Related Areas Research Articles

ICT sector electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions – 2020 outcome

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector has gained much attention in the discussions on climate change, as it could impact global emissions both positively and negatively. The objective of the present study is to provide estimates for the 2020 use stage electricity consumption and ICT sector's total lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions divided in three main parts: user devices including internet-of-things, networks and data centers. The study builds on a high number of data sources including measured and reported data from 150 companies that is estimated to cover about 80% of network subscriptions, about 55% of data center electricity, and about 35% of upstream GHG emissions. To understand the development, the results are put into the perspective of earlier studies. In conclusion, the ICT sector used about 4% of the global electricity in the use stage and represented about 1.4% of the global GHG emissions in 2020. The use stage electricity consumption and the total GHG emissions have increased since 2015, but the impact per subscription has decreased. The user devices accounted for over half of all GHG emissions, with equal parts relating to use stage and other lifecycle stages. For networks and data centers, the use stage GHG emissions are dominating. The electricity consumption and GHG emissions are also estimated for the closely related areas Entertainment and Media (including e.g., TVs), paper media, and cryptocurrencies.

Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation in children and adults with an age and gender-specific analysis.

There are limited studies with medium-term follow-up following percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation and no studies with a gender-specific analysis. To report clinical outcomes up to five years following percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation using the two most common balloon expandable valves in a mixed population of paediatric and adult patients with an age and gender-specific analysis. This was a single-centre retrospective observation study. Relevant data were obtained retrospectively from the case files. Age and gender- specific analysis was performed using SPSS. Totally, 58 patients (13 children, 45 adults) underwent percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation. Statistically significant reduction in median right ventricular outflow tract flow velocity following valve implantation was maintained for the whole five years in adults but not in children. There were no gender-specific differences despite the study being adequately powered. Independent of valve type used, there was significant reduction of the right ventricular outflow tract flow velocity in the immediate post valve implantation period (Edwards P = 0.001, Melody P = 0.013). There was a significant negative correlation between implanted valve Z-score and subsequent right ventricular outflow tract gradient during the first two years following valve implantation. Gender does not significantly affect valve function following percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation. It is important to consider patients' age and body surface area in relation to existing right ventricular outflow tract size during decisions for percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation.

Kai kurie legislatyvinės omisijos konstitucingumo kontrolės aspektai

The absence of the appropriate legislation in some areas of social relations or, in other words, the situation when certain social relations are not legally regulated, although there is a need to regulate them, implies the existence of a legal gap (lacuna legis). A legislative omission is a special legal gap because it is prohibited by Law, first of all, by supreme law – the Constitution. 
 The constitutional competence to investigate the constitutionality of legal gaps prohibited by Law was disclosed by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania at the beginning of the second 
 decade of its activity. The competence to declare the existence of legislative omissions was derived from the power of the Constitutional Court, stipulated in the Constitution, to administrate constitutional justice and to guarantee the supremacy of the Constitution, with a view to the better protection of the human rights and freedoms. It was argued that not only a particular legal regulation, but also the absence of it, when the necessity to establish such a legal regulation stems from the Constitution, can lead to the violation of the human rights and freedoms. 
 The article analyses the conception of the legislative omission in the jurisprudence of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court and the constitutional review institutions of some other states. It also discusses the reasons which determined the choice of the model of the constitutional review of legislative omissions in Lithuania. Finally, the article examines some cases of the review of the constitutionality of legal gaps in the jurisprudence of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court. The authors argue that the legislature has the duty under the Constitution to adopt a legal regulation not only in those cases where the Constitutional Court finds a legal omission and recognizes that the challenged legal act is non-compliant with the Constitution, but also in those cases where, in the official constitutional doctrine, the Constitutional Court formulates some constitutional requirements which presuppose the establishment of a missing legal regulation.

