Contractual Relationships Research Articles

A blockchain-based SLA monitoring and compliance assessment for IoT ecosystems

A Service Level Agreement (SLA) establishes the trustworthiness of service providers and consumers in several domains; including the Internet of Things (IoT). Given the proliferation of Blockchain technology, we find it compelling to reconsider the assumption of trust and centralised governance typically practised in SLA management including monitoring, compliance assessment, and penalty enforcement. Therefore, we argue that, such critical tasks should be operated by blockchain-based smart contracts in a non-repudiable manner beyond the influence of any SLA party. This paper envisions an IoT scenario wherein a firefighting station outsources end-to-end IoT operations to a specialised service provider. The contractual relationship between them is governed by an SLA which stipulates a set of quality requirements and violation consequences. The main contribution of this paper lies in designing, deploying and empirically experimenting a novel blockchain-based SLA monitoring and compliance assessment framework in the context of IoT. This is done by utilising Hyperledger Fabric (HLF), an enterprise-grade blockchain technology. Our work highlights a set of considerations and best practice at two sides, the IoT application monitoring-side and the blockchain-side. Moreover, it experimentally validates the reliability of the proposed monitoring approach, which collects relevant metrics from each IoT component and examines them against the quality requirements stated in the SLA. Finally, we propose a novel design for smart contracts at the blockchain-side, analyse and benchmark the performance, and demonstrate that the new design proves to successfully handle Multiversion Concurrency Control (MVCC) conflicts typically encountered in blockchain applications, while maintaining sound throughput and latency.

Информационные и правовые аспекты управления бизнес-процессами в цифровой экономике

Digitalization of business processes requires the new approach to estimating of moment of creating, changing or termination of legally meaningful relations. In these sphere there is a great misunderstanding between technical and lawyers, because of the fundamental difference between their scientific areas. The article proposes some legal qualifications of certain technical actions of the parties in electronic circulation aimed at the occurrence of contractual relations. The problems of identification of the parties, determination of their will, moment and place of conclusion of the contract are considered; an approach to the problem of distribution of responsibility between the parties for storing information is made; some technical problems of fixing user actions that can be qualified as legal facts are discussed. The article also presents practical recommendations in the development of a system, which implies a legally significant exchange of information between the parties.

Implementing relational contracting in a public client organization: the influence of policy clashes, resources and project autonomy

Relational contracting models are increasingly being used for large and complex public infrastructure construction projects, but both practices and outcomes still widely vary. When analyzing the causes of failures and successes, most studies have focused on practices at the project level. In this paper, we add to the current understanding of relational contracting in public construction by examining the influence of factors at the organizational and institutional levels. We develop a framework based on theories of policy implementation and analyze two projects piloting a new Early Contractor Involvement model in a large public infrastructure client organization. In this case, a previous marketization policy, prescribing low client involvement in project processes, interfered with the relational contracting policy. This policy clash was not openly acknowledged from the start, despite causing significant confusion and frustration at the project level, but became recognizable largely through its consequences for resource allocation and managerial attention. We conclude that policy ambiguities, combined with a project-based implementation context, produce local interpretations and variations in relational contracting models. When project autonomy is high, industry-level agreements, standards and resources are important to align practices also between projects within the same client organization.

The role of power relationships, trust and social networks in shaping milk quality in Kenya

The objective of this study was to examine social networks in dairy value chains (DVCs) in Kenya and understand how DVC actors’ power relationships and trust influence their behaviour regarding milk quality. We conducted a stakeholder analysis using the Net-Map tool in Laikipia, Nakuru and Nyandarua counties in Kenya. VisuaLyzer software was used to analyse the social networks. Thematic content analysis of the discussions, recorded during the mapping exercise, was undertaken using ATLAS.ti. Formal DVC had more actors and dense social networks characterised by vertical and horizontal integration, high levels of power asymmetries between actors, limited trust and short-term contractual arrangements. Informal DVC was characterised by fewer actors and less dense social networks, low levels of power asymmetries between actors and a high level of trust due to the existence of reciprocal personal relationships. Milk was perceived to be of higher quality in the formal value chain reflecting top-down enforcement of milk standards, bottom-up collective action, power asymmetries and contractual relationships. Poor milk quality management in the informal DVC underscores the need for powerful actors, e.g. regulatory agencies, and buyers such as processors, to influence other DVC actors’ behavioural change. Understanding and leveraging DVC social networks and actors’ power and addressing power asymmetries and enhancing trust between actors will increase compliance with milk quality standards. There is an urgent imperative to design policies and interventions which empower DVC actors, by providing economic incentives, enhancing their skills and knowledge and their access to infrastructure which facilitates milk quality improvement.

