour

The relative amounts of chlorophyll, leucine, α-alanine and α-ketoisocaproic acid in tea leaves, and those of carotenoids, β-ionone, dihydroactinidiolide, theaspirone, β-amyrin, acetate, trans-2-hexenal and phenlacetaldehyde in processed black tea have been found to vary with climatic conditions, and indicate the mechanism of flavour development in tea. These variations are related to the degree of CO 2 fixation, and the extent of intra- as compared with extra- chloroplastidic biosynthetic reactions. Evidence is discussed that extra-chloroplastidic biogenesis of terpenoid compounds from leucine leads to the development of tea flavour, whereas intrachloroplastidic fixation of CO 2, and the consequent derivation of terpenoids from acetate results in the production of teas without flavour. The leucine pathway for terpenoid biogenesis operates in conditions of climatic stress which limit CO 2 fixtation in the leaf, whereas the acetate pathway predominates in conditions of vigorous growth.

Highly Unsaturated Lipids of Mnium, Polytrichum, Marchantia, and Matteuccia

Highly Unsaturated Lipids of Mnium, Polytrichum, Marchantia, and Matteuccia