Mild Behavioral Impairment in Parkinson's Disease: An Updated Review on the Clinical, Genetic, Neuroanatomical, and Pathophysiological Aspects.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), including depression, anxiety, apathy, visual hallucinations, and impulse control disorders, are very common during the course of Parkinson's disease (PD), occurring even at the prodromal and premotor stages. Mild behavioral impairment (MBI) represents a recently described neurobehavioral syndrome, characterized by the emergence of persistent and impactful NPS in later life, reflecting arisk of dementia. Accumulating evidence suggests that MBI is highly prevalent in non-demented patients with PD, also being associated with an advanced disease stage, more severe motor deficits, as well as global and multiple-domain cognitive impairment. Neuroimaging studies have revealed that MBI in patients with PD may be related todistinct patterns of brain atrophy, altered neuronal connectivity, and distribution of dopamine transporter (DAT) depletion, shedding more light on its pathophysiological background. Genetic studies in PD patients have also shown that specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may be associated with MBI, paving the way for future research in this field. In this review, we summarize and critically discuss the emerging evidence on the frequency, associated clinical and genetic factors, as well as neuroanatomical and neurophysiological correlates of MBI in PD, aiming to elucidate the underlying pathophysiology and its potential role as an early "marker" of cognitive decline, particularly in this population. In addition, we aim to identify research gaps, and propose novel relative areas of interest that could aid in our better understanding of the relationship of this newly defined diagnostic entity with PD.

Towards the implementation of law n. 219/2017 on informed consent and advance directives for patients with psychiatric disorders and dementia. Physicians’ knowledge, attitudes and practices in four northern Italian health care facilities

BackgroundOn December 2017 the Italian Parliament approved law n. 219/2017 “Provisions for informed consent and advance directives” regarding challenging legal and bioethical issues related to healthcare decisions and end-of life choices. The law promotes the person’s autonomy as a right and provides for the centrality of the individual in every scenario of health care by mean of three tools: informed consent, shared care planning and advance directives. Few years after the approval of the law, we conducted a survey among physicians working in four health care facilities specific for the care of people suffering from psychiatric disorders, cognitive disorders and dementia located in the North of Italy aiming to investigate their perceived knowledge and training need, attitudes regarding law n. 219/2017 provisions, and practices of implementation of the law.MethodsA semi-structured questionnaire was developed on an online platform. The invitation to participate in the survey was sent by email to the potential participants. Information was collected by means of the online platform (Google Forms) which allows to export data in a spreadsheet (Windows Excel) to perform basic statistical analysis (frequency distributions, bar chart representation).ResultsTwenty-five out of sixty physicians participated in the survey. None of the respondents value their knowledge of the law as very good, 10 good, 13 neither poor nor good, 1 poor and 1 very poor. All the respondents want to learn more about the law (21 yes and 4 absolutely yes). The majority of respondents agrees with the content of the law as a whole (3 absolutely agree, 13 agree), and on each provision. The question on the clarity of the concept of capacity in the law received mixed answers and this impacted on the physicians’ opinion regarding the legitimacy in principle for our groups of patients to realize shared care planning and write advance directives. Thirteen physicians neither introduced the theme of shared care planning nor arranged for shared care planning and the main reason for this was that no patient was in a clinical situation to require it. When shared care planning is realized, a variability in terms of type and number of meetings, mode of tracking and communication is registered.ConclusionsOur survey results indicate a need for more clarity regarding the interpretation and implementation of the law in the patient groups under study. There are in particular two related areas that deserve further discussion: (1) the question of whether these patient groups are in principle legitimized by the law to realize shared care planning or write advance directives; (2) the notion of capacity required by the law and how this notion can be declined in real-life situations.