The Dilution of Rights as a Stage in the Development of the Institution of Property

The work is devoted to the consideration of two trends in the development of property relations – the trend towards greater specification of individual rights, which is characteristic of the market economy model, and the trend of dilution of rights and incompleteness of obligations that is typical for the network model of relations. For a long time, the prevailing point of view in economic research was that a high certainty of property rights is a necessary condition for the effective development of the economy. The article presents the main arguments of the supporters of this position. At the same time, within the framework of the new institutional theory, the two trends casting doubt on this postulate emerged – the theory of property regimes and the economic theory of contracts. The article justifies that under certain conditions strict certainty of property rights may create some barriers to improving the efficiency of economic interaction. Such ways of organizing economic interaction as cooperation and partnership can be based on a system of implicit expectations, which are a classic example of a fuzzy specification of rights and obligations. The authors note that the dilution of rights is characteristic not only for a stationary state – the determination of rules for accessing resources, the order of its use, and the order of changing both of them. The dynamic perspective of the property problem is no less important – the dilution of obligatory rights associated with contractual relations. In real practice incomplete contracts characterized by a fuzzy specification of mutual rights and obligations are common. Thus, in the modern economy, a fuzzy specification of rights is characteristic of both the static (property rights) and dynamic (obligatory rights) aspects of the distribution of rights and obligations.

On the issue of state participation in international contractual relations in the field of trade

The paper is devoted to the consideration of debatable aspects related to the regulation of modern trade agreements. The opinions of legal researchers and documents of international organizations are taken into account, where atypical positions regarding this group of treaties are highlighted. The author’s vision of the essence of such problems is outlined and his own position regarding them is argued. The UN Commission on International Law constantly examines problems related to international treaties. Thus, for many years there are the topical issues of: non-legally binding international agreements and the application of this form of transactions in the field of trade; providing legal force regardless of name; oral and written forms of agreements in the field of trade; the content of the concept of “regulation by international law”; the content of Article 2 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of International Treaties of 1969 is discussed, etc. Accordingly, the purpose of the paper is to highlight the debatable aspects typical for agreements in the field of trade, their specifics. During the writing of this work, a vector of future research on the outlined topic was set. The importance of defining and correlating trade agreements orally by parties between whom a trade agreement is already in effect. Summarizing the above, we note aspects that have been relevant for more than 50 years and require further research: the trade activity of the state is influenced by a much wider range of international treaties than those that directly regulate trade issues; for the binding nature of an international agreement, it is not the name that is important, but the compliance with the procedure for its conclusion and its entry into force; the form of the international agreement is secondary compared to the intentions of the parties, however, in trade agreements, such an intention is usually confirmed in writing; the meaning of the phrase “regulation by international law” to a certain extent contains the element of the states’ intention; enforcement of international treaties that do not have legal force requires doctrinal studies and further normalization.

Retail two-tier Model of the Digital Ruble (Model D) — the Way to the Appearance of a single-tier Banking System in Russia

The article examines the changes that will be made to the legislation of the Russian Federation in connection with the introduction by the Bank of Russia of the retail model of the digital ruble (model D). The legal analysis was carried out on the basis of two concepts of the digital ruble (2020 and 2021) developed by the Bank of Russia, as well as a package of bills on amendments to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Federal Law No. 161-FZ of June 27, 2011 “On the National Payment System” and a number of other laws. As a result of the analysis of the retail two-tier model of the digital ruble with the role of financial institutions as settlement participants (model D), it was concluded that, according to the proposed mechanism, the Bank of Russia is forced to enter into contractual legal relations not only with credit institutions, but also directly with their clients — individuals and legal entities. It is reasonable to distinguish the levels of the banking system depending on what kind of clientele the respective bank serves. If a bank provides banking services to customers who do not have the status of a credit institution, then this is a second-tier bank. If the bank serves clients with the status of a credit institution, then this is a first-tier bank of the banking system. The introduction of Model D in the form in which it is described in the Concept of the Bank of Russia for 2021 and in the package of bills will actually erase the differences between the two levels of the banking system.