The Study of Psychology and Intimate Relationships

Intimate relationships represent some of the most complex and significant interpersonal connections in human life, encompassing a range of emotions such as familial love, friendship, and romantic love. In our daily lives, we are constantly engaged in establishing and maintaining intimate relationships. However, forming and sustaining these relationships is not a simple task; it requires understanding, trust, respect, and communication from both parties. Hence, the study of intimate relationships in psychology is of great importance. As a discipline that explores human behavior and mental processes, psychology aims to uncover the underlying mechanisms and influencing factors of human behavior. Within psychology, intimate relationships are viewed as complex social interactions, influenced by various factors such as personality traits, communication styles, and cultural backgrounds. Research in intimate relationships allows for a deeper understanding of the nature and principles of interpersonal relations, providing a scientific basis for establishing and maintaining healthy, stable intimate relationships. In summary, the study of psychology and intimate relationships is vital for a profound comprehension of interpersonal relations and human social behavior. This paper offers a comprehensive review and analysis of this field, aiming to provide references and insights for research and practice in related areas.

More management, less damage? With increasing population size, economic costs of managing geese to minimize yield losses may outweigh benefits

Conflicts between farmers and geese are intensifying; yet, it remains unclear how interactions between goose population size and management regimes affect yield loss and economic costs. We investigate the cost-effectiveness of accommodation and scaring areas in relation to barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) population size. We use an existing individual-based model of barnacle geese foraging in nature, accommodation, and scaring areas in Friesland, the Netherlands, to study the most cost-effective management under varying population sizes (i.e., between 20 and 200% of the current size). Our study shows that population size non-linearly affects yield loss costs and total costs per goose. The most cost-effective management scenario for intermediate to large populations is to avoid scaring of geese. For small populations, intensive scaring resulted in minimized yield loss costs and total costs, but also substantially lower goose body mass. Our results strongly suggest that scaring becomes a less effective management measure as goose populations increase.

Tree canopy area-dependent changes in soil properties: a comparative study in the southern limit of boreal forest distribution

The forest distribution in relation to mountain slope position and the relationships between forest canopy area and soil physical and chemical properties in Mongolia attract the attention of scientists. In this study, we aimed to determine (1) how the slope aspect affects the forest soil physical and chemical properties, (2) how the soil variables correlate with projected canopy area. For comparative study, we established a total of 18 (20 × 25 m2 sized) sample plots in upper forest edge (UFE), upper slope of the forest (USF), lower slope of the forest (LSF), lower forest edge (LFE), sparse forest (SF), and degraded forest area (DFA) stand types with three replications. We measured the tree height, diameter and crown projection area of each growing tree in the sample plots, and collected soil samples for further soil physical and chemical analyses in the laboratory. Our results showed a high variation in growing stock (p < 0.0001), stand density and projected canopy area (p < 0.0001) in relation to mountain slope position and land-use management. We found that the slight changes in stand canopy area projection cause a high variation in soil physical and chemical properties. Among studied stand types higher means of soil temperature and bulk density and lower moisture content were observed on SF and DFA stand types. Contrary, relatively higher content of soil moisture and nutrient elements were recorded in USF, LSF, LFE. We conclude that tree canopy area becomes key determinant factor that positively influences forest soil moisture and fertility by increasing organic matter content in Mongolia.

Differences in external load among indoor and beach volleyball players during elite matches.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine relationships of external load variables between beach and indoor volleyball amongst individual positions on the team. The movements of eight beach and fourteen indoor female volleyball players were recorded during elite playoff matches; in total, 2,336 three-dimensional trajectories were analyzed. Time-outs and intervals between rallies or sets were excluded from active play time. In both beach and indoor volleyball, 80% of rallies lasted up to 10 s, and players covered 4.5 to 10 m of court during 60% of rally play. Differences in dependent variables of external load were found between independent variables of sports and player positions (p < 0.05). The distance covered in beach volleyball rallies and Player Load™ parameters was significantly higher by up to 23%. The unstable court surface with sand in beach volleyball elevated explosive Player Load™ (accelerations in all three orthogonal planes of motion higher than 3.5 m/s3) in beach volleyball players compared to those of players on stable flooring in indoor. While beach volleyball blocker and defender positions showed no significant difference in parameters between each other, they differed in all parameters when compared to player positions in indoor volleyball. Indoor blocker and libero reached higher loads than setter, outside and opposite positions in various parameters. Factors that influence external load include the larger relative court areas covered by each player in beach volleyball, complexity of players' roles, and game strategy. This data adds to the knowledge of elite match demands in female volleyball. Specified agility-drill distances and times are essential for training optimization and must be supported by scientific observation. Researchers, coaches, and conditioning specialists should find this helpful for achieving a higher degree of training regulation.

Relationship between paravertebral muscle degeneration and spinal-pelvic sagittal parameters in patients with lumbar disc herniation

Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a clinically common degenerative disease of the spine, and spinal–pelvic sagittal balance and paravertebral muscle degeneration have been a research focus in recent years. To explore the relationship between the degeneration of paravertebral muscle and the changes in the spinal–pelvic sagittal parameters in LDH patients, 105 LDH patients (experimental group) and 63 healthy volunteers (control group) hospitalized in Ordos Central Hospital from January 2020 and January 2023 were included as study subjects. All the patients underwent lumbar magnetic resonance imaging and spinal X-ray using uniform criteria. The correlation between the paravertebral muscle and sagittal–pelvic sagittal parameters of the patients with LDH was obtained from two imaging examinations, and the data were organized and grouped to explore the correlation between these parameters. No significant difference in general data existed between the groups (P > 0.05). In the L4/5 LDH patients group, the ratio of fat infiltration (FIR) in the healthy side [multifidus (MF) and erector spinae (ES)] was negatively correlated with the lumbar lordosis (LL) (r = −0.461, r = −0.486, P < 0.05). The relative cross-sectional area (RCSA) of the bilateral MF was positively correlated with the pelvic tilt (r = 0.549, r = 0.515, P < 0.05). The bilateral ES RCSA was negatively correlated with the sagittal vertical axis (r = −0.579, r = −0.621, P < 0.05). A positive correlation existed between the RCSA and thoracic kyphosis in the healthy side ES (r = 0.614, P < 0.05). In the L5/S1 LDH patients group, a negative correlation existed between the FIR and LL in the healthy side ES (r = −0.579, P < 0.05). Thus, the paravertebral muscle parameters were correlated with the spinal–pelvic sagittal parameters in the patients with LDH.

Relationship between the postoperative variations of paraspinal muscles and adjacent-segment degeneration in patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis after posterior instrumented lumbar fusion.

This study aimed to quantify pre- and postoperative paraspinal muscular variation following posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) in patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (DLSS) and measure the association of this variation with adjacent-segment degeneration (ASD). Data from 149 patients who underwent L4-S1 PLIF for DLSS were collected. Patients were divided into radiologically confirmed ASD and control groups according to follow-up radiological findings. MRI was performed before surgery and at the last follow-up. Muscular parameters including the relative cross-sectional area (rCSA), relative functional cross-sectional area (rFCSA), relative total cross-sectional area (rTCSA), and fatty infiltration (FI) of the multifidus (MF), erector spinae (ES), and psoas major (PM) muscles were measured on preoperative and follow-up L2-S1 MR images. Logistic regression was used to investigate risk factors for ASD. The rate of radiological ASD was 42.3% at the final follow-up (mean 25.71 ± 8.35 months). At surgical levels, the rFCSA and rTCSA of the MF and ES muscles decreased. The FI of the MF from L2-3 to L5-S1 and ES muscles at L5-S1 significantly increased after surgery, while the rFCSA and rTCSA of the PM muscle increased and its FI decreased. At adjacent levels, the rFCSA and rTCSA of the MF muscle and rTCSA of the ES muscle decreased and the FI of the MF muscle increased postoperatively (p < 0.05), but the rFCSA and rTCSA of the PM muscle increased and its FI decreased (p < 0.05). The FIs of the MF, ES, and PM muscles at adjacent levels significantly differed between the ASD and control groups. Logistic regression analysis indicated that higher BMI (p = 0.002) and FI of the PM muscle at adjacent levels (p = 0.025) were significant risk factors for ASD. The functional area decreased in the MF and ES muscles and increased in the PM muscle after L4-S1 PLIF. A compensatory postoperative decrease in FI of the PM muscle at the adjacent level was a protective factor for ASD in DLSS patients after PLIF.