Failed Technological Revolution in Contract Law: Apologetics of the Contract Traditionalist Interpretation

Technodeterminism determines the main task for civil law when solving issues related to blockchain technologies and smart contracts. This task is connected with the search for answers to the question of the need to amend civil legislation in order to adapt it to new technological challenges or about the possibility of effective application of existing legal norms to the regulation of innovative civil relations.In the doctrine, there is a hypertrophied attitude towards blockchain and smart contract technologies. The standing exists that due to smart contracts, trust in people is replaced by trust in the code. Eschatological predictions were made about the beginning of the end of classical contract law, about emergance of «contract law 2.0». The paper states that the digital code will not be able to replace reality in the field of contractual relations. The revolution in contract law has not happened. Instead of the «revolutionary path» highlighted by some authors, there is a gradual evolutionary development of ideas about a civil contract. The civilistic doctrine has responded to technological challenges by becoming rhizomorphic in its interdisciplinarity, trying to comprehend the legal phenomena associated with the digitalization of public relations.The «ideological core» of the civil doctrine, the «core» of the concept of the contract, remained untouchable. A legal smart contract has remained a speculative phenomenon from a parallel reality, a simulacrum. The Russian and foreign doctrines are dominated by the traditional interpretation of a civil contract, since the concept of a legal smart contract is not able to solve the problem of its incompleteness. From the perspective of futurological perspective, it can be assumed that the traditional approach to the contract will retain its significance, and the digital code will have only an auxiliary, servicing value for the contract.

Busines legal regulation of the contractual use of intellectual property objects

The article examines the peculiarities of legal regulation of contractual relations on the use of intellectual property objects in the field of business. It has been proven that the importance of the civil law regulation of these relations in the norms of the Economic Code of Ukraine is slightly underestimated. The legal regulation of relations on the contractual use of intellectual property objects by economic norms and norms of civil legislation complex. The issue of concluding a contract is ensured by the norms of economic legislation, and the legal status of the creator (or other person who owns property rights to intellectual property) and the legal regime of the object of intellectual property is regulated by the norms of civil legislation.
 Differences in the provisions of economic legislation and the norms of special laws regarding the form of contracts on the transfer of rights to use an intellectual property object were revealed. In special legislation, the written form is defined as a condition for the validity of the contract; the consequences of violation of this condition are defined in the norms of the Civil Code of Ukraine - non-compliance with the written form leads to the invalidity of these contracts.
 A number of factors affecting the content of business contracts on granting the right to use intellectual property objects have been determined. These factors are enshrined in the norms of economic and civil legislation, in particular in special laws that determine the legal regime of individual objects of intellectual property. The value of exemplary and standard contracts for the legal regulation of the use of intellectual property objects on the basis of the contract has been revealed.
 Based on the analysis of the requirements of economic and civil legislation, a list of essential conditions of the economic agreement on the transfer of intellectual property objects for use has been determined. It has been proven that the essential conditions of such an agreement are the conditions on the subject, on the terms, on the methods of using the object of intellectual property, on the territory to which the right to use the object of intellectual property is extended, as well as any conditions in respect of which the requirements at least. one of the parties to the contract must reach an agreement.

Foreign experience of legal regulation of the conclusion of contracts between mother, father and children