Coping Mechanisms for Food Insecurity among Rural Households in Bitereko Sub-County, Mitooma District: Convergent Parallel Mixed-Methods Design

Background: Food insecurity is a multifaceted global health concern, causing poor health in low- and middle-income countries, especially in rural sub-Saharan Africa. This study was done to assess causes of food insecurity, explore coping strategies and the effect of environmental factors and locally accessible resources on the food situation in Bitereko Sub-County, Mitooma district, Uganda Method: This article’s empirical analysis is predicated on data collected on thirty-two households from Bitereko Sub-County between September and October 2018 which were selected using stratified sampling technique. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews and a semi-structured questionnaire were used for data collection. Descriptive analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 20 while qualitative (thematic and content) analysis was conducted manually. Result: The study findings show that population increase and land degradation is the main cause of food shortage in the area. Banana was reported (100%) by both genders to be the major food crop relied upon by the households. Reducing the number of meals (40.62%) was the main coping strategy to food insecurity. Diversification into non-farm activities and agricultural diversification are two main livelihood adjustment strategies that have emerged in the area in relation to environmental factors and locally available resources. Conclusion: The study findings indicate that gender, age group and education level significantly influenced the food situation in a given household. Households whose heads were male were more likely to experience food insecurity as compared to the females χ2 (1, N = 32) = .002, p = .041. Households with respondents aged between 20 – 29 years were less likely to experience food insecurity than those aged between 30 – 39 years χ2 (5, N = 32) = 16.09, p = .007. Whereas respondents who had attained up to primary level of education were more likely to experience food insecurity in their households as compared to those who had never been to school χ2 (4, N = 32) = 15.71, p = .003.

Scheduling Fungicide Applications for Cucurbit Downy Mildew Control on Pickling Cucumber in Michigan Using Disease Forecasters

Cucumber production is important to Michigan's economy and was valued at more than $45 million in 2019. Cucurbit downy mildew (CDM), caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is an annual threat to Michigan's cucumber production, and fungicides must be applied frequently to prevent major yield losses. Our objective was to evaluate the disease forecasting models TOM-CAST, BLITE-CAST, and DM-CAST for their application in scheduling fungicide applications for CDM control. Field trials were conducted in 2021 and 2022 to evaluate each disease forecaster at different spray thresholds compared with 7- and 10-day programs and an untreated control. In 2021, all treatments received applications of cyazofamid alternated with oxathiapiprolin/chlorothalonil alternated with ametoctradin/dimethomorph plus chlorothalonil. The 2022 fungicide program was similar to that of 2021 except that cyazofamid was tank-mixed with chlorothalonil. Treatment plots were visually assessed for the foliar area (%) with CDM symptoms, and the relative area under the disease progress curve was determined at the end of each season. The results indicate that using DM-CAST or BLITE-CAST to schedule fungicide applications limited CDM and was similar to the 7-day program. The 7-day program received 7 (2021) and 6 (2022) applications, whereas DM-CAST and BLITE-CAST required 4 to 8 or 5 to 6 applications, respectively, depending on the threshold and year. This is the first study to evaluate these disease forecasters for scheduling fungicide application intervals for CDM.

Productive function of urban gardening: estimate of the yield and nutritional value of social gardens in Prato (Italy)

Abstract The impact of urban gardens on food production and nutrient supply is widely recognized in the literature but seldom quantified. In this paper, we present the results of a semi-structured interview conducted in the ‘social gardens’ of Prato (Italy), i.e. areas of land assigned by the Municipality to individual pensioners or unemployed people for the cultivation of vegetables intended for domestic consumption. Some demographic and socio-economic aspects, the cultivated crops and the related areas were investigated. Starting from the areas, the total production of vegetables and their minerals and vitamins contents were estimated. The typical gardener was male, retired, with an average age of 74, and a low level of education. Gardening enabled pensioners to utilize their free time, facilitated physical activity, promoted socialization, and stimulated self-esteem. A 50 m2 plot cultivated on 40% of the area produced an estimated amount of 90 kg of vegetables per year, equivalent to approximately 61.5% of a person's fruit and vegetable needs. Tomato, by far the predominant species, occupied more than 80% of the cultivated area. The highest contributions to nutrients intake concerned Vitamin C and Vitamin A, the lowest Ca and Na. A higher yield and a greater and more balanced nutrient supply could be easily obtained through better use of the land (reduction of uncultivated area and greater assortment of vegetables). In our view, raising gardeners' awareness of this aspect and involving them in training programs on agricultural practices, vegetables composition, and nutrition, could be helpful for increasing the nutrient productivity of the plots and, ultimately, for strengthening the productive function of social gardens.

Устойчивость и безопасность зеленых финансов с позиции многоагентных игр

Green finance increases the innovation potential of green transformation, helps to address climate change, the environmental crisis and energy security. It is important for green finance to achieve sustainable and balanced development, which will increase the security of both finance itself and many processes in the real economy that depend on it. The purpose of this study was to develop approaches to the ontological design of green finance and multi-agent modeling of the behavior of green finance actors, considering their sustainable and safe interaction. To achieve this goal it was necessary to clarify the conceptual apparatus of green finance and related areas; to characterize the "work" of the multi-agent model in the analysis of the behavior of the main green finance actors and to trace the prospects for their impact on the stability and security of the financial market; and finally, based on ontology construction and agent-based approach to nonlinear interactions in the green financial process, to determine the mechanism of building chains of the main market participants. The methodological basis of the study consists of general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, logic), as well as evolutionary dynamics and agent-based approach to the analysis of financial markets. A comparative analysis of the works of various authors and the interpretation of theoretical provisions in related areas of knowledge about finance, as well as the analysis of their sustainable and safe development were carried out. As a result of the study, the authors identified the main approaches to the design of financial ontology and multi-agent modeling of financial interactions in the direction of determining their sustainable and safe development. The proposed model establishes that the criterion of the effectiveness of the applied strategy is the satisfaction with the state of financial impact on the economy, environment, and social sphere. Maintaining this state, along with saving the amount of resources used, is done through optimization. The chosen approach corresponds to the concept of sustainable development and safe functioning of the systems under consideration.

Engineered assemblies from isomeric pentapeptides augment dry eye treatment

Changing positions of amino acid residues in the peptide sequence alters the peptide’ s assembly behaviors, affording various nanostructures. However, it remains elusive that how subtle changes in the peptide sequence influence the in vivo bioactivity of peptide-based nanocarriers, further impacting the efficacy of the encapsulated drugs. We report here a class of isomeric pentapeptide amphiphiles that associate into filaments with different dimensions, which were further used as carriers of Diquafosol tetrasodium (DQS), for the treatment of dry eye disease. Our results suggest that subtle changes in peptide sequences resulted in dramatically different molecular packings and distinct morphologies, which were verified by molecular dynamics simulations. In vivo results show that the drug retention time could be prolonged by the peptidic nanostructures on the ocular surface but were highly morphological-dependent. The longer retention time promised better therapeutic efficacy. In terms of facile synthesis and good biocompatibility, we believe that these peptides could be used for eye disease treatments or other related areas.