In the scientific article, the author conducted a scientific study of the foreign experience of legal regulation of contractual relations between mother, father, and child, including under the legislation of the European Union states. Based on the conducted research, the author concluded that the legal regulation of the conclusion of contracts between the mother, father, and child under the legislation of the European Union states is mainly carried out through the determination of the possibility of concluding contracts, without clarifying the provisions on their form and essential conditions. In particular, the possibility of concluding a "statement on the exercise of parental rights" ("agreement of parents on establishing the procedure for the exercise of parental rights and determining contributions for the maintenance and upbringing of a child") under French civil law is defined in this way; "agreements on the method of providing maintenance" and "applications for acceptance of parental care" under German civil law; relevant agreements under the legislation of Latvia (agreement of parents: on determining the child's surname, cancellation of adoption, on establishing joint or separate parental care of the child, on establishing the terms of communication with the child of the parent who lives separately), Estonia (agreement on the fulfillment of the obligation parents regarding child maintenance), Czech Republic (agreements: on establishing paternity, on exercising mutual parental rights and responsibilities, on establishing the terms of communication with the child of the parent who lives separately from the child, on managing the child's property, on exercising parental rights and responsibilities after divorce, about the payment of alimony), Poland ("declaration of the spouses about the child's surname", "agreement on how to exercise parental responsibility and maintain contact with the child, in accordance with the best interests of the child"), "agreement on the rules for determining contact between parents and children"), Bulgaria (agreement on the place of residence of children, parentage, personal relationships, etc child support). The legislation of these countries (except Bulgaria) limits the possibility of regulating relations between parents and children by a marriage contract; Czech and Polish legislation also allows the conclusion of alimony contracts regarding the maintenance of children of their incapacitated parents. Hungarian civil and Moldovan family legislation more broadly define the essential conditions and form of contracts between parents and children, primarily regarding the contract on providing maintenance to a participant in family relations and the contract on communication with the child. In the author's opinion, the experience of these states should be borrowed, and the same detailed regulation provided for in the Family Code of Ukraine.

Inequality of bargaining power in cellular telecommunication services agreements

This research examined the inequality of bargaining power between the contracting parties in mobile phone service contracts in the West Bank, Palestine. It identified several legislative gaps in regulating the requirements of this balance. Also, the relevant government departments and civil society organizations do not provide adequate consumer support in these contracts. The field research showed the respondents' dissatisfaction with communication service providers' compliance with the balanced contractual relationship requirements. What are the features and reasons for this imbalance? To what extent do neighboring countries introduce regulatory solutions to ensure the balance of the contractual relationship during this phase? What solutions would be proposed to ensure the balance of the contractual relationship during this phase? This research proposed legislative amendments to provide a balanced representation of consumer interests compared to providers.

Fostering Knowledge Collaboration in Construction Projects: The Role of BIM Application

Knowledge collaboration is beneficial for project parties to assess valuable knowledge resources from others in order to enhance their competitive advantages. However, knowledge collaboration is hampered by the special project environment and temporary structure of construction projects. Based on relational contract theory, this study employs trust and relational norms as the two relational governance mechanisms for improving knowledge collaboration. Next, this study explores the effect of relational governance mechanisms on knowledge collaboration and the moderating role of the building information modelling (BIM) application level. We collected data from 166 responses in construction projects. Our results reveal that relational norms significantly impact knowledge collaboration, which is contrary to the effect of trust. Furthermore, the BIM application level has an interactive effect with relational norms, which improves knowledge collaboration. These findings reveal that the level of BIM application significantly affects the effectiveness of relational governance mechanisms. This study suggests that project managers should help project parties to develop BIM responsibilities in order to facilitate collaborative performance.

How transformational leadership fulfills psychological contract for reinforcing better performance: a Thai case study

This study explores how psychological contract mediates the relationship between transformational leadership (TFL) and performance to see how far these concepts, widely studied in the western context, are applicable in a non-western context. This study utilized a mixed-methodology case study based on a market-leading company in the consumer-electronics business in Thailand. There are 282 samples for quantitative data collection and utilize the three-equation approach to test the mediating effect. There are 55 participants for qualitative data, and thematic analysis was used. To explain the process, this research found three themes, feeling valued, the family atmosphere, and needing to repay the company’s kindness. They need managers with TFL qualities to make them happen. This study reveals three insightful understandings of the concepts. Firstly, the distinction between transactional and relational elements of psychological contact is only apparent at the conceptual level, while in practice, they coincide. Secondly, job satisfaction contributes to organizational commitment. Lastly, the relational psychological contract reinforces the feeling of being overwhelmed by the company’s kindness making employees want to work for the company until retirement.