Conventional and Biopesticide Fungicides for Cucurbit Downy Mildew Control on Cucumber in Michigan

Michigan ranks first in the nation in cucumber production for processing (pickling), contributing over $45 million to the state's economy in 2019. Cucurbit downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is the most important disease of cucumber and an annual threat to yields. Fungicides are the most important means to control P. cubensis. Our goal was to monitor currently labelled conventional fungicides and biopesticides for efficacy over the course of an entire cropping period under high pathogen pressure. Field trials were conducted at the Michigan State University Plant Pathology Research Farm in 2021 and 2022. Fungicides were applied weekly, and disease severity was evaluated by visually assessing the percentage of foliar area showing downy mildew symptoms. At the end of the season, the relative area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC) was calculated using the disease severity data. Based on rAUDPC results, oxathiapiprolin premixed with chlorothalonil was the most effective fungicide at controlling P. cubensis and was significantly better than all other conventional fungicides in both years tested. In both years, all conventional treatments had a significantly lower rAUDPC than the untreated control except pyraclostrobin, dimethomorph, and fluopicolide. No biopesticide fungicide reduced the rAUDPC compared with the untreated control in either year evaluated.

Fluorinated organic compounds as promising materials to protect lithium metal anode: a review

The lowest electrode potential and remarkable theoretical specific capacity of lithium (Li) metal make it a promising choice for next-generation high-energy density batteries. However, the practical application of lithium metal anodes (LMAs) faces several significant challenges due to their unwanted reactions with the electrolyte to continuously form Li dendrites. These issues significantly hinder both electrochemical performance and safety. To overcome these challenges, fluorinated organic materials (FOMs), with their unique chemical and physical properties, offer an exciting avenue for enhancing the cycle stability and energy density of batteries. This is attributed to their higher electrolytic window and chemical stability. This review would provide a comprehensive overview of the crucial role played by FOMs in safeguarding LMAs, such as F-containing electrolyte engineering, separator modification, and artificial solid electrolyte interface (SEI). Additionally, it intends to explore the challenges and latest advances in this domain, with the ultimate objective of offering insights and forward-looking perspectives for future research initiatives in related areas.

The Legal Basis for the Creation of Special Economic and Industrial Zone

This article analyzes the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of the creation and functioning of special economic and industrial zones. The definition of such concepts as "special economic" and "industrial" zones is given. A comparative analysis of the rules and procedure for the creation of special economic and industrial zones has been carried out, common features and peculiarities of their functioning have been established. It is established that special economic zones are created in order to attract foreign investment into the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan by decision of the Government, which significantly increases its status and responsibility for the implementation of projects on its territory. The purpose of creating an industrial zone is also to attract investments, but already in the development of a certain region of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the basis of a decision of the local executive body and the akim of the relevant region is responsible for the implementation of projects in the territory of the industrial zone. The analysis also revealed the imperfections of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of the organization of work and functioning of industrial zones. It is proposed to exclude the formal provision of the law regulating the procedure for considering the Concept of a regional industrial zone project. The purpose of this work is to study and analyze the grounds for the creation of special economic and industrial zones, to consider the specifics of their functioning, as well as to improve the current legislation in this area of public relations.

Правовые основы создания специальных экономических и индустриальных зон

This article analyzes the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of the creation and functioning of special economic and industrial zones. The definition of such concepts as "special economic" and "industrial" zones is given. A comparative analysis of the rules and procedure for the creation of special economic and industrial zones has been carried out, common features and peculiarities of their functioning have been established. It is established that special economic zones are created in order to attract foreign investment into the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan by decision of the Government, which significantly increases its status and responsibility for the implementation of projects on its territory. The purpose of creating an industrial zone is also to attract investments, but already in the development of a certain region of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the basis of a decision of the local executive body and the akim of the relevant region is responsible for the implementation of projects in the territory of the industrial zone. The analysis also revealed the imperfections of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of the organization of work and functioning of industrial zones. It is proposed to exclude the formal provision of the law regulating the procedure for considering the Concept of a regional industrial zone project. The purpose of this work is to study and analyze the grounds for the creation of special economic and industrial zones, to consider the specifics of their functioning, as well as to improve the current legislation in this area of public relations