Intra-Organizational Communication in Public Agencies: The Effects of Contracting Out Core Services

This article develops and tests a set of hypotheses examining how contracting out of public services affects intra-organizational communication in public agencies (i.e., the principal organization). We draw from two competing perspectives: contracting scholarship argues that outsourcing reduces an organization's structural complexity and enhances intra-organizational communication, while organizational communication studies suggest that outsourcing might lead to fragmented communication pathways and a loss of information. In order to reconcile these perspectives, we examine how different characteristics of an organization's contracting network affect both the internal gathering and dissemination of information. Using survey and contractual relationship data from approximately 200 US transit agencies, we find that contracting out a large portion of services improves intra-organizational communication but this positive effect decreases as the number of contractors grows. Long and stable relationships with contractors negatively affect intra-organizational communication, especially when occurring with private—as compared to public—contractors. Our results suggest the need to further investigate intra-organizational communication in contracting networks and better understand how it may affect organizational performance and contract management.

The role of transaction costs in ensuring a positive effect in the integration of enterprises

The article discusses the process of enterprise integration which will be successful and effective only if there is a reduction in costs in all areas of activity. Their large-scale part can take up transaction costs, which should be determined as ancillary expenses of production to provide the necessary information, as well as to conclude a contractual relationship. At the current stage of integrable structures development the attention of many researchers is paid to the problem of managing the transaction costs of an enterprise. But unfortunately, the issue of its reduction remains insufficiently highlighted in the scientific literature. Investigating the development and functioning of integrable structures, it is necessary to determine the role as well as the conditions for reducing transaction costs. The authors believe that the main condition for the decline is the coincidence of the spheres of activity of the merging enterprises and an effective management company that helps to realize the benefits of integration. Based on this interaction, a synergy effect will be observed. The following relationships can be observed within the integrated structures: competitive, material and non-material. These types have a significant impact on reducing transaction costs, based on which we can talk about competitive advantages and product differentiation. The Russian practice of integrable structures describes various forms of integration, but according to the authors, the effect can be achieved only if there are training management functions on the part of the corporate center. This function can be realized in coordinating the development and implementation of the strategy for the development of innovative programs. The overwhelming majority of management companies prefer comprehensive control over the activities of enterprises, which does not contribute to achieving synergy, reducing transaction costs and gaining competitive advantages.

Influence of employee perceptions of corporate social responsibility on affective commitment

Orientation: The study attempted to establish the role played by different perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities on the organisational commitment of employees.Research purpose: To investigate the nomological network of variables playing a role in the relationship between Perceived CSR and Affective Commitment.Motivation for the study: Understanding the contribution of perceived corporate social responsibility to the organisational commitment of employees could inform managerial attempts to facilitate positive employee attitudes.Research approach/design and methods: The current study utilised structural equation modelling to evaluate the hypothesised multivariate causal relationships in the proposed model. A convenience sample of 172 employees of a consumer goods company completed several questionnaires, including measures of Affective Commitment, Perceived CSR, Organisational Social Identity, Perceived Organisational Justice, Psychological Contract, as well as three cultural value orientations.Main Findings: The most significant finding of the study was the positive relationship between Perceived CSR and Affective Commitment. The results revealed that Perceived CSR has a positive impact on Perceived Organisational Justice and fulfilment of the Relational Psychological Contract. Both variables impacted on Organisational Social Identity, which was positively related to Affective Commitment.Practical/managerial implications: Organisations should ensure that employees are made aware of their CSR policies and activities through corporate communication. Organisations should also invest their resources in dealing with social problems that are regarded as important by employees and engage in fair human resource practices.Contribution/Value-add: Engagement in CSR activities could help retain and attract talented candidates and increase commitment and identification with the organisation.

Legal Characteristics of Special Investment Agreement

Problem setting. An investment agreement is the most common form of establishing the rights and obligations of subjects of investment activity, but investment agreements do not have sufficient legal reasoning at the legislative level. The legislator is trying to improve the legal regulation of investment activity, which leads to the emergence of new contractual structures in the field of investment activity. Thus, an amendment to the investment legislation became the consolidation of the contractual structure «special investment agreement» in the Law of Ukraine «On State Support of Investment Projects with Significant Investments», in connection with this, questions arise regarding: the correctness of the name of «special investment agreement». This question arises on the basis of the fact that the legislation does not contain a definition of the concept of «investment agreement», but there is a definition of a special investment agreement; the legal nature of relations arising on the basis of a special investment agreement, since the parties to the contractual obligations are subjects of public and private law; features of conclusion, execution, termination of a special investment agreement and liability of the parties for improper execution of contractual relations; scope of subjective rights and legal obligations of the subjects of contractual relations, since the Law of Ukraine «On State Support of Investment Projects with Significant Investments» does not reflect the rights and obligations of the parties to a special investment agreement. All these issues require a theoretical and legal understanding. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The study of modern scientific publications on the problems of legal regulation of investment activities indicates the absence of scientific publications, the subject of which would be the study of the contractual construction of a special investment agreement. Target of the research is to analyze the legal regulation of the contractual construction of a special investment agreement. Article’s main body. The signs of a special investment agreement, which indicate its specificity, have been established. Among them: the purpose of the agreement is the implementation of an investment project with significant investments; state support for investment projects with significant investments and the specific composition of subjects of contractual relations (applicant, investor with significant investments and subjects of public law the state represented by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the territorial community). The specifics of concluding, amending and terminating a special investment agreement are defined. Conclusions and prospects for development. A special investment agreement is a complex contractual structure that contains elements of private-law and public-law nature of relations arising in connection with the implementation of investment projects with significant investments. Legal regulation of investment projects with significant investments and special investment agreements has the following disadvantages: statutory state support provided to investors with significant investments can be provided only to those investors whose significant investments in investment objects during the period of implementation of the investment project with significant investments exceed the amount equivalent to 20 million euros. Investors who do not meet these financial requirements cannot acquire the status of investor with significant investments and thus, state support; to implement an investment project with significant investments, it is necessary to create a new legal entity an investor with significant investments; The Law of Ukraine “On State Support of Investment Projects with Significant Investments” does not establish the rights nor obligations of the parties to a special investment agreement. The lack of scientific works on the researched topic indicates the need for further study of the specifics of concluding, executing and terminating special investment agreements, their legal nature and the scope of rights and obligations of the parties to a special investment agreement.

Understanding project resilience: Designed, cultivated or emergent?

This paper combines insights from complexity and resilience research with a process view of project organizations to advance our understanding of project resilience. We propose the concept of evolving resilience as the dynamic interaction between perturbations and processes of anticipatory shaping, regular becoming and exceptional organizing in project networks. Adopting a theory elaboration approach, we apply an initial conceptual framework on data regarding four complex projects. This enables us to identify a typology of emergent responsiveness patterns, namely reinforce trajectory, bounce back to trajectory, and jump to alternative trajectory. This typology provides the building blocks for elaborating an integrative process model of evolving project resilience. Results contribute to research on project resilience, and on the complexity of front-end shaping and ongoing organizing processes, and sheds light on the debates surrounding agile methods and allocational versus relational contracts.

Chairman Narcissism and Social Responsibility Choices: The Moderating Role of Analyst Coverage.

Chairman narcissism has received extensive attention in social psychology and organizational behavior, but the relationship between chairman narcissism and social responsibility has not yet received much attention. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of chairman narcissism on various dimensions of CSR and the moderating roles of analyst coverages. Based on upper echelons theory and stakeholder theory, we distinguished internal corporate social responsibility (internal CSR) and external corporate social responsibility (external CSR) according to whether there was a formal contractual relationship. This study used a narcissism index of chairmen of Chinese listed companies to examine the relationship between chairman narcissism and internal CSR, external CSR, and the data were analyzed using Stata16.0. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between chairman narcissism and external CSR, and there was a negative correlation between chairman narcissism and internal CSR. That is, the higher the Chairman's narcissism degree is, the more external CSR and less internal CSR the firm makes. Further research showed that analyst coverage has weakened the impact of chairman narcissism on internal and external CSR. This paper enriches and expands the research on chairman narcissism and CSR and provides new ideas for selecting corporate managers and improving corporate governance.

Current Situation, Problems and Countermeasures of China’s Insurance Industry

Insurance is a contractual economic relationship, an effective way to plan for risk and an important pillar of the financial system and the social security system. This article introduces the basic overview of Chinese insurance industry: the scale of insurance premium and the number of market players, insurance depth and insurance density, loss ratio and expense rate, claim timeliness and payout rates. And point out the difficulties meet by the insurance industry at this stage of development: difficulty to make new customers, Employees slumped, Industry losses public trust, the quality of employees is low. Then analyze the reason behind these problems. About four problems mentioned earlier, this article proposes countermeasures to solve the dilemma of Chinese insurance industry from many aspects such as employment mechanism, laws and regulations, and mass public.